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Prevalence of morbid obesity (Fig 1a) and prevalence of severe obesity (Fig 1b) among children with obesity 1985, 1995, 2007 and 2012. Morbid obesity was defined as age and sex adjusted BMI≥ 35kg/m2 at 18 years) (2) and severe obesity included class 2 and 3 and was defined as BMI ≥120% 95th percentile of the CDC 2000 growth references, or a BMI ≥35kg/m2, whichever was lower (3).Statistical significance was determined by chi-squared test.
Source publication
Objective:
Children with severe obesity have greater risk of adverse health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to assess trends in the prevalence of morbid and severe obesity in Australian children between 1985 and 2012.
Methods:
Secondary analysis of four national Australian cross-sectional surveys of measured height/weight in 7-15 year ol...
Citations
... Adolescence is a significant developmental life stage and adequate nutrition during this time is key to future health outcomes and establishing dietary habits for adulthood [1,2]. There are ongoing concerns around the rapidly increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity, particularly among children and adolescents [3][4][5]. Poorer diet quality is associated with higher fat mass [6,7], adiposity [8], elevated body mass index (BMI) [9] and cardiometabolic risk factors [10] in children and adolescents, which have been shown to persist into adulthood, posing a continued risk for chronic disease [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. For example, in coronary artery disease, the development of atherosclerotic plaques associated with the disease are seen to be initiated during adolescence and young adulthood, starting at age 15 [19]. ...
... parents were not part of the original sample). For covariates, there were 326 missing values for parental education after backfilling any missing values from previous waves (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). There were also 25 missing values for ethnicity, 4 for living in the parental home, 531 for net household income, and 12 for geographic region. ...
Background
Adolescence is a pivotal developmental stage, where escalating rates of overweight and obesity have raised concerns about diet quality and its association with adverse health outcomes. Parents are known to have considerable influence on childhood diet, but how this influence changes as adolescents mature is unknown. This study investigates the association between parental fruit and vegetable (FV) intake and adolescent FV consumption, exploring how this changes across adolescence and when adolescents leave home.
Methods
Adolescents aged 10–30 years (n = 12,805) from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS), and their parents, reported FV intakes every 2 years. Multilevel linear regression models were fitted to assess associations between parental and adolescent FV intakes, investigating interactions with age and living arrangement, and adjusting for sociodemographic covariates.
Results
Parental FV intake was positively associated with adolescent FV intake (β = 0.20 [95%CI:0.19,0.22] portions/day), with the strength of this association lowest during early adolescence (10–14 years) and peaking at 17–18 years (β = 0.30 [95%CI: 0.27,0.33] portions/day). When adolescents no longer lived in the parental home, the association of parental FV intake with adolescent FV consumption decreased, but a positive association was maintained up to age 30 years.
Conclusions
Our findings emphasise the enduring effect of parental FV consumption on adolescent FV consumption, highlighting the potential for interventions to promote increased FV intake, acknowledging the lasting influence of parental diet, even beyond the confines of the parental home.
... The prevalence of overweight and obesity in adolescents has risen dramatically in recent decades and has become one of the most important public health problems (1,2). Adolescence is a unique transition period accompanied by significant physiological and psychological changes. ...
Background & aims
Existing evidence on the possible effects of probiotics on obese or overweight adolescents has not been fully established. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the effects of probiotic supplementation on anthropometric indices, inflammatory markers and metabolic indices in obese or overweight adolescents.
Methods
The literature up to March 2023 related to probiotic intervention in obese or overweight adolescents was searched and screened from multiple databases, including the CNKI(China national knowledge infrastructure), CBM(Chinese biomedical literature database), PubMed, EmBase, and Cochrane library databases. All randomized controlled trials using probiotic supplements in obese or overweight adolescents were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis.
