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... in buffaloes has been reported from Egypt (10.0%) and Pakistan (5.05%). Since cattle are found through out the world, prevalence of brucellosis (0.85 to 23.3%) in cattle has been reported from a wide range of countries (Table 1). In camels, brucellosis has been reported from Arabian and African countries (0.0- 17.20%), where the disease also occurs in buffaloes, equines and swine. ...
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Citations
... Therefore, the agro-ecological characteristics of the study areas, sample size, animal management, and production techniques could all be contributing factors to the difference in seroprevalence between the current and previous studies. The prevalence of brucellosis might vary depending on geographic location, species, age, sex, and diagnostic procedures (Gul and Khan, 2007). As brucellosis transmitted from one herd to another due to the movement of an infected camel into a susceptible camel herd may deteriorate the epizootic conditions in the study areas. ...
Camel brucellosis is an infectious and zoonotic diseases caused by Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 450 camels from December, 2020 until August, 2021 with the aim of determining sero-prevalence and assessing the associated risk factors for camel brucellosis and its public health significances from purposively selected three districts namely (Fik, Hamaro and Laghida) of Erer zone, Somali Regional state, based on distribution of camel population and sampled using systematic random sampling. The overall sero-prevalence of Brucella in Erer zone was 4.8% (95%, CI: 2.8-6.8). However, the Seroprevalence varied among the different districts with Lagehida 10% (95%, CI: 1.7-18.7), followed by Fik 5.7% (95%, CI: 0.9-10.5) and Hamaro 1.9% (95%, CI: 0.007-0.0522). By computing univariate logistic regression analysis risk factors such as; sex, age, districts, parity, herd sizes, camels that co-exist with other ruminants and reproductive disorder (abortion) (p<0.05) were statistically significant as major risk factor for transmission of camel brucellosis. Furthermore, multivariable logistic regression analysis of the risk factors revealed that the age, herd size and camels that are kept closely together with other ruminants with adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 3.3 (95%, CI: 1.58-6.74), 4.6 (95%, CI: 2.66-8.10) and 11.4 (95%, CI: 1.39-85.46), respectively were the major risk factors for the occurrence of camel brucellosis. Moreover, the questionnaire survey found common practices like lack of awareness about zoonotic diseases, raw milk consumption, and close contact with animals in pastoral communities. This highlights the need for further advanced epidemiological studies, herd health prevention, control strategies, and public health education to reduce brucellosis risk in both animals and pastoral communities.
... However, no significant relationship was found between age and Brucella infection. It is understood that animals that have reached sexual maturity are more susceptible to brucellosis than younger animals (25). Sexual maturity appears to have a greater influence on susceptibility to brucellosis than age (26). ...
Brucellosis is one of the important zoonotic diseases caused by gram-negative bacteria of the Brucella genus. Given that brucellosis in Iranian camels is not monitored, knowing the status of this disease in camels can be crucial from a health and economic point of view. The present study investigated the Brucella infection rate of camels in Yazd province. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of 86 healthy camels, and their serum was separated. Serum samples were analyzed using serological tests, including Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), Serum Agglutination Test (SAT), 2-Mercaptoetanole (2-ME) test, and indirect ELISA (i-ELISA). In addition, the degree of agreement between RBPT and i-ELISA methods was evaluated using Cohen's kappa test. The relationship between cases of Brucella infection in studied camels and the variables of age, gender, and sampling location was investigated using the chi-square test and SPSS version 22 software. P-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Brucella infection rate by RBPT, SAT, 2-ME, and i-ELISA methods was 4.7%, 3.5%, 4.7%, and 9.3%, respectively. A substantial agreement was also found between RBPT and i-ELISA. No significant relationship existed between Brucella infection and gender and age variables. However, this relationship was significant with sampling location (P<0.05). The current study revealed the presence of Brucella infection in one-humped camels of the Yazd province. Therefore, monitoring the disease status in camels is advisable to control brucellosis in the region.
... Gul and Khan [37] believe that climatic conditions, geography, species, breed, sex and age of the host may have an effect on the prevalence of brucellosis. Based on the mentioned factors, the prevalence of brucellosis varies in different animals species including horses (0.24-37.5%), cows (0.58-35.90%), goats (0.40-33.3%), sheep (0.28-16.70%) and donkeys (1.8-7.48%) in affected countries [37]. ...
