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Principal components analysis of seeds morphology of each studied population individuals of Retama reatam using the SPSS program (Population 1: Rtiba; Population 2: Oueslatia; Population 3: Meknassi, Population 4: Bouhedma National Park)
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The aim of this work was to study the morphology of retama seeds and the combined effects of salt and water stress on the seeds germination of four Tunisian populations of Retama raetam. Seeds were harvested from Bouhedma National Park, Meknassi, Oueslatia, and Rtiba. In this study we were interested in evaluating different parameters of germinatio...
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Osmotolerance or halotolerance are used to describe resistance to sugars and salt, or only salt, respectively. Here, a comprehensive screen of more than 600 different yeast isolates revealed that osmosensitive species were equally affected by NaCl and glucose. However, the relative toxicity of salt became increasingly prominent in more osmoresistan...
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... Generally, Broom brush in North Africa used for treatment of several diseases such as diabetes, hepatitis, jaundice, sore throat, eczema, skin disease, joint pain, rheumatism, inflammation, fever and microbial infection. It is considered as an anthelmintic, emetic, laxative and sedative [19], [20], [21]. In Morocco, crushed leaves and stems mixed with honey and given as an emetic. ...
One of the most accurate techniques for identifying the various secondary metabolites present in plant oils is gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The seed oil of Retama raetam was analyzed by GC-MS to detect
various compounds present in it. The GC-MS analysis revealed 47 chemical compounds. (4-Bromophenyl) bis
(2, 4-dibromophenyl) amine (54.78 min) is the highest retention time chemical compound, followed by 2, 7, 12,
17-tetrabrom (allàs) cyclotetrathiophen (5.17 min) as the lowest retention time chemical compound. The most
abundant phytocompounds identified in seed oil of Retama raetam are 9,12-octadecadienoicacid (Z,Z), methyl
ester (42.86%), dodecanoic acid, 3,7,11 trimethyl, methyl ester (19.42%), and 9-octadecenoic acid (Z,Z), methyl
ester (13.77%), respectively. In vitro antimicrobial screening of the seed oil of Retama raetam against Grampositive (St. aureus ATCC 25923) and Gram-negative (E. coli ATCC 25922) and Ps. aureginosa ATCC 25850)
bacteria was evaluated in this study, and the obtained results revealed activity only against St. aureusas, with no
activity recorded against E. coli or Ps. aureginosaas. Fungi (Candida albicans ATCC 10213) was also evaluated,
with no activity recorded for different concentrations of the seed oil of Retama raetam (100%, 50%, and 25%).
Thus, it indicates that the seed oil of Retama raetam has activity only against St. aureus. The resultant antibacterial
activity exhibited by the seed oil of Retama raetam is related to the presence of phytocompounds identified in the
seed oil of Retama raetam, which were identified by using GC-MS and reported to have antimicrobial and
antibacterial activity.
... It has been confrmed that the effect of salinity stress depends on the duration and severity, and high salinity hampers plant growth and development, inducing physiological drought and ion toxicity refecting on the altered physiological and morphological processes (Munns 2005;James et al. 2011;Rahnama et al. 2010;Soliman et al. 2018;Ahmad et al. 2018). Salinity-mediated physiological dryness reduces seed germination and root vitality (Banerjee and Roychoudhury 2018;Ibrahim 2016;Mechergui et al. 2017;Zhang et al. 2014). Like other stresses, high salinity increases the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) damaging the cellular molecules like DNA, RNA, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids because of their highly toxic and reactive nature, thereby intensifying the oxidative stress effects (Ashraf et al. 2018a; Ke et al. 2016Ke et al. , 2018Sharif et al. 2018). ...
