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Prevalence of caffeine-associated side effects according to caffeine dose in investigations that used a caffeine supplementation protocol to study the ergogenic effect of caffeine in athletes. Data are presented for side effects measured after exercise and at least 24 h after exercise
Source publication
Purpose
The aim of this study was to systematically review evidence on the prevalence and magnitude of side effects associated with caffeine supplementation in athletes.
Methods
Systematic searches through the PubMed, VHL, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. Peer-reviewed articles written in Engl...
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Citations
... The safety of isolated PWS components like creatine [68], β-alanine [69], citrulline [47], caffeine [70], and amino acids [71] has been well investigated. Some ingredients included in the present study on PWSs, such as creatine and BCAA, have been found to decrease muscle damage markers. ...
This randomized, double-blinded, experimental study investigated the effects of a four-week daily pre-workout supplementation (200 mg caffeine, 3.3 g creatine monohydrate, 3.2 g β-alanine, 6 g citrulline malate, and 5 g BCAA) vs. placebo (isocaloric maltodextrin) on anaerobic (jumping, sprinting, agility, and the running-based anaerobic sprint test: RAST) and aerobic (Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1) performance, as well as on body composition and selective muscle damage/health-related blood markers in well-trained basketball players during the in-season period. Eighteen basketball players (age: 24.4 ± 6.3 years, height: 185.7 ± 8.0 cm, weight: 85.7 ± 12.8 kg, body fat: 16.5 ± 4.2%) were randomly assigned into two groups: pre-workout supplement (PWS, n = 10) or placebo (PL, n = 8). PWS consumption increased aerobic performance (PWS: 8 ± 6%; PL: −2 ± 6%; p = 0.004) compared to PL. A significant decrease was observed in peak (F = 7.0; p = 0.017), average (F = 10.7; p = 0.005), and minimum power (F = 5.1; p = 0.039) following 4 weeks of supplementation in both groups. No other significant changes were observed between groups (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the consumption of the current PWS over a four-week period appears to positively influence the aerobic performance of well-trained basketball players during the in-season period. However, it does not appear to mitigate the observed decline in anaerobic power, nor does it affect performance in jumping, sprinting, and agility, or alter body composition or selective muscle damage/health-related blood markers.
... Moreover, it is suggested that 60 min pre-exercise could be the optimal timing due the plasma concentration peak [12]. Despite the safety characteristics of caffeine, high doses (9 mg/kg) can produce several side effects (i.e., tachycardia, nervousness, gastrointestinal discomfort and insomnia) appearing immediately or even 24 h after intake [13]. It has been shown that higher caffeine doses increase the magnitude and prevalence of these side effects [13]. ...
... Despite the safety characteristics of caffeine, high doses (9 mg/kg) can produce several side effects (i.e., tachycardia, nervousness, gastrointestinal discomfort and insomnia) appearing immediately or even 24 h after intake [13]. It has been shown that higher caffeine doses increase the magnitude and prevalence of these side effects [13]. Therefore, it would be interesting to find a strategy that maintains the ergogenic benefits of caffeine but eliminates the side effects. ...
... This survey included 9 items on a yes/no scale. This questionnaire was based on previous publications about side effects derived from the ingestion of caffeine [13,35]. It included nervous-ness, insomnia, gastrointestinal problems, activeness, irritability, muscle pain, headache, tachycardia/increased heart rate and increased urine production. ...
This study aimed to analyse the placebo effect associated with a high dose of caffeine (9 mg/kg) on heart rate and its variability and on strength tests. Methods: 18 participants experienced in strength training (19.7 ± 2.3 years; 72.2 ± 15.0 kg; 169.6 ± 9.0 cm) performed two days of trials (caffeine-informed/placebo-ingested (placebo) and non-ingested (control)). Firstly, heart rate and its variability were measured while participants lay down for 15 min. After that, bench press and squat tests were performed at 3 different loads (50%, 75% and 90% of 1RM). Perception of performance, effort and side effects were also evaluated. Results: no differences were found in the vast majority of strength variables analysed. Resting heart rate decreased in the placebo trial (60.39 ± 10.18 bpm control vs. 57.56 ± 9.50 bpm placebo, p = 0.040), and mean RR increased (1020.1 ± 172.9 ms control vs. 1071.5 ± 185.7 ms placebo, p = 0.032). Heart rate variability and perception of performance and effort were similar between conditions (p > 0.05 in all cases). Side effects such as activeness and nervousness were reported while consuming the placebo. Conclusions: the placebo effect did not modify performance in the majority of the strength test variables, HRV and perception of performance and effort. However, resting heart rate was reduced, mean RR increased, and some side effects appeared in the placebo trial.
