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Prevalence of Lactobacillus species detected using broad range PCR among a subset of culture samples*
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The presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) producing Lactobacillus in the vagina may play a role in controlling genital HIV-1 shedding. Sensitive molecular methods improve our ability to characterize the vaginal microbiota; however, they cannot characterize phenotype. We assessed the concordance of H2O2-producing Lactobacillus detected by culture wit...
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Context 1
... the participant with 9 eligible samples, the 4 with the highest quantities of Lactobacil- lus by culture were selected. The prevalence of Lactoba- cillus species detected by broad range PCR is presented in Table 2. L. gasseri was the dominant species and was present among 81% of samples, including all isolates from the participant who contributed 4 samples. ...
Context 2
... exploratory analysis also revealed a number of other Lactobacillus species besides L. crispatus, L. jense- nii, and L. gasseri that appear capable of H 2 O 2 produc- tion (Table 2). Among HIV-1 seropositive women, detection of H 2 O 2 -producing lactobacilli in the vagina has been associated with a reduced likelihood of genital HIV-1 shedding [2,3]. ...
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Background:
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Citations
... Preventing sexually transmitted diseases and ascending infection of the chorioamniotic membranes and uterine cavity in pregnant women is of great medical importance. Compared to in vitro studies, there are just a few investigations dealing with epidemiologic correlation between H 2 O 2 -producing lactobacilli and vaginal infection [37,70,[80][81][82]. Most of these epidemiological studies are complex, analyzing normal microbiota, bacterial vaginosis, and the most frequent infections simultaneously. ...
... The abundance of H 2 O 2 -generating lactobacilli in HIV-positive women was significantly reduced than in HIV-negative women [81]. Analyzing the occurrence of different hydrogen peroxide-producing Lactobacillus species in HIV seropositive women, it was demonstrated that H 2 O 2 -producing L. gasseri is more prevalent in the population of HIV-1 infected women [82]. Moreover, it was the predominant species detected among women who had high quantities of H 2 O 2 -producing Lactobacillus but were negative for both L. crispatus and L. jensenii, suggesting an alteration of Lactobacillus species in the vaginal flora of HIV-positive women [82]. ...
... Analyzing the occurrence of different hydrogen peroxide-producing Lactobacillus species in HIV seropositive women, it was demonstrated that H 2 O 2 -producing L. gasseri is more prevalent in the population of HIV-1 infected women [82]. Moreover, it was the predominant species detected among women who had high quantities of H 2 O 2 -producing Lactobacillus but were negative for both L. crispatus and L. jensenii, suggesting an alteration of Lactobacillus species in the vaginal flora of HIV-positive women [82]. ...
Female reproductive health is strongly associated with healthy vaginal microbiota, which is thought to be ensured by the dominance of certain Lactobacillus species. Lactobacilli control the vaginal microenvironment through several factors and mechanisms. One of them is their ability to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The role of Lactobacillus-derived H2O2 in the vaginal microbial community has been intensively investigated in several studies with many designs. However, results and data are controversial and challenging to interpret in vivo. Defining the underlying mechanisms responsible for a physiological vaginal ecosystem is crucial since it could directly affect probiotic treatment attempts. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the topic, focusing on probiotic treatment possibilities.
... Of particular interest, different studies highlighted how the presence of normal vaginal microbiota dominated by Lactobacillus had a protective role in the acquisition of HIV infections in high-risk HIV-negative women and a protective role in the transmission of the virus in HIV-positive women, reducing HIV shedding (172)(173)(174). This may be reinforced by a prospective cohort study of 236 South African adolescent girls not infected with HIV (18-23 years) (175). ...
... The authors pointed out how the girls with high-diversity, low Lactobacillus abundance bacterial communities were associated with a significantly higher risk of HIV acquisition compared to the girls with a high relative abundance of L. crispatus (175). Moreover, the detection of L. crispatus was also associated with a 35% lower risk of HIV RNA shedding bringing out its protective function in preventing HIV infection and transmission (172)(173)(174). ...
