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Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen which causes most of the chronic infection in humans. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that is isolated from various clinical specimens along with its antibiotic susceptibility pattern.
Methods: This descriptive cross sectional study...
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Background
Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii is considered a top priority pathogen by the World Health Organization for combatting increasing antibiotic resistance and development of new drugs. Since it was originally reported in Klebsiella pneumoniae in 2009, the quick spread of the blaNDM−1 gene encoding a New-Delhi metallo-beta-lactam...
Background: Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii is considered a top priority pathogen by the World Health Organization for combatting increasing antibiotic resistance and development of new drugs. Since it was originally reported in Klebsiella pneumoniae in 2009, the quick spread of the blaNDM-1 gene encoding a New-Delhi metallo-beta-lacta...
Hassan Ali T., Effect of lactic acid bacteria on antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Onl J Vet Res., 23 (7):733-741, 2019. Authors describe the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa In Vitro. We tested 154 milk samples for pseudomonas aeruginosa from cows with mastitis and isolated LAB from milk sampl...
Objective
This study analyzed the characteristics and tendencies of resistance to common antibiotics for Klebsiella pneumoniae to provide a basis for clinical treatment and prevention.
Methods
A total of 71,743 isolates were collected from hospital clinical specimens following standard procedures from 2006 to 2020. Statistical analyses were conduc...
Background
Multiple antibiotic-resistant (MAR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( P. aeruginosa ) plays a significant role in triggering nosocomial infection in clinical settings. While P. aeruginosa isolated from the environment is often regarded as non-pathogenic, the progressive development of antibiotic resistance necessitates exploring the MAR patterns...
Citations
... Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common conditionally pathogenic Gram-negative bacterium mainly found in intensive care units which can cause diseases such as intraoperative port infections and chronic respiratory infections [66]. The misuse of antibiotics in recent years has made P. aeruginosa widely resistant to cephalosporins, polymyxins, and sulphonamides, increasing the difficulty of clinical anti-infective treatment [67]. ...
Bacterial resistance is a growing problem worldwide, and the number of deaths due to drug resistance is increasing every year. We must pay great attention to bacterial resistance. Otherwise, we may go back to the pre-antibiotic era and have no drugs on which to rely. Bacterial resistance is the result of several causes, with efflux mechanisms widely recognised as a significant factor in the development of resistance to a variety of chemotherapeutic and antimicrobial medications. Efflux pump inhibitors, small molecules capable of restoring the effectiveness of existing antibiotics, are considered potential solutions to antibiotic resistance and have been an active area of research in recent years. This article provides a review of the efflux mechanisms of common clinical pathogenic bacteria and their efflux pump inhibitors and describes the effects of efflux pump inhibitors on biofilm formation, bacterial virulence, the formation of bacterial persister cells, the transfer of drug resistance among bacteria, and mismatch repair. Numerous efforts have been made in the past 20 years to find novel efflux pump inhibitors which are known to increase the effectiveness of medicines against multidrug-resistant strains. Therefore, the application of efflux pump inhibitors has excellent potential to address and reduce bacterial resistance.
... For meropenem and imipenem respectively about 68% and 60% of P. aeruginosa isolates showed sensitivity. A comparable result was obtained by Pokharel et al., (28) in Nepal in which 65% of isolates were susceptible to both imipenem and meropenem. ...
... P. aeruginosa is a gram-negative bacterium that grows in soil, swamps, rivers, and plant and animal tissues. It is also a source of bacteremia in different diseases like burns and pneumonia [5,6]. It is an opportunistic human pathogen that usually has resistance to antibiotics and common disinfectants. ...
The present work reports the antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa of a nanocomposite made of zinc oxide nanoparticles dispersed in a poly(acrylamide-co-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) matrix (PAAm-Hema-ZnONPs). The in-situ synthesis of ZnONPs inside of the PAAm-Hema crosslinked network is described. Moreover, the physicochemical properties of the PAAm-Hema-ZnONPs nanocomposite are analyzed. The results confirm that the PAAm-Hema hydrogel provides an excellent scaffold to generate ZnONPs. The presence of ZnONPs inside the hydrogel was confirmed by UV-visible (band at 320 nm), by Infrared spectroscopy (peak at 470 cm-1), SEM, and TEM images. The presence of NPs in PAAm-Hema diminish the swelling percentage by 70 %, and the Young modulus by 33.7%, compared with pristine hydrogel. The 75 % of ZnONPs are released from the nanocomposite after 48 hours of spontaneous diffusion, allowing the use of the nanocomposite as an antibacterial agent. In vitro, the agar diffusion test presents an inhibition halo against P. aeruginosa bacteria 50 % higher than the unloaded hydrogel. Also, the PAAm-Hema-ZnONPs live/dead test shows 54 % of dead cells more than the hydrogel. These results suggest that the easy, one-step way generated composites can be used in biomedical applications as antimicrobial agents.
