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![Figure 6. Pressure exchanger energy recovery system (adapted from [56]).](publication/358911372/figure/fig3/AS:1138656140115969@1648488187449/Pressure-exchanger-energy-recovery-system-adapted-from-56_Q320.jpg)
Water supply and water treatment are of major concern all around the world. In this respect, membrane processes are increasingly used and reported for a large range of applications. Desalination processes by membranes are well-established technologies with many desalination plants implemented in coastal areas. Natural water treatment is also well i...
Citations
... Desalination is a process that involves the removal of soluble salts from salted water, such as seawater, typically through the use of thermal-or membrane-based technologies to produce water suitable for drinking, irrigation or industrial use (Charcosset 2022;Feria-Díaz et al. 2021). Thermal desalination processes remove salt by evaporating and condensing water using heat; yet, the considerable energy required and the resulting cost-inefficiency limit their use (Candelaria et al. 2012;Esmaeilion 2020;Abdelkareem et al. 2018). ...
... These ions are held in place electrostatically until the discharge process, during which the voltage is either removed or reversed. This causes the ions to desorb from the electrodes, which results in the production of a brine stream (Charcosset 2022). During the discharge process, it is possible to recover the initial energy that was used for ion removal (Suss et al. 2015;Guyes et al. 2021;Santos et al. 2018). ...
A semi-industrial demineralization facility was used in six CDI cells to desalinate in two steps. A desalination cycle lowered the feedwater salinity from 1 to 0.5 g/L and produced 200 l/h of demineralized water. This process may be repeated to increase efficiency. Initially, feedwater commenced at 1 g/L. Monitoring both voltage and current during the salt ion removal indicated that CDI cells may recover 30% of the energy utilized. Furthermore, V–Q curves using charge and voltage measurements increased energy recovery by 30%. By cutting off the CDI cells' power source, the electrodes' operating voltage was recorded between 0.85 and 0.9 V, much lower than the external contacts' 1.2 V. The desalination system's efficiency could rise if the electrode voltage was measured and adjusted. In conclusion, storage tanks can provide desalinated water while minimizing water waste; hence, they should be installed. This study examined the physical–technical parameters of a CDI desalination system through experiments and several operational modes. Moreover, it revealed CDI desalination system improvements.
... Membrane desalination processes such as reverse osmosis (RO) use a semi-permeable membrane to remove dissolved salts and other minerals from seawater to produce freshwater. This process works by applying pressure to seawater on one side of the membrane, which forces water molecules through the membrane while leaving salt and other minerals behind [6,7]. The industrial thermal desalination processes are energy-intensive processes compared to membrane desalination using RO [8]. ...
... From an aqueous solution of mixed radionuclides of uranium, cesium and strontium [267] Study of kinetics, thermodynamics, and isotherms of Sr adsorption Graphene oxide (GO) and (aminomethyl) phosphonic acid-graphene oxide (AMPA-GO) Th ion separation [268] Bulk liquid membrane containing Alamine 336 as a carrier Kinetic study of uranium transport Selectivity of the transport [269] Continuous bulk liquid membrane technique Thorium transport Modeling and experimental validation [270] Kinetic and isotherm analyses using response surface methodology (RSM) Thorium (IV) adsorptive removal from aqueous solutions By modified magnetite nanoparticles [271] The various compounds [272][273][274][275][276][277], technologies and processes [272][273][274][275][276][277][278][279][280][281][282][283][284][285] proposed recently, but also some previously used [286][287][288][289][290][291][292][293], can contribute to the construction of a scheme for recuperative separation of thorium on an integrated municipal platform for processing, mainly the waste of electrical devices (lamps, tubes and mantles) and electronics, but also those from the construction industry (welding electrodes, metallic materials and alloys). ...
Although only a slightly radioactive element, thorium is considered extremely toxic because its various species, which reach the environment, can constitute an important problem for the health of the population. The present paper aims to expand the possibilities of using membrane processes in the removal, recovery and recycling of thorium from industrial residues reaching municipal waste-processing platforms. The paper includes a short introduction on the interest shown in this element, a weak radioactive metal, followed by highlighting some common (domestic) uses. In a distinct but concise section, the bio-medical impact of thorium is presented. The classic technologies for obtaining thorium are concentrated in a single schema, and the speciation of thorium is presented with an emphasis on the formation of hydroxo-complexes and complexes with common organic reagents. The determination of thorium is highlighted on the basis of its radioactivity, but especially through methods that call for extraction followed by an established electrochemical, spectral or chromatographic method. Membrane processes are presented based on the electrochemical potential difference, including barro-membrane processes, electrodialysis, liquid membranes and hybrid processes. A separate sub-chapter is devoted to proposals and recommendations for the use of membranes in order to achieve some progress in urban mining for the valorization of thorium.