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is still one of the major global health issues, and despite significant efforts that have been put into studying the pathogenesis of HIV infection, several aspects need to be clarified, including how innate immunity acts in different anatomical compartments. Given the nature of HIV as a sexually transmitted disease, one of the aspects that demands particular attention is the mucosal innate immune response. Given this scenario, we focused our attention on the interplay between HIV and mucosal innate response: the different mucosae act as a physical barrier, whose integrity can be compromised by the infection, and the virus-cell interaction induces the innate immune response. In addition, we explored the role of the mucosal microbiota in facilitating or preventing HIV infection and highlighted how its changes could influence the development of several opportunistic infections. Although recent progress, a proper characterization of mucosal innate immune response and microbiota is still missing, and further studies are needed to understand how they can be helpful for the formulation of an effective vaccine.
... H 2 O 2 production by each strain was measured after 1.5 h and 3 h of incubation, expressed as a percentage versus the comparator L. jensenii DSM 20557 [21]. H 2 O 2 production correlated strongly between the two time points (pairwise Spearman correlation, r = 0.788, p < 0.0001 (data not shown)). ...
Traditional probiotics comprise mainly lactic acid bacteria that are safe for human use, tolerate acid and bile, and adhere to the epithelial lining and mucosal surfaces. In this study, one hundred commercial and non-commercial strains that were isolated from human feces or vaginal samples were tested with regards to overall growth in culture media, tolerance to acid and bile, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, and adhesion to vaginal epithelial cells (VECs) and to blood group antigens. As a result, various of the tested lactobacilli strains were determined to be suitable for gastrointestinal or vaginal applications. Commercial strains grew better than the newly isolated strains, but tolerance to acid was a common property among all tested strains. Tolerance to bile varied considerably between the strains. Resistance to bile and acid correlated well, as did VEC adhesion and H2O2 production, but H2O2 production was not associated with resistance to bile or acid. Except for L. iners strains, vaginal isolates had better overall VEC adhesion and higher H2O2 production. Species- and strain-specific differences were evident for all parameters. Rank-ordered clustering with nine clusters was used to identify strains that were suitable for gastrointestinal or vaginal health, demonstrating that the categorization of strains for targeted health indications is possible based on the parameters that were measured in this study.
... ■ Выработка Н 2 О 2 . Особенно активно вырабатывают перекись водорода L. crispatus и L. jensenii [11]. ...
The main metabolite of lactobacilli, regulating their anti-inflammatory functions, is lactic acid (LA), which maintains the physiological state of the microbiocenosis of the vagina of women of reproductive age. Normocenosis of the vagina is based on a combination of acidic environment and colonization resistance. Pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic pathogens are colonized mainly in an alkaline environment. LA is an important biological substrate that supports the vaginal microbiota. Normally, the reaction of the vaginal contents is a pH of 3.8 to 4.5, and only in this case lactobacilli predominate in the biotope, which are able to unite into special communities – biofilms, forming the most powerful factor in protecting the vagina from adhesion and invasion of pathogens: a full-fledged lactobacillary biofilm is often able to prevent adhesion of even STI pathogens. Disruption of the functioning of each of the links of protection of the vaginal microbiome leads to a change in the pH of the habitat and excessive reproduction of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms. A frequent infectious syndrome, accompanied by an imbalance of the vaginal microbiota and the replacement of lactoflora with various types of anaerobic microorganisms (Gardnerella vaginalis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis, Mobiluncus, Prevotella), is bacterial vaginosis. When prescribing antibacterial treatment, side effects are possible: allergic reactions, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, candidiasis. The review presents the possibility of using LA, which is a basis in the composition of the drug Lactodepantol (Femilex®) – vaginal suppositories containing 100 mg of LA, as the main factor regulating the natural composition of the vaginal microbiota and the possibility of using vaginal suppositories based on LA (lactodepantol) for the prevention and treatment of bacterial vaginosis in the form of monotherapy and in combination with antimicrobials.
... First, lactobacillus produce H2O2 and acidic metabolites resulted from fermentation and protects the body against HIV and other pathogens like Neisseria gonorrhoeae, C. Trachomatis, and T. vaginalis and even HSV virus. These acidic PH can inactive both virus and immune cells like T cells, monocytes and macrophages which can be a vector or target for HIV [91,94,95,[100][101][102][103][104][105][106]. Lactic acid and specially l-lactic acid acts against HIV via both direct and indirect mechanisms [86]. ...
... Also, they stick to host infected immune cells like T cells and cut off the infection chain between infected and non-infected t cells. Finally, studies suggest that both glycoproteins and carbohydrates may be involved in vaginal epithelial cell binding and pathogen exclusion [91,94,95,[100][101][102][103][104][105][106]. ...