... Other authors also reported during that period a comparable carbapenem resistance level encoding by different carbapenemase-encoding genes (i.e., VIM-4; VIM-2) in P. aeruginosa strains isolated from hospitalized patients in the south or northeast of Romania [45,46]. This result is somewhat different than the conclusion from the study of Khilasa Pokharel et al. (2019) showing that antibiotics such as imipenem, meropenem, piperacillin/tazobactam, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, amikacin, and tobramycin are considered to be good choices for treating infections caused by this organism [47]. ...
... Other authors also reported during that period a comparable carbapenem resistance level encoding by different carbapenemase-encoding genes (i.e., VIM-4; VIM-2) in P. aeruginosa strains isolated from hospitalized patients in the south or northeast of Romania [45,46]. This result is somewhat different than the conclusion from the study of Khilasa Pokharel et al. (2019) showing that antibiotics such as imipenem, meropenem, piperacillin/tazobactam, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, amikacin, and tobramycin are considered to be good choices for treating infections caused by this organism [47]. ...
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a non-fermentative Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen, frequently encountered in difficult-to-treat hospital-acquired infections and also wastewaters. The natural resistance of this pathogen, together with the frequent occurrence of multidrug-resistant strains, make current antibiotic therapy inefficient in treating P. aeruginosa infections. Antibiotic therapy creates a huge pressure to select resistant strains in clinical settings but also in the environment, since high amounts of antibiotics are released in waters and soil. Essential oils (EOs) and plant-derived compounds are efficient, ecologic, and sustainable alternatives in the management of various diseases, including infections. In this study, we evaluated the antibacterial effects of four commercial essential oils, namely, tea tree, thyme, sage, and eucalyptus, on 36 P. aeruginosa strains isolated from hospital infections and wastewaters. Bacterial strains were characterized in terms of virulence and antimicrobial resistance. The results show that most strains expressed soluble pore toxin virulence factors such as lecithinase (89–100%) and lipase (72–86%). All P. aeruginosa strains were positive for alginate encoding gene and 94.44% for protease IV; most of the strains were exotoxin producers (i.e., 80.56% for the ExoS gene, 77.78% for the ExoT gene, while the ExoU gene was present in 38.98% of the strains). Phospholipase-encoding genes (plc) were identified in 91.67/86.11% of the cases (plcH/plcN genes). A high antibiotic resistance level was identified, most of the strains being resistant to cabapenems and cephalosporins. Cabapenem resistance was higher in hospital and hospital wastewater strains (55.56–100%) as compared to those in urban wastewater. The most frequently encountered encoding genes were for extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), namely, blaCTX-M (83.33% of the strains), blaSHV (80.56%), blaGES (52.78%), and blaVEB (13.89%), followed by carbapenemase-encoding genes (blaVIM, 8.33%). Statistical comparison of the EOs’ antimicrobial results showed that thyme gave the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBEC) in P. aeruginosa-resistant isolates, making this EO a competitive candidate for the development of efficient and ecologic antimicrobial alternatives.
... P. aeruginosa included in our study were mostly isolated from urine, followed by pus and sputum. Our data show a different trend as compared to previously reported clinical sources of isolated strains [42,43]. Our antibiotic resistance data show a high prevalence of MDR and XDR phenotypes in ICU patients as compared to IPD and OPD, which is also different from previously reported resistance frequencies among ICUs patients. ...
