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The ISO 52000–1:2017 is the overarching Energy Performance of Buildings (EPB) standard, providing the general framework of the EPB assessment. It is applicable to the assessment of overall energy use of a building, by measurement or calculation, and the calculation of energy performance in terms of primary energy or other energy-related metrics. IS...
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... assessment boundaries define therefore the input to primary energy calculation, defining whether a consumption is considered as EPB or non-EPB use. Table 4 shows. Those three primary energy balance calculation hypothesis vary in assessment boundary, supply cover factor and in how the export of energy is considered through the k_exp. ...Citations
... The design of the building follows an integral design process to achieve a positive energy building, with local energy production from photovoltaic panels, which are placed both on north-west and south-east block roof. Details about the final building design can be found in Tamm et al. (2021). ...
Identifying the parameters of grey-box models requires enough data collected from sensors installed inside and outside of the building for long enough period of time. Consequently, this process is time consuming, costly especially in large buildings that require more sensors, and can only be conducted after the building is constructed. This paper introduces a procedure for identifying greybox models from white-box models. Following this procedure, grey-box models can be identified using data generated by a white-box model, without any requirement for mounting sensors in a building. This reduces the cost and time of modelling, control design and prediction. The introduced procedure is utilized to find a grey-box model of the heat dynamics of a four-floor building in Spain. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of this procedure.
... The research project syn.ikia defines PEB as "a building that produces more energy from renewable sources than it consumes to achieve appropriate indoor environmental quality and cover the building energy needs (excluding plug loads)" (Salom et al., 2020). According to Kurnitski et al. (2021) plus energy buildings have a surplus of energy production from local sources onsite. In general, the common perception is that a building needs to produce more energy than it consumes onsite to achieve PEB status. ...
Plus Energy Buildings are perceived as a strategy in the energy transition and to promote decarbonization of the building stock. This paper presents the design development of a plus energy demonstration project based on building performance simulations performed with IDA-ICE for energy strategies and future scenarios.
The objective of the design strategies was to reduce the primary energy consumption, while ensuring a satisfactory indoor environment. Future scenarios for climate change, user behavior, and energy flexibility were developed to analyze the impact on the building's energy performance.
Results from the analyses reveal the expected building performance with respect to energy and indoor environment standards, and robustness with respect to meeting the standards under different scenarios for occupant behavior and climate conditions. According to the simulation results, the building design is robust and can adapt to changes in exterior conditions.
... ISO 52000-1 is the European standard that defines the overarching framework and procedures for the Energy Performance in Building (EPB) assessment and distinguishes between EPB and non-EPB uses (Tamm et al., 2021). As discussed in section 2.1., ...
... They are characterized by types of loads considered as EPB and non-EPB uses. Similar approaches have been previously used to analyze building performance (Tamm et al., 2021). This hypothesis also provides a sensitivity analysis of the different load types on total energy balancing. ...
... On-site Energy Ratio as some of the commonly used key performance indicators (Lund, Marszal and Heiselberg, 2011;Salom et al., 2011Salom et al., , 2014Ala-Juusela, Crosbie and Hukkalainen, 2016;Tamm et al., 2021). This study, however, only uses two key performance indicators-On-site Energy Ratio and Demand Cover Factor. ...
The Positive Energy Building (PEB) concept is complex, with multiple transition challenges. This project explores the feasibility of the PEB concept when applied to commercial buildings in the temperate oceanic climate of Ireland. Aligning with the positive energy Green Buildings and Neighbourhood (GBNs) ambition of the EU-funded PROBONO project, this project uses the Dun Laoghaire Ferry Terminal building (7000 m2 floor area) as the demonstration site for the research.
Primarily focusing on the load balancing parameter of the PEB concept, the project evaluates the building energy demand and on-site photovoltaic energy generation potential. A predictive multi-zone energy simulation using the Rhino/Grasshopper interphase of the EnergyPlus simulation engine is used. The simulations conducted over three demand assessment boundaries and two energy generation scenarios evaluate the sensitivity of the input parameters. Furthermore, the study proposes six design alternatives that vary in the building energy demand and energy generation capacity. Finally, two key performance indicators- the On-site Energy Ratio and the Demand Cover Factor examine the energy performance of the proposed design alternatives.