Results
A total of 8 studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in this study. There were 201 cases in the experimental group (probiotic treatment) and 190 cases in the control group. Compared to the control group, probiotic intervention in adolescents resulted in a decrease in body mass index, fasting blood glucose and C-reactive protein with WMD(Weighted mean difference) and 95% CI of -2.53 (-4.8 to -0.26) kg/m², -0.80 (-1.13 to -0.47) mol/L and -0.24 (-0.43 to -0.05) mg/L, respectively. No significant changes were found in weight, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment of insulin resistance, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor alpha and so on; however, an unfavorable elevated effect in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoproteins was detected with WMD and 95% CI of 0.06 (0.02 to 0.09) mmol/L, 0.18 (0.14 to 0.21) mmol/L, and 0.19 (0.18 to 0.20) mmol/L, respectively.
Conclusion
According to our results, probiotic supplementation was beneficial in managing metabolic indicators such as fasting blood glucose, body mass index and inflammation-related C-reactive protein in overweight or obese adolescents. Further large scale studies are warranted to confirm present findings and to identify the effects and mechanisms to provide more precise evidence for clinical intervention.
Systematic review registration
doi: 10.37766/inplasy2024.1.0081, identifier INPLASY202410081.
... Adolescence is a significant developmental life stage and adequate nutrition during this time is key to future health outcomes and establishing dietary habits for adulthood 1,2 . There are ongoing concerns around the rapidly increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity, particularly among children and adolescents [3][4][5] . Poorer diet quality is associated with higher fat mass 6,7 , adiposity 8 , elevated body mass index (BMI) 9 and cardiometabolic risk factors 10 in children and adolescents, which have been shown to persist into adulthood, posing a continued risk for chronic disease [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] . ...
... parents were not part of the original sample). For covariates, there were 326 missing values for parental education after backfilling any missing values from previous waves (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). There were also 25 missing values for ethnicity, 4 for living in the parental home, 531 for net household income, and 12 for geographic region. ...
Background
Adolescence is a pivotal developmental stage, where escalating rates of overweight and obesity have raised concerns about diet quality and its association with adverse health outcomes. Parents are known to have considerable influence on childhood diet, but how this influence changes as adolescents mature is unknown. This study investigates the association between parental fruit and vegetable (FV) intake and adolescent FV consumption, exploring how this changes across adolescence and when children leave home.
Methods
Adolescents aged 10-30 years (n=12,805) from the UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS), and their parents, reported FV intakes every 2 years. Multilevel linear regression models were fitted to assess associations between parental and adolescent FV intakes, investigating interactions with age and living arrangement, and adjusting for sociodemographic covariates.
Results
Parental FV intake was positively associated with adolescent FV intake (β=0.20 [95%CI:0.19,0.22] portions/day), with the strength of this association lowest during early adolescence (10-14 years) and peaking at 17-18 years (β=0.30 [95%CI: 0.27,0.33] portions/day). When adolescents no longer lived in the parental home, the association of parental FV intake with their own FV consumption decreased, but a positive association was maintained up to age 30 years.
Conclusions
Our findings emphasise the enduring effect of parental modelling on dietary choices, highlighting the potential for interventions to promote increased FV intake, acknowledging the lasting influence of parental diet, even beyond the confines of the parental home.
... While obesity develops gradually and is traditionally seen in the older sedentary population, the disease is becoming more common in younger individuals. 1 The development of obesity is driven mostly by caloric excess from a "Western"-style diet. 2 Despite increasing evidence for the negative health effects of obesity, 3 the World Health Organization reported 13% of the world population to be obese in 2016 and since 1975 the prevalence of obesity has nearly tripled. 4 This has important implications for other chronic diseases that have been linked to metabolic dysregulation, including neurodegenerative diseases. ...
Obesity is increasing in prevalence across all age groups. Long-term obesity can lead to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases through its effects on adipose, skeletal muscle, and liver tissue. Pathological mechanisms associated with obesity include immune response and inflammation as well as oxidative stress and consequent endothelial and mitochondrial dysfunction. Recent evidence links obesity to diminished brain health and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Both AD and PD are associated with insulin resistance, an underlying syndrome of obesity. Despite these links, causative mechanism(s) resulting in neurodegenerative disease remain unclear. This review discusses relationships between obesity, AD, and PD, including clinical and preclinical findings. The review then briefly explores nonpharmacological directions for intervention.