The rise in multiple-drug-resistant (MDR) phenotypes in Gram-negative pathogens is a major public health crisis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections in clinics. Treatment options for P. aeruginosa have become increasingly difficult due tdo its remarkable capacity to resist multiple antibiotics. The presence of intrinsic resistance factors and the ability to quickly adapt to antibiotic monotherapy warrant us to look for alternative strategies like combinatorial antibiotic therapy. Here, we report the frequency of P. aeruginosa multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistance (XDR) phenotypes in a super-specialty tertiary care hospital in north India. Approximately 60 percent of all isolated P. aeruginosa strains displayed the MDR phenotype. We found highest antibiotic resistance frequency in the emergency department (EMR), as 20 percent of isolates were resistant to 15 antipseudomonal antibiotics. Presence of plasmids with quinolone-resistance determinants were major drivers for resistance against fluoroquinolone. Additionally, we explored the possible combinatorial therapeutic options with four antipseudomonal antibiotics—colistin, ciprofloxacin, tobramycin, and meropenem. We uncovered an association between different antibiotic interactions. Our data show that the combination of colistin and ciprofloxacin could be an effective combinatorial regimen to treat infections caused by MDR and XDR P. aeruginosa.
... This study documented its growth in 21.4% of total clinical specimens. Different studies conducted in Nepal reported its growth rate of 13-58% in clinical specimens (29)(30)(31). The prevalence of P. aeruginosa in this study was 5.14% which is in tune with the earlier studies done in Nepal (32,33); however, the prevalence rate is lower than the previous studies done in Nepal (34), India (35) and Egypt (36). ...
... This study reported ofloxacin and meropenem as the choice of drug for P. aeruginosa infection whereas ceftazidime was the least effective drug. Similar to this finding, several studies conducted in Nepal reported ceftazidime as the least effective drug (29,43,44). The presence of naturally occurring inducible cephalosporinase in P. aeruginosa imparts a low-level resistance to cephalosporins and aminopenicillins (45). ...
... The presence of naturally occurring inducible cephalosporinase in P. aeruginosa imparts a low-level resistance to cephalosporins and aminopenicillins (45). Prevalence of MDR among P. aeruginosa isolates was 55% which was higher than the prevalence rate reported in other studies (29,42). The widespread use of antibiotics in humans and animals, as well as inadequate infection control and increased mobility of people might have all contributed to the fast spread of multidrugresistant bacteria. ...
Efflux-pump system and biofilm formation are two important mechanisms Pseudomonas aeruginosa deploys to escape the effects of antibiotics. The current study was undertaken from September 2019 to March 2020 at a tertiary-care hospital in Kathmandu in order to ascertain the burden of P. aeruginosa in clinical specimens, examine their biofilm-forming ability and determine their antibiotic susceptibility pattern along with the possession of two efflux-pump genes-mexA and mexB. Altogether 2820 clinical specimens were collected aseptically from the patients attending the hospital and processed according to standard microbiological procedures. Identification of P. aeruginosa was done by Gram stain microscopy and an array of biochemical tests. All the P. aeruginosa isolates were subjected to in vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing and their biofilm-forming ability was also examined. Presence of mexA and mexB efflux-pump genes was analyzed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using specific primers. Out of 603 culture positive isolates, 31 (5.14%) were found to be P. aeruginosa, of which 55% were multi-drug resistant (MDR). Out of 13 commonly used antibiotics tested by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, greatest resistance was shown against piperacillin-tazobactam 15 (48.4%) and ceftazidime 15 (48.4%), and least against meropenem 6 (19.4%) and ofloxacin 5 (16.2%). Of all 17 MDR isolates subjected to biofilm detection, strong biofilm formation was exhibited by 11 (65%) and 14 (82%) isolates with microtiter plate method and tube method respectively. Out of 17 isolates tested, 12 (70.6%) isolates possessed mexA and mexB genes indicating the presence of active efflux-pump system.
Introduction: Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates producing metallo-β-lactamase have caused nosocomial outbreaks, severe infections, and ineffective carbapenem therapy worldwide since 1991. Due to their prevalence, hospital infection control techniques are difficult. This study aimed to find out the prevalence of metallo-β-lactamase among P. aeruginosa isolates from two tertiary care hospitals in Kathmandu. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Microbiology and Department of Pathology of two tertiary care centres in Kathmandu from 7 December 2021 to 6 April 2023, after receiving ethical approval from the Ethical Review Board. Isolated strains were identified and tested for antibiotic susceptibility by modified Kirby-Bauer Methods. Metallo-β-lactamase presence was confirmed using an imipenem-imipenem/ ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disc. A convenience sampling method was used. The point estimate was calculated at 95% Confidence Interval. Results: Among 255, Pseudomanas aeruginosa isolates, the distribution of metallo-β-lactamase-producing Pseudomanas aeruginosa was 103 (40.39%) (34.32-46.69 at 95% Confidence Interval). Multidrug resistance categories included multidrug resistance 74 (71.80%), extensively drug resistance 32 (31.10%), P. aeruginosa difficult-to-treat 16 (15.53%) and carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa was determined to be 82 (79.60%). Conclusions: The study found a high prevalence of metallo-β-lactamase-producing Pseudomanas aeruginosa isolates, requiring early identification, infection control measures, and an all-inclusive antimicrobial therapy protocol to reduce their spread in medical settings.