CONTENTS
10.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 140
10.1.1 What Is “Biochar”? ......................................................................................................... 140
10.1.2 Biochar Systems Technology: New Contribution to Safe Environment ......................... 140
10.2 Biochar for Sustainable Crop Growth, Soil Management and Yield Development
in Agriculture................................................................................................................................142
10.2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................142
10.2.2 Biochar Soil Amendment Signifcance to Farmers and Ranchers ...................................142
10.2.3 Biochar as an Economic Potential Tool in Agriculture....................................................143
10.3 Various Abiotic Stresses Threaten Crop Production ................................................................... 144
10.3.1 Salinity Stress “Impacts on Plant Growth and Development”........................................ 144
10.3.2 Water Stress ......................................................................................................................145
10.3.2.1 Drought Stress...................................................................................................145
10.3.2.2 Flooding Stress .................................................................................................145
10.3.3 Temperature Stress .......................................................................................................... 146
10.3.3.1 Heat Stress ....................................................................................................... 146
10.3.3.2 Cold Stress ........................................................................................................147
10.3.4 Heavy Metal Stress...........................................................................................................147
10.3.5 Mineral Nutrition Imbalance and Constraints to Plant Growth.......................................148
References.............................................................................................................................................. 150
DOI: 10.1201/
... R. raetam (Forsk.) Webb., also known as white broom or white weeping broom, is a desert shrub native to several countries of North Africa, including Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt, temperate Asia and in certain Middle Eastern countries (e.g., Palestine, Lebanon, Jordan and Israel) [3]. The distinct parts of this plant, namely cladodes (photosynthetic stems), flowers, seeds and furano and pyrano flavonoids, and simultaneously evaluated their potential to serve as anti-inflammatory agents and/or inhibit alfa-glucosidase activity. ...
The fractionation of the methanolic extract (MeOH-E) of Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb & Berthel and further analysis by thin layer chromatography resulted in four fractions (F1, F2, F3 and F4) that, in parallel with the MeOH-E, were screened for antioxidant, cytotoxic, antidiabetic and antibacterial properties. In addition, chemical characterization of their bioactive molecules was performed using LC-DAD-ESI/MS n. The results indicated that F3 was the most promising regarding antioxidant and cytotoxicity abilities, possibly due to its richness in flavonoids class, particularly isoflavones. In turn, F1 was characterized by the presence of the most polar compounds from MeOH-E (organic acids and piscidic acid) and showed promising abilities to inhibit α-amylase, while F4, which contained prenylated flavonoids and furanoflavonoids, was the most active against the tested bacteria. The gathered results emphasize the distinct biological potentials of purified fractions of Retama raetam.
... Seed survival rather than germination may be an important criterion for success under highest saline conditions (Zhang et al. 2015). The germination recovery occurs other leguminous species when hypersaline conditions are alleviated: Caesalpinia crista (Patel et al. 2011), Melilotus officinalis (Vu et al. 2015, Acacia saligna (Kheloufi et al. 2016b), Retama raetam (Mechergui et al. 2017), Phaseolus vulgaris (Mansouri and Kheloufi 2017). ...
The carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is an important component of the Mediterranean vegetation and its cultivation is important environmentally and economically. It is also an interesting leguminous species for afforestation-reforestation. In this study, carob seeds collected in a representative area of the Mediterranean basin at the national park of Gouraya (Béjaïa, Algeria), were subjected to germination tests under Mediterranean seawater (SW) irrigation of different concentrations (0, 10, 30, 50 and 100% SW) for 15-day period. Before germination tests, a 20 min pre-treatment with 96% sulphuric acid was necessary to overcome seed coat dormancy which does not permit germination. Results showed that the seeds of C. siliqua were able to germinate at different seawater concentration, except for 50% SW and 100% SW which resulted in total inhibition of germination. The maximum number of C. siliqua seed germination of 100% FGP (final germination percentage) appeared at 0% SW and 10% SW. Only 35.5% of the seeds have germinated in 30% SW. Ungerminated seeds of C. siliqua from different SW treatments showed medium germination recovery (FGPRecov) of 39.9% at 50% SW and low recovery of 18.2% at 100% SW when transferred to distilled water after 15 day-period. Seedlings length and seedling fresh and dry weight were significantly (P<0.001) decreased with increasing SW concentrations. Seedling water content remained constant in 10% SW in comparison with the control, while it decreased very slightly in 30% SW. These findings may serve as useful information for C. siliqua habitat establishment and afforestation-reforestation programs in coastal sites and for exploiting seawater in the area.
... Moreover, the Retama species contributes to the bio-fertilization of poor grounds because of their aptitude to associate with fixing nitrogen bacteria Rhizobia [17] . Therefore, the genus of the Retama is included in a re-vegetation program for degraded areas in semi-arid Mediterranean environments [18] . ...