... The consequences of overweight and obesity can persist into adulthood and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes, stroke, and poor mental health. Combined with these health risks, there are also growing rates of socio-economic inequality, with overweightness and obesity continuing to increase among Australian children in families with lower socio-economic status [5,6]. Thus, programs that invest into the health and wellbeing of children remain vital to combat a growing problem delivering significant cost to society. ...
One in four school children in Australia are overweight or obese. In response, the Healthy Eats program was developed, piloted, and delivered using a whole-of-school approach underpinned by the socio-ecological model to increase fruit and vegetable consumption among children aged 8–10 years in regional Queensland, Australia. This research presents an outcome evaluation of the Healthy Eats program using pre–post data collected throughout 2021 (cross-sectional for knowledge and longitudinal for behaviour) from 19 schools to assess whether changes occurred in students’ nutritional knowledge (n = 1868 (pre = 933, post = 935)) and fruit and vegetable consumption (n = 1042 (pre = 521, post = 521)). Knowledge data was collected via self-reports two weeks prior and immediately after the Nutrition Module. Behavioural data on daily fruit and vegetable consumption was gathered via student passports (i.e., surveys) one week before and for four consecutive weeks after the Nutrition Module. Chi-Square Difference tests and t-Tests were conducted with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Across all 19 schools, knowledge of the daily recommended serves of fruit and vegetables improved significantly following participation in the program, aligning knowledge closer to the Australian dietary guidelines. Behavioural results for fruit consumption were favourable, with clear improvements reported. Increases in vegetable consumption were demonstrated in two of the eight schools. A discussion on the knowledge–action gap is provided, including recommendations for future iterations of the Healthy Eats program.
... The prevalence of severe obesity in the paediatric population has grown in many high-income countries, even though overall prevalence of obesity has been stable. [18][19][20][21] In a survey of European countries, approximately a quarter of children with obesity were classified with severe obesity, a finding that has implications for delivery of obesity clinical services, because such children will need more specialised and intensive therapy. 19 There are socioeconomic disparities in paediatric obesity prevalence within countries. ...
Background
There is limited evidence regarding the experiences, challenges, and needs of adolescents living with obesity (ALwO), their caregivers, and healthcare professionals (HCPs).
Objectives
The cross‐sectional, survey‐based global ACTION Teens study aimed to identify perceptions, attitudes, behaviours, and barriers to effective obesity care among ALwO, caregivers of ALwO, and HCPs.
Methods
ALwO (aged 12 to <18 years; N = 5275), caregivers (N = 5389), and HCPs treating ALwO (N = 2323) from 10 countries completed an online survey (August–December 2021).
Results
Most ALwO perceived their weight as above normal (76% vs. 66% of caregivers), were worried about its impact on their health (85% vs. 80% of caregivers), and recently made a weight loss attempt (58%). While 45% of caregivers believed ALwO would slim down with age, only 24% of HCPs agreed. Most commonly reported weight loss motivators for ALwO were wanting to be more fit/in better shape according to ALwO (40%) and caregivers (32%), and improved confidence/social life according to HCPs (69%). ALwO weight loss barriers included lack of hunger control (most commonly reported by ALwO/caregivers), lack of motivation, unhealthy eating habits (most commonly agreed by HCPs), and lack of exercise.
Conclusions
Misalignment between ALwO, caregivers, and HCPs—including caregivers' underestimation of the impact of obesity on ALwO and HCPs' misperception of key motivators/barriers for weight loss—suggests a need for improved communication and education.
... Prevalence and severity of obesity are rising among adolescents (Skinner, Ravanbakht, Skelton, Perrin, & Armstrong, 03 2018), (Garnett, Baur, Jones, & Hardy, 2016), leading to a marked increase in the incidence of cardiometabolic comorbidities (Steinbeck, Lister, Gow, & Baur, 2018), which consequently increases health care seeking (Wyatt, Winters, & Dubbert, 2006) and medical care costs (Biener, Cawley, & Meyerhoefer, feb 2020). ...