The simulation results imply that the PEB concept is challenging to realize in huge commercial buildings in Ireland. Significant transition barriers are the local climate, lack of space for photovoltaic energy production and the challenges associated with the building’s typology. However, the research finding suggests that advancements in RES technologies can overcome these impediments. As a result, design alternatives proposed with reduced energy demand and higher efficiency PV panels become PEBs. However, although some design alternatives achieve an annual positive energy balance, seasonal variations in energy demand and generation make the building highly dependent on grid-imported non-renewable energy.
... The authors identified 82 papers that fit the eligibility criteria of the study. Here, only the studies that present comprehensive investigations to achieve plus energy building under the Mediterranean climatic conditions are considered [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. It is worth noting that studies that did not achieve plus energy balance are not considered in the analysis, such as [26][27][28][29][30][31]. ...
The feasibility of Plus Energy Building for a sample relevant case is investigated. After a literature review aimed to identify key aspects of this type of buildings, a preliminary evaluation of the thermal performance of a building constructed using conventional material is presented together with a parametric analysis of the influence of typical influential parameters. Solar domestic hot water (SDHW) and photovoltaic systems (PV) are considered in the study. Numerical simulations indicate that for the examined sample case (Beirut in Lebanon) the total annual energy need of conventional building is 87.1 kWh/(y.m 2). About 49% of energy savings can be achieved by improving the building envelope and installing energy efficient technologies. Moreover, about 90% of energy savings in domestic hot water production can be achieved by installing a SDHW system composed of two solar collectors connected in series. Finally, the addition of a grid connected PV array system can significantly mitigate the energy needs of the building leading to an annual excess of energy.
With the clear adverse impacts of fossil fuel-based energy systems on the climate and environment, ever-growing interest and rapid developments are taking place toward full or nearly full dependence on renewable energies in the next few decades. Estonia is a European country with large demands for electricity and thermal energy for district heating. Considering it as the case study, this work explores the feasibility and full potential of optimally sized photovoltaic (PV), wind, and PV/wind systems, equipped with electric and thermal storage, to fulfill those demands. Given the large excess energy from 100% renewable energy systems for an entire country, this excess is utilized to first meet the district heating demand, and then to produce hydrogen fuel. Using simplified models for PV and wind systems and considering polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) electrolysis, a genetic optimizer is employed for scanning Estonia for optimal installation sites of the three systems that maximize the fulfillment of the demand and the supply-demand matching while minimizing the cost of energy. The results demonstrate the feasibility of all systems, fully covering the two demands while making a profit, compared to selling the excess produced electricity directly. However, the PV-driven system showed enormous required system capacity and amounts of excess energy with the limited solar resources in Estonia. The wind system showed relatively closer characteristics to the hybrid system but required a higher storage capacity by 75.77%. The hybrid PV/wind-driven system required a total capacity of 194 GW, most of which belong to the wind system. It was also superior concerning the amount (15.05 × 10 9 tons) and cost (1.42 USD/kg) of the produced green hydrogen. With such full mapping of the installation capacities and techno-economic parameters of the three systems across the country, this study can assist policymakers when planning different country-scale cogeneration systems.
Considering the amount of existing buildings, decarbonizing the building stock requires new buildings designed to reach the highest performance. The nearly-Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB) standard needs to be overtaken by Plus Energy Buildings (PEB) that presents the potential to produce more energy than the consumption over a specific period. Several studies investigated the potential of a building to achieve a plus energy balance, however, there is still a lack of a comprehensive and shared framework for designing and assessing the performance of a PEB. To cope with this issue, the authors identified a series of key aspects that needs to be stated in a consistent framework for PEB, and in particular: i) the balance contributions, ii) the physical boundaries, iii) the time span for the balance assessment, iv) the metrics for evaluating PEBs, v) the approach for evaluating load matching and grid interaction, vi) Indoor Environmental Quality and user satisfaction as added values of a PEB. The authors performed a comprehensive review identifying 82 papers dealing with PEB and deducing how the key aspects have been addressed. The literature overview provides the background for proposing an approach for the PEB definition and to introduce an operational assessment focused on providing the main statements focusing on PEB performance evaluation both during the design and operative phase.