... There are studies which have demonstrated the relation between bacterial vaginosis and HIV infection. BV increases the susceptibly to pathogens and HIV via three manners including causing inflammations, damaging to epithelial cells and putting immune cells and virus in contact and finally reducing hydrogen peroxide and acidic metabolites production [91,94,95,[101][102][103][104][105][106]. There are studies suggesting that Vaginal dysbiosis can be caused by HSV-2 or HIV-HSV-2 coinfection, and conversely BV is associated with increased HSV-2 or HIV infection [107]. ...
All of humans and other mammalian species are colonized by some types of microorganisms such as bacteria, archaea, unicellular eukaryotes like fungi and protozoa, multicellular eukaryotes like helminths, and viruses, which in whole are called microbiota. These microorganisms have multiple different types of interaction with each other. A plethora of evidence suggests that they can regulate immune and digestive systems and also play roles in various diseases, such as mental, cardiovascular, metabolic and some skin diseases. In addition, they take-part in some current health problems like diabetes mellitus, obesity, cancers and infections. Viral infection is one of the most common and problematic health care issues, particularly in recent years that pandemics like SARS and COVID-19 caused a lot of financial and physical damage to the world. There are plenty of articles investigating the interaction between microbiota and infectious diseases. We focused on stimulatory to suppressive effects of microbiota on viral infections, hoping to find a solution to overcome this current pandemic. Then we reviewed mechanistically the effects of both microbiota and probiotics on most of the viruses. But unlike previous studies which concentrated on intestinal microbiota and infection, our focus is on respiratory system’s microbiota and respiratory viral infection, bearing in mind that respiratory system is a proper entry site and residence for viruses, and whereby infection, can lead to asymptomatic, mild, self-limiting, severe or even fatal infection. Finally, we overgeneralize the effects of microbiota on COVID-19 infection. In addition, we reviewed the articles about effects of the microbiota on coronaviruses and suggest some new therapeutic measures.
... Lactobacilli in the vagina produce high levels of hydrogen peroxide [38,39]. Hydrogen peroxide is an important antibacterial substance. ...
Lactobacillus crispatus colonizes the human feces, human vagina, and the crops and ceca of chicken. To explore the genetic characteristics and evolutionary relationships of L. crispatus isolated from different niches, we selected 37 strains isolated from the human vagina (n = 17), human feces (n = 11), and chicken feces (n = 9), and used comparative genomics to explore the genetic information of L. crispatus from the feces and vagina. No significant difference was found in the three sources of genomic features such as genome size, GC content, and number of protein coding sequences (CDS). However, in a phylogenetic tree constructed based on core genes, vagina-derived L. crispatus and feces-derived strains were each clustered separately. Therefore, the niche exerted an important impact on the evolution of L. crispatus. According to gene annotation, the L. crispatus derived from the vagina possessed a high abundance of genes related to acid tolerance, redox reactions, pullulanase, and carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs). These genes helped L. crispatus to better adapt to the acidic environment of the vagina and obtain more nutrients, maintaining its dominance in the vagina in competition with other strains. In feces-derived bacteria, more genes encoding CRISPR/Cas system, glycoside hydrolases (GHs) family, and tetracycline/lincomycin resistance genes were found to adapt to the complex intestinal environment. This study highlights the evolutionary relationship of L. crispatus strains isolated from the vagina and feces, and the adaptation of L. crispatus to the host environment.
... These lactobacilli were chosen because of their frequency of colonization in the va- gina. 31,32 With the exception of the L gasseri primer and its cross-reactivity with L johnsonii, no cross-reactivity was observed with any of the other primer sets. No-template controls, consisting of all polymerase chain reaction (PCR) re- agents with the exception of template DNA, were run to assess for well-to-well contamination. ...
Background:
Data evaluating the impact of contraceptives on the vaginal microbiome are limited and inconsistent.
Objective:
We hypothesized that women initiating copper intrauterine device use would have increased bacterial vaginosis and bacterial vaginosis-associated microbes with use compared to women initiating and using hormonal contraceptive methods.