Individual variability may contribute to the modest and inconsistent results reported in obesity-management interventions. This study aimed to investigate the impact of non-modifiable as well as modifiable factors on body mass index (BMI) and body fat variance in adolescents with obesity followed in a clinical obesity-management programme, in order to better understand individual variability. Non-modifiable factors (i.e. socio-economic status, pregnancy BMI, weight progression across pregnancy, BMI at time of delivery, way of delivery, birth weight, breastfeeding duration, age at overweight onset, overweight duration, and FTO rs9939609 polymorphism) and modifiable factors data (i.e. self-determination level, self-efficacy and perception of importance to lose weight, energy intake, physical activity, and sedentary behaviours) from 63 adolescents (93.7% Caucasian, 55.6% girls), with a median age of 15.0 (2.5) years, and a median BMI z-score of 2.88 (0.70), followed for 6 months were analyzed. BMI z-score variance was predicted by vigorous physical activity (VPA) (F(1,57) = 4.55, p = .039), overweight duration (F(1,59) = 5.61, p = .022), way of delivery (F(2,58) = 6.55, p = .003) and self-determination level (F(1,59) = 4.75, p = .034). VPA further predicted body fat mass (%) (F(1,57) = 9.99, p = .003) as well as trunk fat mass variance (F(1,57) = 8.94, p = .006). This study suggests that although both non-modifiable and modifiable factors influence BMI and body fat variance to some extent, in adolescents with obesity, VPA (modifiable factor) stands out as the factor with the best association with both outcomes. VPA may be a potential ally in the success of clinical obesity management in adolescents, and so should be emphasised in this population.
Highlights
• There is a huge individual variability within studies in response to adolescent obesity-management interventions.
• Both non-modifiable and modifiable factors may influence body mass index (BMI) and body fat variance, influencing interventions’ outcomes.
• The predictive value of both non-modifiable and modifiable factors largely overlaps, making lighter the burden of the former and highlighting the value of lifestyle changes.
• Among modifiable factors, vigorous physical activity standouts as the factor with the best (negative) association with BMI and body fat variance.
... Childhood obesity is a global health problem (1)(2)(3), particularly severe obesity, which has increased at least 4-fold since 1985 (2). Given that the development of obesity during childhood often leads to excess adiposity into adulthood (4), youth with obesity are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and some types of cancer (5,6). ...
... Childhood obesity is a global health problem (1)(2)(3), particularly severe obesity, which has increased at least 4-fold since 1985 (2). Given that the development of obesity during childhood often leads to excess adiposity into adulthood (4), youth with obesity are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and some types of cancer (5,6). ...
... Given that the development of obesity during childhood often leads to excess adiposity into adulthood (4), youth with obesity are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and some types of cancer (5,6). As rates of obesity continue to climb (2), the identification and implementation of effective childhood obesity treatment strategies is essential (7). With increased interest and research in childhood obesity treatment strategies, there is a need for stronger scientific evidence in childhood obesity (7)(8)(9). ...
Traffic light labeling (TLL) of foods is a strategy often included in multicomponent behavioral interventions (MBI) for childhood obesity. TLLs categorize foods as ‘green’ (no restrictions); ‘yellow’ (moderation); and ‘red’ (consume minimally). The body of research investigating the effects of TLL conflates the labeling itself with MBIs that include TLL as one component. For instance, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics’ Evidence Analysis Library gave traffic light diets Grade I evidence for pediatric weight management. Yet, whether the term traffic light diet referenced TLL in isolation or as part of an MBI was ambiguous. Herein we evaluate the evidence supporting TLL for childhood obesity as a standalone treatment and identify areas requiring further research. No articles from a PubMed search for TLL and weight-related outcomes tested TLL in isolation. One article was identified through reference lists that tested TLL mostly in isolation, which observed no significant differences between groups. TLL definitions and categorizations vary across studies and contexts, using average calories in categories of foods, energy density, or specific ingredients to determine labeling. Systematic reviews generally conclude TLL-based approaches affect food selection and consumption, but none studied obesity-related outcomes. We believe the evidence supports that: 1) there is a lack of standardization regarding TLL food classifications; 2) the term “traffic light diet” is inconsistently used to mean intensive lifestyle programs or TLL itself; and 3) there is insufficient evidence to understand the effects of TLL as an isolatable factor for childhood obesity. Importantly, limited evidence about TLL does not mean it is ineffective; TLL has been incorporated into successful childhood obesity intervention programs, but the unique causal contribution of TLL remains uncertain. Standardized definitions of traffic light labels for categorizing foods and trials with TLL alone are needed to test direct impacts of TLL on obesity-related outcomes.
