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This survey constitutes the second part of a comprehensive review, whose purpose is to provide a reasoned perspective on the
field related to the preparation of new polysaccharide-based hydrophobic materials by scrutinizing the actual state of its
art. After dealing with the major topic of cellulose hydrophobization in the first part, attention is...
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Context 1
... to the present state of knowledge in the field of hemicelluloses, they can be divided into four general classes of structurally different cell-wall polysaccharide types, i.e., (i) xylans, (ii) mannans (Fig. 2), (iii) b-glucans with mixed linkages, and (iv) xyloglucans (Fig. 3) (Ebringerová et al. ...
Citations
... In general, several physical or chemical modifications are proposed in the literature for the hydrophobization of polysaccharides or polysaccharide-based materials [42][43][44][45][46]. Physical modifications include plasma technologies [47,48] or the adsorption of hydrophobic molecules/macromolecules [49]. ...
Pectin aerogels, with very low density (around 0.1 g cm−3) and high specific surface area (up to 600 m2 g−1), are excellent thermal insulation materials since their thermal conductivity is below that of air at ambient conditions (0.025 W m−1 K−1). However, due to their intrinsic hydrophilicity, pectin aerogels collapse when in contact with water vapor, losing superinsulating properties. In this work, first, pectin aerogels were made, and the influence of the different process parameters on the materials’ structure and properties were studied. All neat pectin aerogels had a low density (0.04–0.11 g cm−1), high specific surface area (308–567 m2 g−1), and very low thermal conductivity (0.015–0.023 W m−1 K−1). Then, pectin aerogels were hydrophobized via the chemical vapor deposition of methyltrimethoxysilane using different reaction durations (2 to 24 h). The influence of hydrophobization on material properties, especially on thermal conductivity, was recorded by conditioning in a climate chamber (25 °C, 80% relative humidity). Hydrophobization resulted in the increase in thermal conductivity compared to that of neat pectin aerogels. MTMS deposition for 16 h was efficient for hydrophobizing pectin aerogels in moist environment (contact angle 115°) and stabilizing material properties with no fluctuation in thermal conductivity (0.030 W m−1 K−1) and density for the testing period of 8 months.
... For broader glucomannan applications, several methods have been developed to convert glucomannan into an amphiphilic compound which is capable of binding hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds (4). Molecular structure of material, such as the presence of long-chain hydrocarbon or short polymer chain, contributes on the amphiphilic properties (5). Hence, the amphiphilic glucomannan could be formed through a functionalization process by designing an attachment of functional groups or moieties to enhance its use (6). ...
... Hence, the amphiphilic glucomannan could be formed through a functionalization process by designing an attachment of functional groups or moieties to enhance its use (6). This amphiphilic polysaccharide has the potential to be applied in the plastics industry, especially in the production of biodegradable films, resins, and coatings for the pharmaceutical and food industries (5). The modified glucomannan could also be performed for example as a stabilizer in o/w emulsion and encapsulant oil-base bioactive compound (7). ...
... The presence of wax in JEF also contributes to its high hydrophobicity, thereby expanding its potential applications. Furthermore, the hemicelluloserich JEF holds great promise as a hemicellulose resource for diverse applications such as hydrogels, thermoplastics, coatings, drug carriers, and additives in food or papermaking (Cunha and Gandini 2010;Fredon et al. 2002;Gabrielii et al. 2000;Jain et al. 2001;Kommula et al. 2015). More importantly, the direct utilization of raw JEF foam allows us to leverage cellulose foam in its natural form, while capitalizing on its inherent excellent foam characteristics (as shown in Table 1). ...