... Gul and Khan [37] believe that climatic conditions, geography, species, breed, sex and age of the host may have an effect on the prevalence of brucellosis. Based on the mentioned factors, the prevalence of brucellosis varies in different animals species including horses (0.24-37.5%), cows (0.58-35.90%), goats (0.40-33.3%), sheep (0.28-16.70%) and donkeys (1.8-7.48%) in affected countries [37]. ...
... These factors vary according to different environmental, educational, social, and economic conditions. Adding a new animal to the herd or farm, maintaining and raising several types of animals in the same farm or environment, type of insemination, age, breed, and sex of the animal, type of production, quality of veterinary services in the area, size of the herd, presence of dogs and cats near on within the farms, contact of animals with wildlife, history of abortion in animals, and shared food sources and pastures can act as risk factors and increase the probability of an animal or herd being infected with brucellosis [37,[54][55][56]. Free grazing, extensive husbandry, and large herd sizes are also associated risk factors with brucellosis infection in livestock [39]. ...
Brucellosis is a neglected worldwide zoonotic disease with more than 500,000 new human cases each year. Direct contact with infected animals and consumption of undercooked animal origin foods are the main routes of brucellosis transmission to humans. Although long endeavor has been applied to control and eliminate brucellosis from animal and human populations in developing countries especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), the disease is still endemic in these regions. Many common or unique factors including raw milk consumption, unhygienic slaughter of livestock, extensive husbandry, budgetary limitations, misdiagnosis, and other conditions play a role in long-term endemicity of brucellosis in these locations. It has been shown that One Health is the only practical approach to control brucellosis; however, applying such methods is challenging in low-resource areas. In such conditions, brucellosis is continuously maintained in animals and repeatedly spread to human populations. In this article, factors playing a critical role in brucellosis endemicity, and the real conditions challenging the application of One Health approach in control of brucellosis are highlighted.
... B. melitensi is the most significant pathogen responsible for human brucellosis worldwide, followed by B. abortus and B. suis [3]. Although Europe, Australia, and Canada have successfully eradicated brucellosis, brucellosis continues to be a significant concern in highly endemic areas such as Africa, parts of Asia, and Latin America [4]. Like other zoonotic diseases, brucellosis causes significant economic losses to animal husbandry due to decreased fertility, abortions, and lowered milk production. ...
Background
Brucellosis is a zoonotic affliction instigated by bacteria belonging to the genus Brucella and is characterized by a diverse range of pervasiveness, multiple transmission routes, and serious hazards. It is imperative to amalgamate the current knowledge and identify gaps pertaining to the role of ticks in brucellosis transmission.
Methods
We systematically searched China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), WanFang, Google Scholar, and PubMed on the topic published until April 23, 2022. The procedure was performed in accordance with the Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. The selected articles were categorized across three major topic areas, and the potential data was extracted to describe evidence-practice gaps by two reviewers.
Results
The search identified 83 eligible studies for the final analyses. The results highlighted the potential capacity of ticks in brucellosis transmission as evidenced by the detection of Brucella in 16 different tick species. The pooled overall prevalence of Brucella in ticks was 33.87% (range: 0.00–87.80%). The review also revealed the capability of Brucella to circulate in parasitic ticks' different developmental stages, thus posing a potential threat to animal and human health. Empirical evidence from in vitro rodent infection experiments has revealed that ticks possess the capability to transmit Brucella to uninfected animals (range: 45.00–80.00%). Moreover, significant epidemiological associations have been found between the occurrence of brucellosis in animals and tick control in rangelands, which further suggests that ticks may serve as potential vectors for brucellosis transmission in ruminants. Notably, a mere three cases of human brucellosis resulting from potential tick bites were identified in search of global clinical case reports from 1963 to 2019.
Conclusions
It is imperative to improve the techniques used to identify Brucella in ticks, particularly by developing a novel, efficient, precise approach that can be applied in a field setting. Furthermore, due to the lack of adequate evidence of tick-borne brucellosis, it is essential to integrate various disciplines, including experimental animal science, epidemiology, molecular genetics, and others, to better understand the efficacy of tick-borne brucellosis. By amalgamating multiple disciplines, we can enhance our comprehension and proficiency in tackling tick-borne brucellosis.
... Since this study was not designed to investigate the breed differences in susceptibility to brucellosis, further systematic study may be warranted on this area. The predilection site of brucellosis is the reproductive tract especially gravid uterus and thus the prevalence is usually higher in sexually mature animals (Gul and Khan, 2007). The prevalence of brucellosis in animals above four years were found lower in the present study. ...
