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... antibody conjugated with fluorescent dye and antigen-antibody complex gives a visible glow sign when examined under a fluorescent microscope. The fluorescent dye can be tagged directly with primary antibody which is known as direct fluorescent antibody test or with a secondary anti-antibody known as Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (Figure 2). The FAT is used in diagnosis of several equine diseases. ...
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... Fortunately, Australia was able to eradicate this virus; however, further worldwide viral outbreaks continuously loom over the fate of the industry [14]. With continuous global movement, importation and subsequent housing of large equine populations increasing worldwide, it is essential to increase biosecurity measures and diagnostics against viral diseases to avoid rapid transmission and spread [16]. ...
... Moreover, many of these diseases do not have effective treatment options; thus, there is an increased demand to control and eradicate diseases through improved biosecurity protocols [12,17,18]. The ability to accurately diagnose diseases early could lead to better management and treatment strategies [16]. Diagnostic methods have been developed over previous decades due to advances in biochemistry, molecular biology, and immunology research [19] and continue to improve presently. ...
... Diagnostic methods have been developed over previous decades due to advances in biochemistry, molecular biology, and immunology research [19] and continue to improve presently. These advancements, such as and point-of-care (POC) diagnostics, are increasingly utilized and sought after for routine diagnosis for equine viral infections [16]. While many molecular tests, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), have been developed to detect equine viral infections, they are not field-deployable, thus are unable to support rapid decision-making for disease control and treatment [20][21][22]. ...
The global equine industry provides significant economic contributions worldwide, pro- ducing approximately USD $300 billion annually. However, with the continuous national and international movement and importation of horses, there is an ongoing threat of a viral outbreak causing large epidemics and subsequent significant economic losses. Additionally, horses serve as a host for several zoonotic diseases that could cause significant human health problems. The ability to rapidly diagnose equine viral diseases early could lead to better management, treatment, and biosecurity strategies. Current serological and molecular methods cannot be field-deployable and are not suitable for resource-poor laboratories due to the requirement of expensive equipment and trained personnel. Recently, isothermal nucleic acid amplification technologies, such as loop- mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and insulated isothermal polymerase chain reaction (iiPCR), have been developed to be utilized in-field, and provide rapid results within an hour. We will review current isothermal diagnostic techniques available to diagnose equine viruses of biosecurity and zoonotic concern and provide insight into their potential for in-field deployment.
Horses play an important role throughout the world, whether for work, culture, or leisure, providing an ever-growing significant contribution to the economy. The increase in importation and movement of horses, both nationally and internationally, has inevitably allowed for the global equine industry to grow. Subsequently, however, the potential for transmission of fatal equine bacterial diseases has also escalated, and devasting outbreaks continue to occur. To prevent such events, disease surveillance and diagnosis must be heightened throughout the industry. Current common, or “gold-standard” techniques, have shown to be inadequate at times, thus requiring newer technology to impede outbreaks. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has proven to be a reliable, rapid, and accessible tool in both diagnostics and surveillance. This review will discuss equine bacterial diseases of biosecurity relevance and their current diagnostic approaches, as well as their respective LAMP assay developments. Additionally, we will provide insight regarding newer technology and advancements associated with this technique and their potential use for the outlined diseases.