... On the other hand, high doses may be associated with aversive somatic effects, including sleep disruption and increased anxiety and agitation, all of which can contribute to impaired fine motor control. [55][56][57][58] In this way, it seems reasonable that the loss of effect at high doses of caffeine is likely due to its toxicity. ...
... • Gastro-intestinal discomfort questionnaire: This questionnaire was used to check the presence of any gastro-intestinal problems pre-and post-supplementation. The questionnaire included gastrointestinal symptoms that could be associated with CAF intake (i.e., nausea, vomiting, headache, heartburn, abdominal pain, diarrhea, breathlessness and constipation) (de Souza et al., 2022). Each symptom was considered: 1) absent, 2) mild, 3) moderate, or 4) severe. ...
The ergogenecity of caffeine (CAF) and pre-exercise music have been studied extensively in male and mixed-gender groups, but there is limited information on their synergistic effects in females. This study assessed the effects of combining a low dose of CAF with warm-up music on taekwondo specific performance, perceived exertion (RPE), and psychological aspects in female athletes. In a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study, 16 female taekwondo athletes (M ± SD; age: 17.69 ± 0.60 years) performed the taekwondo-specific agility test (TSAT), 10 s frequency speed of kick test (FSKT-10s) and its multiple version (FSKT-mult) under the following conditions: 1) no supplement with music (NS+M); 2) no supplement without music (control); 3) CAF without music (CAF+NM), 4) placebo without music (PL+NM), 5) CAF with music (CAF+M), 6) PL with music (PL+M). After each test, athletes rated their RPE, feeling scale (FS), felt arousal scale (FAS) and physical enjoyment (PACES). CAF+M induced better physical performance than other conditions on the FSKT-10s, FSKT-mult, and more desirable psychophysiological responses including RPE post_TSAT, RPE post_FSKT-10s, PACES post_FSKT-10s, FS, FAS post_warm-up, FAS post_FSKT-10s and FAS post_FSKT-mult (all p < 0.05). Except for PL+M, CAF+M also elicited more desirable responses than other conditions for FAS post_TSAT (p < 0.05). Furthermore, CAF+M and CAF+NM conditions enhanced TSAT, PACES post_TSAT, RPE post_FSKT-mult greater than the other conditions (p < 0.05). Preceding warm-up music stimulus with a low dose of CAF may be a more efficient strategy to enhance physical performance and affective valence in female taekwondo athletes compared with using either strategy in isolation.
... CAF (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is widely recognized as a supplement frequently utilized by athletes across a diverse range of sports disciplines [10,11]. The widespread use of CAF supplements among athletes, commonly taken before or during competitions [12,13], can be attributed to the findings of numerous studies confirming the potential positive impacts of CAF supplements on sports performance [14,15]. A key mechanism of CAF ergogenicity is its antagonistic impact on adenosine receptors due to its similar chemical structure to adenosine [16,17]. ...
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the timing of the last meal, “Suhoor”, on diurnal variation in cognitive performance during Ramadan intermittent fasting (RIF). In a randomized order, 26 adolescent female athletes (aged 15.9 ± 0.9 y) were tested in three sessions at 7:00 a.m., 12:00 p.m., and 5:00 p.m. across four different conditions: the 10 days preceding Ramadan (PR); the final 12 days of Ramadan (RO): two different conditions: Early Suhoor (SEarly), and Late Suhoor (SLate); and, ultimately, the 10 days immediately after Ramadan (AR) with an in-between recovery period of ≥24 h. During each test session, the oral temperature (OT), simple reaction time test (SRT), choice reaction time test (CRT), attention test (ATT), and mental rotation test (MRT) were evaluated. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and daily diary intake were assessed across the three periods. Compared to PR, the sleep parameters assessed by the PSQI were significantly lower during the RO and AR periods. However, neither total dietary intake nor OT showed any changes due to RIF. Compared to PR, the afternoon performances of SRT, CRT, ATT, and MRT significantly declined under both the SEarly and SLate conditions. Notably, midday performance decreased only during SLate, while morning performance remained unaffected in both conditions. Additionally, compared to SEarly, these performances were better during SLate in the afternoon and at midday. In summary, nutrient intake timing had a significant effect on the diurnal fluctuations in cognitive functions during Ramadan fasting, particularly around noon and in the afternoon. Our results illustrate the benefits of a late last meal (Suhoor) in preserving optimal morning cognitive abilities and preventing any impairment during the fasted state at midday or in the afternoon, which could affect overall athletic performance.