Brucellosis caused by the facultative intracellular bacteria of the genus Brucella is associated with huge economic and zoonotic implications worldwide. The disease is among the top priority zoonosis for integrated “one health” approach and has gained wide attention in developed countries. Epidemiological data on brucellosis in ruminants is readily available; however, reports on swine brucellosis remain scanty. Hence, the present study has been undertaken to assess the endemicity of brucellosis in the swine population of Tamil Nadu, India and to identify the infecting Brucella species using conventional bacteriological and molecular techniques. The apparent seroprevalence of brucellosis in pig farms were assessed by RBPT and indirect ELISA (i-ELISA) as 5.2 per cent and 10.1 per cent respectively. There was a moderate agreement between the RBPT and i-ELISA results (Cohen’s kappa coefficient (κ) = 0.512, percent agreement = 93 per cent) Six Brucella isolates could be obtained from various samples; biovar typing by biochemical and molecular methods revealed B. suis biovar 1 as the most prevalent type among swine population in Tamil Nadu. Thus, the determination of Brucella biovar in swine is an important step for epidemiologic characterization of the disease to design the control and eradication strategies.
... Brucellosis is an endemic globally significant zoonotic disease [1]. It is classified among the top seven world neglected zoonotic diseases and public health problems in developing countries with adverse negative effects on both humans and animals as well as economic implications [2], [3]. The main species of the genus Brucella affecting domestic animals are Brucella abortus, Brucella suis, Brucella melitensis, Brucella canis, and Brucella ovis [4]. ...
Brucellosis remains a major zoonosis worldwide. This study was intended to estimate Brucellosis prevalence among people living and working in a high stocking density area (Mahlab 2) and risk factors. A cross-sectional study was done among randomly selected males and females in the area of Mahlab 2. Data was collected using questionnaires and laboratory investigations. Blood samples were collected from participants. The Rose Bengal Plate (RBP) test was used for the detection of Brucella antibodies in serum samples and a modified Rose Bengal Plate (mRBP) test was used for confirmation. A total of 69 participants were enrolled in this study. The majority of those participants were between 18–29 years of age. The seropositivity of patients’ blood samples using these tests, was 28.4%. Socio-demographic characteristics, occupation, clinical signs of disease, types, and size of herds reared by animal owners, sanitary practices, and awareness about zoonosis, Brucellosis, and symptoms of Brucellosis showed no significant correlation with seropositivity among patients’ blood samples for Brucellosis. It is recommended that surveillance and extension programs should be carried out to evaluate the magnitude of Brucellosis and to increase awareness about it. For proper control and prevention to decrease the incidence in animals, hence decreasing the incidence in humans, animal vaccination is essential.
... The optimal treatment for brucellosis is a combination regimen using two antibiotics since monotherapies with single antibiotics have been associated with high relapse rates [42)]. The combination of Doxycycline with Streptomycin (DS) is currently the best therapeutic option with less side effects and less relapses, especially in cases of acute and localized forms of brucellosis [43]. ...
... Almost all human cases of brucellosis are acquired from animals, in particular goats and sheep. In humans, ovine/caprine brucellosis caused by B. melitensis is the most important clinically apparent disease and remains one of the most common zoonotic diseases worldwide, with more than 500,000 human cases reported annually [43,45]. The disease is primarily an occupational risk in exposed professions, i.e., veterinarians, farmers, laboratory technicians, abattoir workers, and others who work with animals and their products. ...