The demand for sustainable, low-cost, and high-performance natural cellulose foams with isotropic structures has increased greatly due to growing environmental awareness. However, the synthesis of current cellulose foams/aerogels requires substantial amounts of energy and chemicals, mainly due to the challenges posed by the poor solubility and processability of raw cellulose derived from biomass resources. Consequently, these challenges further highlight the advantages offered by the direct utilization of natural cellulose foams, considering their economic and environmental benefits. Previous studies on natural cellulose foams have predominantly focused on specific plant components such as phloem, xylem, vascular vessels, fruits, and seeds. In this study, we present an overlooked alternative: the aerenchyma tissue of aquatic or wetland plants. Specifically, we investigated on Juncus effusus L. (JE), a commonly found problematic wetland weed that is known for its high reproductive ability, causing a reduction in annual forage yield. The aerenchyma tissue of JE was discovered to possess a well-developed 3D interconnected hierarchical structure, exhibiting remarkable properties as a natural lignocellulosic foam. These properties include exceptional compressibility, hydrophobicity (water contact angle: 147°), lightweights (density: 0.017 g/cm³), and high porosity (98%). Through this study, we have introduced a novel natural cellulose foam and explored the utilization of biomass derived from wetland weed wastes.
... As result, a new material with improved properties, such as hydrophobicity, thermal formability and an ability to film form, can be obtained. This could extend the scope of applications for xylan hemicellulose, especially regarding packaging uses, as edible films or as coatings for packaging paper, as well as for biomedical products and drug encapsulation [30][31][32][33]. ...
... Many methods have been explored for the modif tion and treatment of hemicelluloses with the aim of improving their performance [ As result, a new material with improved properties, such as hydrophobicity, ther formability and an ability to film form, can be obtained. This could extend the scop applications for xylan hemicellulose, especially regarding packaging uses, as edible fi or as coatings for packaging paper, as well as for biomedical products and drug enc sulation [30][31][32][33]. ...
Based on the environmental concerns, the utilisation of hemicelluloses in food packaging has become a sustainable alternative to synthetic polymers and an important method for the efficient utilisation of biomass resources. After cellulose, hemicellulose is a second component of agricultural and forestry biomass that is being taken advantage of given its abundant source, biodegradability, nontoxicity and good biocompatibility. However, due to its special molecular structure and physical and chemical characteristics, the mechanical and barrier properties of hemicellulose films and coatings are not sufficient for food packaging applications and modification for performance enhancement is needed. Even though there are many studies on improving the hydrophobic properties of hemicelluloses, most do not meet environmental requirements and the chemical modification of these biopolymers is still a challenge. The present review examines emerging and green alternatives to acetylation for xylan hemicellulose in order to improve its performance, especially when it is used as biopolymer in paper coatings or films for food packaging. Ionic liquids (ILs) and enzymatic modification are environmentally friendly methods used to obtain xylan derivatives with improved thermal and mechanical properties as well as hydrophobic performances that are very important for food packaging materials. Once these novel and green methodologies of hemicellulose modifications become well understood and with validated results, their production on an industrial scale could be implemented. This paper will extend the area of hemicellulose applications and lead to the implementation of a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based products that will decrease the environmental impact of packaging materials.
... Manipulating the biologically sourced material such as collagen and ECM should be kept at a minimum as they are non-replicative and need livestock for their generation. Few promising materials such as cellulose, starch (amylose and amylopectin), chitin, chitosan, alginates, and hyaluronic acid are commonly used (Cunha and Gandini, 2010;Ben-Arye et al., 2020). Protein-based systems, for example, fibrin, collagen, keratin, gelatin, or silk, are also preferred. ...
Cellular agriculture is one of the evolving fields of translational biotechnology. The emerging science aims to improve the issues related to sustainable food products and food security, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and provide animal wellbeing by circumventing livestock farming through cell-based meat (CBM) production. CBM exploits cell culture techniques and biomanufacturing methods by manipulating mammalian, avian, and fish cell lines. The cell-based products ought to successfully meet the demand for nutritional protein products for human consumption and pet animals. However, substantial advancement and modification are required for manufacturing CBM and related products in terms of cost, palatability, consumer acceptance, and safety. In order to achieve high-quality CBM and its production with high yield, the molecular aspect needs a thorough inspection to achieve good laboratory practices for commercial production. The current review discusses various aspects of molecular biology involved in establishing cell lines, myogenesis, regulation, scaffold, and bioreactor-related approaches to achieve the target of CBM.