... This corresponds to body mass index (BMI) ≥1.2 times the 95th percentile, or the definition in adults of class II obesity, BMI ≥35 kg/m 2 . The majority of the studies included this definition [1,[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. b. ...
... b. Severe obesity was further classified to class II obesity and class III obesity, as class II obesity (≥120% to <140% of the 95th percentile, or BMI ≥35 kg/m 2 , whichever was lower), and class III obesity (≥140% of the 95th percentile, or BMI ≥40 kg/m 2 , whichever was lower) [5,6,13,14]. c. WHO) median [16]. ...
... Between 1985 and 2012, the prevalence of class II severe obesity increased from 0.3% to 2.0%, and of class III obesity from 0.1% to 0.5% [5]. In 2014, 28% of children with obesity were classified as having severe obesity [23]. ...
Introduction:
Severe obesity among children and adolescents has emerged as a public health concern in multiple places around the world.
Methods:
We searched the Medline database for articles on severe obesity rates in children published between January 1960 and January 2020. For studies with available prevalence rates for an early and a more recent time period, the relative increase in prevalence was imputed.
Results:
In total, 874 publications were identified, of which 38 contained relevant epidemiological data. Rates of severe obesity varied significantly according to age, gender, geographic area, and the definition of severe obesity. The highest rates of class II and III obesity in the US according to the Centers of Disease Control cutoff were 9.5% and 4.5%, respectively. Seventeen studies reported prevalence rates in at least two time periods. Data for 9,190,718 individuals showed a 1.71 (95%CI, 1.53-1.90) greater odds for severe obesity in 2006-2017 (N=5,029,584) vs. 1967-2007 (N=4,161,134). In an analysis limited to studies from 1980s' with a minimum follow-up of 20 years, a 9.16(95%CI, 7.76-10.80) greater odds for severe obesity in recent vs. earlier time was found. An analysis limited to studies from 2000, with a follow-up of 5-15 years, a 1.09 (95%CI, 0.99-1.20) greater odds was noted when comparing (2011-2017; N=4,991,831) vs. (2000-2011; N=4,134,340).
Conclusion:
Severe pediatric obesity is escalating with a marked increase from the1980's and a slower rate from 2000.
... Um motivo que poderia explicar a diferença encontrada no presente estudo é o fato de a aceleração do crescimento acontecer de forma mais tardia nos meninos (Traebert, et al., 2018). Por outro lado, alguns estudos (Garnett, et al., 2016;Spinelli, et al., 2019) demonstram a estigmatização precoce como uma limitação importante para os casos de obesidade e Research, Society andDevelopment, v. 10, n. 15, e436101523268, 2021 (CC BY 4.0) | ISSN 2525-3409 | DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i15.23268 obesidade grave, problema que se agrava para as meninas. ...
Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em escolares de 10 anos de idade em um município do sul do Brasil e explorar eventual associação com sexo e tipo de escola. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico de delineamento transversal alinhado a um estudo de coorte que incluiu 942 escolares com idade de 10 anos matriculados em escolas públicas e privadas de famílias residentes em Palhoça, SC. Foram coletados peso e altura. Calculou-se o índice de massa corpórea analisado por meio do escore Z. O teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado para analisar a associação entre variáveis estudadas. Resultados: A taxa de prevalência do excesso de peso foi de 39,5%, sendo 22,8% de sobrepeso, 14,3% de obesidade e 2,4% de obesidade grave. As taxas de prevalência da obesidade e da obesidade grave foram estatisticamente maiores no sexo masculino. Conclusão: As taxas de prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade na população estudada foram elevadas, sendo maiores em escolares do sexo masculino.