Brucellosis is a widespread zoonosis mainly transmitted from cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and camels through direct contact with blood, placenta fetuses, or uterine secretion or through consumption of the contaminated raw animal product (especially unpasteurized milk and soft cheeses) in endemic areas. Therefore, the objective of this paper are to explain the Current Epidemiological Aspects of Brucellosis and the Importance of Small ruminant Brucellosis for Public Health and briefly illustrate the Economic Importance of Small ruminant Brucellosis. Sources of infection include aborted fetuses, fetal membranes, vaginal discharges and milk from infected sheep and goat. Brucellosis is caused by facultative, intracellular and Gram- negative bacteria called Brucella. Small ruminant brucellosis is caused by B. ovis (for sheep) and B. melitensis (mainly for goats), the latter one is the most virulent species of the Brucella genus. The disease in naturally infected sheep and goats is characterized by abortion in the last trimester of pregnancy, stillbirth and birth of weak offspring in females, and acute orchitis and epididymitis in males. Brucellosis occurs worldwide in domestic animals such as cattle, sheep, goats, camels and pigs and creates a high economic problem for both the intensive and extensive livestock production system in the tropics and a threat to public health. Diagnostic tests fall into two categories: those that demonstrate the presence of the organisms and those that detect an immune response to its antigens. As a general rule, treatment of infected livestock is not attempted because of the high treatment failure rate, cost, and potential problems related to maintaining infected animals in the face of ongoing eradication programs. To control the disease in human, prevention of the disease in reservoir host is important, so test and slaughter followed by proper disposal of seropositive animals to decrease the incidence of infection and effective vaccination and hygienic practices would reduce the disease spreading in/from endemic regions and to lessen the economic and zoonotic effects of brucellosis, the government, public health officials, and veterinarians must collaborate.
... This is in line with the previous findings of other studies [40][41][42]. Age is likely the most significant risk factor for brucellosis as it is closely correlated with the probability of infection due to sexual maturity, higher coital chances and increasing frequency of interaction with other animals with age [43]. Therefore, it is important to consider the age of the animal when analysing the factors influencing the occurrence of the disease. ...
Objective
To study the occurrence of brucellosis in small ruminants in a district of Southern India.
Methods
A total of 425 serum samples (215 sheep and 210 goats) were collected from January to March 2022 using a multistage sampling method. The serum samples were subjected to three serological tests that were employed in this study, namely RBPT (Rose Bengal Plate Test), STAT (Standard Tube Agglutination Test), and I-ELISA. The risk factors were determined by collecting data through a questionnaire and establishing correlations between the responses and seropositivity within a specific flock.
Result
Among the 425 samples collected, 91 samples (21.4%) were positive by RBPT, 124 samples (29.2%) by STAT and 156 samples (36.7%) by I-ELISA in sheep and goats. Sheep showed higher seropositivity in all three tests than goats. Analysis of multivariable logistic regression showed that age (>3 vs. <3 years; OR : 2.262, 95% CI : 1.414–3.618), abortion history (yes vs. no; OR : 1.837; 95% CI : 1.098–3.071), vaginal discharges (yes vs. no; OR : 2.334; 95% CI : 1.421–3.835), the migratory herd (yes vs. no; OR : 2.197; 95% CI : 1.369–3.527), and place of disposal of the foetus (yes vs. no; OR : 2.093; 95% CI : 1.320–3.318) were significant risk factors of brucellosis.
Conclusions
Livestock owners and consumers of sheep and goats should be educated about brucellosis and prevention strategies to mitigate its uncontrolled spread and lower the potential threat of human brucellosis. Choosing the right rearing practices, enhancing husbandry procedures, changing farmer's perspectives on brucellosis, and inclusion of small ruminants in brucellosis control programs are all key management approaches that can aid in the prevention and control of Brucella infection in small ruminants.
... Worldwide prevalence of bovine brucellosis was reported in the range of 0.58-35.90% (Gul and Khan, 2007). An individual study provides correct information about only a particular place or period. ...
Background
Bovine brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonotic disease that hinders production and is a vital public health concern. Even though brucellosis is one of the important diseases in India, the exact prevalence details of the disease are not known.
Objective
To derive an estimate of the prevalence of brucellosis in India.
Material and Methods
A systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out by using PRISMA and MOOSE protocols. A total of 133 studies were taken from online sources and various publications. Among these, 69 studies were incorporated that include a total of 140908 bovines. The data were compiled from 1990 to 2019 around India.
Results
Pooled estimates of the prevalence of brucellosis in cattle and buffaloes were 16.6% (95% CI: 13.0, 21.1) and 14.2% (95% CI: 8.9, 21.8), respectively and in bovines was 15.1% (95% CI: 12.0, 18.8). The meta-analysis revealed that there was significant heterogeneity between the published studies.
Conclusion
As the prevalence of bovine brucellosis in India is not known hence the present study will provide the knowledge on prevalence and epidemiology of bovine brucellosis in India and will be helpful for the government to make policy plans to control this disease in India.
... Brucellosis remains an endemic infectious disease in many parts of the world, especially in the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern countries (1). This disease can occur anywhere in the world and affect any organ or system of the body. ...