Background
The efflux pump system is an important mechanism used by Pseudomonas aeruginosa to avoid the effects of antibiotics.
Objectives
This research aimed to identify whether there was a relationship between the P. aeruginosa efflux pump genes and resistance to various antibiotics.
Materials and Methods
The study was conducted at various hospitals in Babylon province from March 2022 to November 2022. One hundred thirty P. aeruginosa isolates from (burn, wound, urine, ear, and sputum) were recovered from patients. Both conventional methods and the Vitek2 system were used to identify these isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing using disc diffusion was performed on the isolates. Efflux pump-specific primers were used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for the molecular identification of MexAB-OprM genes.
Results
Multidrug resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa were present in 125 (96.2 %). The present results showed that mexA was present in all of the 130 isolates, mexb was found in 122 (93.84%) of isolates, and the Oprm gene was present in 127 (97.69%) of isolates. MexAB-OprM was significantly associated with MDR in this study ( P < 0.05).
Conclusion
The genes regulating efflux pumps are important as a key factor contributing to the development of MDR P. aeruginosa .
Objectives This study aims to determine microbial patterns and antibiotic susceptibility to alert clinicians to the emerging pathogens that may pose a threat to the community, especially children.
Materials and Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from July 2019 to December 2019. Two samples were taken from two different sites of each patient at the time of fever (> 100° F) to avoid chances of contamination. A blood sample of 5 to 10 mL was drawn from each site. In a 50 mL brain heart infusion broth (BHIB), 5 to 10% blood was injected in two different bottles and incubated for 48 hours at 37°C. After 48 hours, subculture was done by streaking the drops of blood samples taken from BHIB on blood and MacConkey agar. Cultures were incubated in aerobic conditions at 37°C for 24 to 48 hours. For testing antibiotic susceptibility, criteria defined by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) were followed. Microbes were identified under a microscope by observing their morphological characteristics after gram staining and applying biochemical tests. Antibiotic sensitivity test was performed using standard aseptic methods.
Statistical Analysis Bacterial isolates and their susceptibility patterns were represented using frequencies and percentage charts.
Results Out of 423 blood cultures, growth was recorded in 92 (21.75%) of the cultures with female to male ratio 2.1:1. The gram-positive bacteria accounted for 43.48% (n = 40), whereas gram-negative bacteria covered the majority 54.36% (n = 50). Among isolates, Staphylococcus aureus (42.39%) was the most common, followed by Acinetobacter spp. (17.39%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.13%). Acinetobacter spp. showed 0% susceptibility to amikacin and cefotaxime. All the isolates were 100% resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. S. aureus showed lower sensitivity for ceftazidime (0%), clindamycin (66.67%), ciprofloxacin (0%), clarithromycin (11.76%), and ceftriaxone (0%). Tigecycline showed 100% sensitivity for all isolates tested.
Conclusion Gram-negative bacteria form the majority of isolates in our setup, with Acinetobacter as the most common species among them. The resistance against cephalosporins, penicillin, and fluoroquinolones shown by Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, and Klebsiella is of grave concern. Among gram-positive bacteria, S. aureus has established resistance against multiple drugs. Limited and objective use of antibiotic therapy is a much-needed strategy under new guidelines.
Since the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1929 as a therapeutic agent against staphylococci, β-lactam antibiotics (BLAs) remained the most successful antibiotic classes against the majority of bacterial strains, reaching a percentage of 65% of all medical prescriptions. Unfortunately, the emergence and diversification of β-lactamases pose indefinite health issues, limiting the clinical effectiveness of all current BLAs. One solution is to develop β-lactamase inhibitors (BLIs) capable of restoring the activity of β-lactam drugs. In this review, we will briefly present the older and new BLAs classes, their mechanisms of action, and an update of the BLIs capable of restoring the activity of β-lactam drugs against ESKAPE (Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) pathogens. Subsequently, we will discuss several promising alternative approaches such as bacteriophages, antimicrobial peptides, nanoparticles, CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) cas technology, or vaccination developed to limit antimicrobial resistance in this endless fight against Gram-negative pathogens.