Study design:
Vaginal swabs (N=1047 from 266 participants seeking contraception) for Nugent score determination of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses for assessment of specific microbiota were collected from asymptomatic, healthy women aged 18-35 in Harare, Zimbabwe who were confirmed to be free of non-study hormones by mass spectrometry at each visit. Contraception was initiated with an injectable (depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (n=41), norethisterone enanthate (n=44), or medroxyprogesterone acetate and ethinyl estradiol (n=40)), implant (levonorgestrel- (n=45) or etonogestrel-implant (n=48)), or copper intrauterine device (n=48) and repeat vaginal swabs were collected after 30, 90 and 180-days of continuous use. Self-reported condom use was similar across all arms at baseline. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus jensenii, Lactobacillus gasseri/johnsonii group, Lactobacillus vaginalis, Lactobacillus iners, Gardnerella vaginalis, Atopobium vaginae and Megasphaera-like bacterium phylotype I from swabs. Modified Poisson regression and mixed effects linear models were used to compare marginal prevalence and mean difference in quantity (expressed as gene copies/swab) prior to and during contraceptive use.
Results:
BV prevalence increased in women initiating copper intrauterine devices from 27% at baseline, 35% at 30 days, 40% at 90 days and 49% at 180 days (p=.005 compared to marginal prevalence at enrollment). Women initiating hormonal methods had no change in BV prevalence over 180 days. The mean increase in Nugent score was 1.2 (95% CI 0.5-2.0, p=.001) in women using copper intrauterine devices. Although the frequency and density of beneficial lactobacilli did not change among intrauterine device users over six months, there was an increase in the log concentration of Gardnerella vaginalis (4.7, 5.2, 5.8, 5.9; p=.046) and Atopobium vaginae (3.0, 3.8, 4.6, 5.1; p=.002) between baseline and 30, 90 and 180 days after initiation. Among other contraceptive groups, women using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate had decreased Lactobacillus iners (mean decrease log concentration= 0.8; 95% CI: 0.3, 1.5, p=.004) and there were no significant changes in beneficial Lactobacillus species over 180 days regardless of contraceptive method used.
Conclusions:
Copper intrauterine device use may increase colonization by BV-associated microbiota, resulting in increased prevalence of BV. Use of most hormonal contraception does not alter vaginal microbiota.
... These lactobacilli were chosen because of their frequency of colonization in the va- gina. 31,32 With the exception of the L gasseri primer and its cross-reactivity with L johnsonii, no cross-reactivity was observed with any of the other primer sets. No-template controls, consisting of all polymerase chain reaction (PCR) re- agents with the exception of template DNA, were run to assess for well-to-well contamination. ...
... It is reported that species composition of microorganisms differs in HIV-positive women as compared to HIVnegative women, however studies characterizing the Lactobacillus species among HIV-positive women are sparse, likewise the interactions between Lactobacillus species and genital HIV-1 shedding are not well studied [3,11]. Better understanding of these dynamics might help inform strategies to improve vaginal health and decrease the risk of HIV transmission. ...
One of the crucial determinants for successful administration of lactobacilli to the vaginal niche is the use of appropriate Lactobacillus species. In this cross-sectional study 54 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative and 76 HIV-positive antiretroviral treatment-naïve women were evaluated for culturable vaginal lactobacilli and their association with genital HIV-1 shedding. Lactobacillus species were identified by 16S rDNA sequencing while cervical and plasma HIV-1 viral load was determined by Abbott real-time PCR. Lactobacilli were isolated in 77.8 % HIV-negative and 73.7 % HIV-positive women. The mean log10 plasma and cervical HIV-1 viral loads (RNA copies ml-1) were 3.73±1.02 and 2.85±0.32 respectively. We observed that presence of L. crispatus, L. gasseri or L. jensenii species was associated with undetectable cervical HIV-1 (P=0.046) and reduced genital HIV-1 shedding (P=0.048) compared to other species. Our findings endorse using Lactobacillus-based strategies to aid the prevention of HIV-1 transmission among Indian women, however confirmation by future prospective studies is indeed warranted.
... Evidence from culture-dependent and independent methods supported the dynamic nature of the vaginal microbiome [62][63][64]. ...
... A lot of studies have evaluated the vaginal microbiota in tandem by both culture-based and molecular techniques: the results demonstrate a moderate level of concordance providing similar but not identical vaginal microbiome profiles [62][63][64]. ...