Abstract Cellulose is the most abundant renewable resource in nature, it has various industrial applications due to its promising properties. Retama raetam is a wild plant belonging to the Fabaceae family, largely abundant in arid area which makes it a good candidate for industrial utilization. In the present study, highly crystalline cellulose microfibers (77.8% CrI) were extracted from Retama Raetam stems as a novel renewable source. The samples underwent a dewaxing process, then the microfibers were extracted using 7 wt% sodium hydroxide followed by a bleaching treatment. The extracted cellulose microfibers were characterized by Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction and thermo-gravimetric analysis.
... Retama raetam (forsk, RR) webb and Berthel is a spontaneous desert shrub belongs to the tribe genistae of fabaceae family which mostly distributed in East Mediterranean regions and North Africa [1]. Traditionally, RR is used in diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, sinusitis, and cancer as well as antidote for snake bite [2,3]. In addition, RR retains an abortifacient, anthelmintic, emetic, purgative actions, sedative and also utilizes to relieve skin irritation [4]. ...
... The ψ and T and their interactions significantly influenced on the FGP (P < 0.05) and GR (P < 0.05) indicating that the response of seeds to T was dependent on ψ (Table 1). It had been shown in a previous study that the osmotic potential significantly affected the FGP of some Retama populations (Mechergui et al., 2017). Based on their results the FGP reached 94%-99% in control seeds (0 MPa) and then decreased significantly with an increase of the osmotic potential reaching 29% to the ψ of -1.6 MPa. ...
Retama raetam (Forssk Webb; Fabaceae) is a xerophytic shrub that is distributed from northern to southern Tunisia and which is of interest for medical use and for revegetation. To quantify seed germination responses of R. raetam to temperature (T) and water potential (ψ), and to determine cardinal Ts, a hydrothermal time model (HTT) was used. The experiment was conducted at six constant Ts (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C) at each of the following ψs (0, –0.3, –0.7 and −1 MPa; provided by PEG 6000). Results showed that germination rate (GR) and germination percentage (GP) were significantly influenced by ψ T and their interactions (P < 0.01). Cardinal Ts for R. raetam was 4.2 °C for Tb (the base T), 17 °C for To (the optimum T) and 30 °C for Tc (the ceiling T) in the control condition (0 MPa). The Td (the T at which ψb(50) starts to change) was estimated to be 10 °C. By increasing T to To, hydrotime constant (θH) decreased nonlinearly and then stabilized to 30 MPa °C h at Ts ranging from 15 to 30 °C. The study showed that when the HTT model is applied, it can accurately describe the time course of germination across all Ts and ψs for this plant (R² = 0.90). Moreover, estimated parameters using HTT model were 388.6 MPa °C h for the hydrothermal time constant (θHTT), –0.913 MPa for the base water potential (ψb(50)) and 0.047 MPa °C h for the kT (the slope of the relationship between ψb(50) and T ≥ Td). The parameters presented in this study can easily be used in R. raetam SG simulation models for characterizing the physiological status of R. raetam seed populations and also for predicting germination time courses of this plant under different environmental conditions.
This study was designed to predict the optimized solvent mixture for extracting phenolic compounds from Moroccan Retama raetam. A mixture design methodology (MDM) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) were employed in a solvent system containing water, ethanol, and methanol to optimize the three responses: extraction yield, total phenol content (TPC), and antioxidant activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. After the statistical analysis of the MDM results, the responses were separately and simultaneously optimized according to the validated special cubic models. The results obtained through MDM showed that the optimal solvent system was a water:methanol (41:59 v/v) binary mixture and the simultaneous optimal responses were 30.29%, 250 mg GAE/g, and 79.8 µg/ml for extraction yield, total phenolic content, and DPPHIC50, respectively. The mixture design matrix was submitted to the ANNs approach based on a multi-layer consisting of five neurons in a single hidden layer and three input components associated with three output responses. The results obtained through ANN were close to those obtained through MDM with an optimal binary mixture of water:methanol (38:62 v/v) and optimal responses of 28.97%, 256.42 mg GAE/g, and 83.07 µg/ml for extraction yield, total phenolic content, and DPPHIC50, respectively. The comparison of the two optimization approaches showed that both MDM and ANNs could accurately predict the studied responses. However, ANNs models’ parameters were slightly higher than MDM ones. Our findings can provide a practical way for using both ANNs and MDM approaches in optimizing the bio-industry process and studying the bioactivity of selected compounds.