... CAF (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is widely recognized as a supplement frequently utilized by athletes across a diverse range of sports disciplines [10,11]. The widespread use of CAF supplements among athletes, commonly taken before or during competitions [12,13], can be attributed to the findings of numerous studies confirming the potential positive impacts of CAF supplements on sports performance [14,15]. A key mechanism of CAF ergogenicity is its antagonistic impact on adenosine receptors due to its similar chemical structure to adenosine [16,17]. ...
Caffeine (CAF), a prevalent psychoactive stimulant, is believed to potentially enhance cognitive ability. However, studies on the effects of various doses are limited and yield inconsistent results, particularly in female athletes. Therefore, we aimed to assess the association between three different dosages of CAF intake (low, moderate, and high) and cognitive skills in female athletes with low CAF consumption. This study had a randomized, crossover, double-blind design in which each athlete performed four experimental sessions after ingesting either a placebo (PLAC), 3 mg·kg −1 of CAF (3 mg of CAF), 6 mg·kg −1 of CAF (6 mg of CAF), or 9 mg·kg −1 of CAF (9 mg of CAF) with an in-between washout period of at least 72 h. Following a 60 min window post-capsule consumption, fourteen female athletes (age: 17.4 ± 0.8 years) were assessed through various cognitive tests, namely, simple reaction time (SRT), choice reaction time (CRT), and attentional task (AT) tests, along with the mental rotation test (MRT). Additionally, they were required to complete a questionnaire about the undesirable side effects of CAF. Our results indicated that, compared to those of PLAC, the SRT, CRT, and AT performance were significantly improved following the administration of both 3 mg of CAF and 6 mg of CAF. While the greatest enhancement was observed after consuming 3 mg of CAF , no significant differences were found between the effects of 3 mg and 6 mg of CAF. Interestingly, MRT performance did not improve with any of the CAF dosages. Moreover, the ingestion of 9 mg of CAF did not enhance cognitive skills and was linked to the highest occurrence of CAF-related side effects. In conclusion, our results highlight the recommendation for a low CAF dosage of 3 mg·kg −1 , in contrast to a higher dose of 6 mg·kg −1 or 9 mg·kg −1 of CAF, to enhance various aspects of cognitive performance in female athletes with low CAF consumption without adverse side effects.
... Caffeine, the chemical name 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, which belongs to the group of methylxanthine alkaloids, is a well-known stimulant of the central nervous system (CNS) (Fig. 1a). Caffeine is consumed daily by 80 % of the world's population through coffee, black and green tea, soft and energy drinks, but also through medicines [1]. It is essential from the food aspect and for its physiological effects and pharmaceutical properties. ...
In this study, a detailed physicochemical characterization of caffeine in 0.1 mol∙kg−1 of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium salicylate (abbreviation [Bmim][Sal]) aqueous solutions is performed based on density, speed of sound, refractive index and viscosity measurements in the temperature range from T = (293.15–313.15) K. [Bmim][Sal] slightly increases the solubility of caffeine in water. Data obtained from the volumetric and viscosimetric measurements indicate that [Bmim][Sal] promotes the self-aggregation of caffeine in water. Molecular dynamic simulations provided insight into how [Bmim][Sal] increases caffeine solubility in water. At higher temperatures, the salicylate anion has stronger interactions with caffeine through π–π interactions than at lower temperatures.
... A significant issue associated with the use of caffeine, particularly in excessive quantities, is to the frequency of adverse effects. According to de Souza's study, it has been noted that the incidence and severity of adverse effects tend to be more pronounced when greater amounts of caffeine are consumed, as compared to lesser levels [23]. ...
Introduction: Caffeine, a widely consumed stimulant, is recognized for its ability to block adenosine receptors, thereby enhancing alertness and possibly physical performance. Recent research examines caffeine's effectiveness in enhancing athletic performance, with numerous athletes supplementing with caffeine to gain a competitive edge. The aim of this study: This article examines the complex relationship between caffeine and the physical performance of athletes, including its effects on the central nervous system, metabolism, muscle function, and its application in a variety of sports, as well as potential gender differences and individual response variations. Materials and methods: This review was based on available data collected in the PubMed database and Google Scholar web search engine using the key words caffeine, athletic performance, physical performance Conclusions: Caffeine boosts muscle, cognitive, and metabolic function in volleyball and cycling. Caffeine boosts muscle contractility, endurance, and focus, but details matter. Caffeine effects and sports outcomes vary by gender, emphasizing the need for individualized supplementation. Dosage, timing, and physiological conditions affect results, research shows. Caffeine boosts performance, but athletes, coaches, and practitioners should be careful. To maximize caffeine's benefits and minimize side effects, athletes must be treated individually and by sport.