... Hydrophobically modified polysaccharides are of high interest from an environmental and practical point of view because they are biobased, and many of them have been reported for packaging applications [19][20][21]. The esterification is the most frequently used method for chemical modification, and many studies on acetylated xylan have been published [22][23][24]. ...
In order to improve the hydrophobicity of xylan hemicellulose, a simple procedure of its chemical modification with alkyl ketene dimer (AKD), a non-toxic, cost-effective, and eco-friendly chemical, was performed. For this purpose, the reaction products of beech wood xylan and different amounts of hydrophobic AKD were used for paper surface treatment. Thus, the coatings of about 4.5 g/m2 were applied on both sides of base paper in single and three successive layers. To obtain a complete reaction between AKD and xylan hemicellulose, the coated papers were thermal cured (about 110 °C) and the effects of AKD content on the barrier (water, oil, and water vapours) and mechanical properties were analysed. The structural analyses by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) of coated samples emphasized the presence of β-keto-ester compounds as a result of the reaction between xylan hemicelluloses and AKD. This is confirmed by the improving of barrier properties as the AKD content in coating dispersion is higher. The good barrier performance and improved strength properties were obtained for the coated papers with xylan hemicellulose and 1% AKD applied on paper surface in three successive layers (about 4.5 g/m2). In this case, the water vapours transmission rate (WVTR) was 35% lower than those untreated and the resistance to air passing through coated papers was over 3 times higher compared with base paper. There are no results reported on the chemical reaction of xylan hemicelluloses with AKD as well as its application in coatings for paper packaging. In this context, the obtained results in this study can contribute to expand the applications area of hemicelluloses offering a sustainable strategy for the developing of food packaging papers with appropriate barrier properties using biopolymer coating materials.
... The type of material used as scaffold-based can be derived from animal such as collagen or gelatine. Other alternative materials are polysaccharide such as cellulose, starch, pullulan, alginates, hyaluronic acid and others (Cunha & Gandini 2010, Ben-Ayre et al. 2020). ...
... Cytodex-3 microcarrier beads have been used as scaffolds in rotary bioreactors; however, these beads have no stretching potential. The approach to mechanically stretch myoblasts involves the use of edible and stimulussensitive porous microspheres made from promising materials, such as cellulose, starch (amylose/amylopectin), alginates, chitosan, pullulan, and hyaluronic acid (Cunha & Gandini 2010, Ben-Arye et al. 2020. Manipulation of biologically sourced materials such as collagen should be avoided because collagen is nonreplicative and requires substantial production of livestock which this will increase the production cost ). ...
Cultured meat is meat produced from stem cell biopsies of cattle. Stem cells were cultured in a bioreactor in the presence of serum to grow the flesh to maturity. Cultured meat technology originated from regenerative medical technology; however, it has been given a new lease of life to produce cultured meat as an innovative food source in the future without involving cattle breeding. This technology can reduce the negative environmental impacts of global warming, water use, soil, and unethical handling of animals. In the excitement of accepting this new technology, the halal status of cultured meat is in question, as it can be produced from embryonic stem cells and myosatellite cells, each of which can be disputed for their halal status. Additionally, the process of culturing and maturation of stem cells involves the use of an impure medium derived from animal blood. Thus, cultured meat is acceptable to Muslims only if the stem cells, medium and scaffold biomaterials used to manufacture it are from Halal sources and shall be in line with the six principles discussed in this study. The discussion is based on Halal and haram animals; Animal slaughtering; Not derived from a source of najs (impurity); Istihalah tammah (perfect substance change); Maslahah (public interest or benefit) and mafsadah (damage); and Darurat (exigency) of cultured meat)).
... Hence starch is modified using physical and chemical processes during production of bioplastic. [119][120][121] . ...