... Such repeated administration of caffeine seems to be beneficial and a prevalent practice in certain sports, including soccer [46]. However, coaches need to balance between the potential benefits of caffeine over longer durations, and the detrimental side effects (e.g., impact on sleep; [12]. It is also possible that more complex passing tasks, such as LSPT, which require better accuracy, speed, and control of the ball, may require higher doses of caffeine. ...
Caffeine has been shown to benefit physical aspects of different sports. In this paper, we aimed to understand the effects of caffeine on decision-making and the accuracy of soccer passes. Twelve young soccer players (16–17 years old and 20.8 ± 2.7 kg/m2 BMI) completed the tasks once after taking 3 mg/kg body mass of caffeine (CAF) and once after consuming similar amounts of placebo (PLA). For the decision-making task, participants were asked to determine the best outcome of ten simulated pre-recorded soccer events. For the soccer pass accuracy, participants performed five short- (10 m) and five long passes (30 m), as well as the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test. Although not statistically significant, participants were 1.67 % more accurate in short- and 13.48 % more accurate in long passes when they consumed caffeine compared to the placebo (14.67 ± 2.74 vs. 14.50 ± 2.97, p = 0.34, g = 0.27 and 7.50 ± 2.84 vs. 6.83 ± 3.13, p = 0.60, g = 0.14, respectively). However, participants' decision-making was 7.14 % and LSPT scores were 3.49 % lower when they consumed caffeine compared to the placebo (29.50 ± 3.09 vs. 30.67 ± 2.93, p = 0.28, g = −0.30 and 55.38 ± 11.91 vs. 57.48 ± 12.13, p = 0.08, g = −0.51 respectively). In conclusion, while the short pass accuracy remained consistent among almost all participants before and after caffeine consumption, the performance varied in the case of long passes. Moreover, most of the participants scored lower on decision-making and LSPT after consuming caffeine. This may suggest that more complex tasks with a higher number of passes might negatively be affected by low doses of caffeine ingested one hour before playing soccer. Future studies are required to elucidate the effects of caffeine consumption on distinct cognitive and passing tasks.
... The literature available on the functional properties of individual supplements, including ergogenic aids, is highly extensive [11,12,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. In numerous studies, the use of supplements by athletes of various disciplines is described in detail [34,[36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45]. ...
... Creatine has an effect on muscle structure and strength, while stimulating energy generation during vigorous physical exercise. This increases physical performance and extends the time of effective physical exertion [25,26,28,[30][31][32][33][34]. On the other hand, the scale of probiotic use was low. ...
Introduction: The purpose of this research was to analyse relationships between personality traits and the use of selected dietary supplements among Polish athletes training in team sports. This subject matter has not been explored in prior research. Material and Methods: This research was carried out among a group of 213 athletes (men) in the 18–36 age range, with the implementation of a proprietary validated questionnaire for the use of dietary supplements and the NEO-PI-R inventory (Neuroticism–Extraversion–Openness Personality Inventory—Revised). Statistical analyses were performed with the Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests, assuming the following level of significance: α = 0.05. Results: It was shown that athletes who periodically and regularly consumed isotonic drinks, as well as energy bars and gels, were characterised by a lower level of neuroticism than those who did not consume them. Athletes who periodically took multivitamin preparations were characterised by a lower level of extraversion and openness, and those periodically using multimineral preparations were characterised by a higher level of agreeableness than those who did not use these agents. Athletes not taking creatine were characterised by the lowest level of conscientiousness among the study participants. The use of protein nutrients, probiotics and caffeine was not associated with any personality traits in the athletes. Conclusions: Further relationships of the Big Five personality traits were demonstrated with the use of effective dietary supplements by athletes; the most unambiguous correlations were described for neuroticism and conscientiousness in such a way that the use of isotonic drinks, as well as energy bars and gels, was connected with a low level of neuroticism, while the use of creatine was connected with high conscientiousness.