The marvellous and versatile properties of synthetic plastics make them an indispensable part of human lives. But in the recent years, plastic pollution has become the biggest environmental concern for the whole world globally. Environmental distress over plastic pollution associated with a rising debate over fossil fuel dependence and abatement have brought the attention of researchers towards finding a suitable alternative to plastics i.e., bioplastic. Bioplastics are specially designed to have lower carbon footprint, less dependent on natural resources, energy efficiency, environmental safety and sustainability. These are bio-resources based polymers which have the potential of substituting conventional petroleum-based plastics. This review article summarizes need for developing eco-friendly alternative to plastics, bioplastics, importance of bioplastic, advantages of bioplastics over plastics and current trends in production of bioplastics. It also highlights types of bioplastics based on various sources and a variety of bioplastic materials such as starch, cellulose, chitosan, chitin, polyhydroxyalkanoates, polylactic acid, Bio-PE, Bio-PET, Bio-PBS, etc., their synthesis, applications and biodegradability. A comparative analysis of both natural and bio-based polymers in term of their availability, nature, structure, properties such as thermal stability, biodegradability, tensile strength, etc. has also been highlighted.
... Surface morphologies can influence the attachment and transport of colloids by hindering water film spreading and altering the water cohesion and capillarity (Cunha and Gandini, 2010;Zhuang et al., 2010). According to the measured water contact angles (Table 1), three materials (IF, CM, and OL) are characterized as wetting surfaces (water contact angle < 90 • C), suggesting that they are conducive to attachment compared with non-wetting BC surface (water contact angle > 90 • C) Yuan et al., 2017). ...
Pathogen filtration is critically important for water sanitation. However, it is a big challenge to balance removal efficiency and filtering material cost. In this study, we quantified the removal processes of a bacterial strain Escherichia coli 652T7 and a model bacteriophage MS2 (ATCC 15597-B1) during their transport through columns containing iron filings (IF), calcined magnesite (CM), natural ore limestone (OL) or corn stalk biochar (BC) under saturated flow conditions. Experimental results showed that 99.98, 79.55, 63.79, and 62.59% of injected E. coli 652T7 and 98.78, 92.26, 68.79, and 69.82% of injected MS2 were removed by IF, CM, OL, and BC, respectively. The differences in removal percentage were attributed to the disparities of the microorganisms and filtering materials in surface function groups, surface charges, and surface morphology. Transport modeling with advection-dispersion equation (ADE) and interaction energy calculation with extended Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek (XDLVO) model indicated that E. coli 652T7 and MS2 were mostly removed via irreversible attachment. In IF columns, E. coli 652T7 promoted the transport of MS2 but not vice versa. In CM columns, MS2 facilitated the transport of E. coli 652T7 and vice versa at a less extent. Such changes were a combined result of attachment site competition, steric effect, and mechanical straining. We found that the sum of the removal percentages of the two microorganisms in their respective transport experiments were similar to those calculated from their co-transport experiments. This result suggests that the removals were mainly limited by the attachment sites in the filtering materials.
... Among various hydrophilic polyelectrolytes, naturally occurring polysaccharides are frequently modified through available functional groups [44]. Due to the abundance of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups, sodium alginate can be easily functionalized, forming hydrophobic derivatives as building blocks for drug delivery systems. ...
This up-to-date review describes the design, fabrication approaches, properties and applications that have been employed in the field of hydrophobically decorated polyelectrolytes (HD-PEs), used as functionalized building blocks for speciality materials with tuneable features. These include, in particular, synthetic strategies for modification/hydrophobization of polyelectrolytes, self-organization of HD-PEs in aqueous systems, adsorption phenomena and applications in the field of surface chemistry. Rationally engineered HD-PEs can be achieved via either step-growth copolymerization of different reactive end groups of monomers, followed by appropriate post-synthesis treatment or as a result of decoration of a given polymer backbone with hydrophobic side groups. The influence of HD-PEs' chemical structure on their self-assembling and interfacial properties is dependent on the overall hydrophobicity, i.e. length, number and type of side chains stretched out to charged segment, number, type and strength of ionizable groups. We also conclude that the linking entity structure (ester, secondary amide, etc.) between the hydrophobic side chain and the charged polyelectrolyte backbone in the tailor-made HD-PEs plays a crucial role in self-aggregation behaviour in water and at interfaces. The examples of the unique ability of HD-PEs to adsorb at hydrophilic and hydrophobic interfaces is discussed considering the effect of the self-aggregation on the interfacial properties.