... In addition, the boiling process kills biological contaminants and organic compounds that boil at temperatures greater than the boiling point of water. In addition, some pesticides and herbicides can be effectively removed from the water via distillation [27,28]. Organic compounds that boil at temperatures lower than the boiling point of water (e.g., benzene and toluene) will be vaporized as volatiles from the water [29]. ...
... Distillation of rejected water typically removes most disso salts and toxic metals. In addition, the boiling process kills biological contaminants organic compounds that boil at temperatures greater than the boiling point of wate addition, some pesticides and herbicides can be effectively removed from the wate distillation [27,28]. Organic compounds that boil at temperatures lower than the bo point of water (e.g., benzene and toluene) will be vaporized as volatiles from the w [29]. ...
The current study evaluated the use of pumice, a volcanic mineral and common sand, in treating reverse osmosis membrane reject water (ROR) using a novel combined adsorption distillation (CAD) method. The CAD method is developed to separate the dissolved solids through adsorption distillation, i.e., leaving the vaporized distillate as freshwater and concentrated brine. The adsorption potential of pumice and sand was investigated at different adsorbent doses, i.e., 2, 5, and 10 g, and consecutive CAD adsorbent backwashing cycles. The improved results were achieved at a 10 g pumice dose. However, its adsorption efficiency declined in longer CAD cycles, i.e., due to the separated deposition of solids. After backwashing, the adsorbed and accumulated salts were slightly removed, and pumice adsorption capacity was maintained for up to 20 cycles of CAD. The properties of the pumice, i.e., before and after five CAD cycles and after backwashing, were characterized with scanning electron microscopic (SEM), elemental disruptive spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), which revealed that the porous structure of the pumice was completely accumulated with deposits of ionic salts, which were slightly washed away after backwashing, but accumulation remained continued in post-CAD cycles. The explored method revealed a high potential of pumice in water filtration.
... Among the available water treatment technologies, desalination is the most effective method of providing clean water [4][5][6][7]. Membrane technologies used for desalination include reverse osmosis, membrane distillation, and forward osmosis [8][9][10][11]. The last few decades have seen a growth in membrane-based technologies because of their high separation efficiencies and low operating costs [12]. Membrane distillation is a thermally driven process whereby vapor molecules are transported across the porous membranes under a vapor pressure gradient [13]. ...
... The first and most developed application was the obtaining of drinking water from sea water (Figure 6a), when it was found that by applying a pressure higher than the sea water, mostly the solvent passes (96-99%) through a semi-permeable membrane [176,177]. But these processes have applications on industrial scale, and their introduction in a certain technology is a flow optimization problem (Figures 6b and 6c) [178][179][180], which depends on the load in chemical species to be removed from the solvent that constitutes the feed [181]. There is the option of operating in a dead-end filtration of cross-flow filtration system [182]. ...
Although a slightly radioactive element, thorium is considered very toxic because its various species, which reach the environment, can constitute an important problem for the health of the population. The present paper aims to expand the possibilities of using membrane processes in the removal, recovery and recycling of thorium from industrial residues reaching the municipal waste processing platforms. The paper includes a short introduction on the interest shown for this element, a weak radioactive metal, followed by highlighting of some common (domestic) uses. In a distinct but concise part, the bio-medical impact of thorium is presented. The classic technologies for obtaining thorium are concentrated in a single schema, and then the speciation of thorium is presented with an emphasis on the formation of hydroxo-complexes and complexes with common organic reagents. The determination of thorium has been highlighted both on the basis of its radioactivity, but especially through methods that call for extraction followed by an established electrochemical, spectral or chromatographic method. Membrane processes are presented based on the electrochemical potential difference, rapidly presenting barro-membrane processes, electrodialysis, liquid membranes and hybrid processes. A separate sub-chapter is devoted to proposals and recommendations for the use of membranes in order to achieve some progress in urban mining for the valorization of thorium.
... Seawater can be desalinated either using thermal processes based on distillation, which involves a phase change, or membrane processes which involves a physical separation through an impermeable membrane under the effect of a pressure gradient (Charcosset 2022;Zhao & Bruggen 2022). Indeed, many physical processes are available to produce fresh water from seawater. ...
As the population continues to grow, the preservation of the world's water resources is becoming a serious challenge. The seawater desalination process is considered a sustainable option for the future. The two most common technologies used in desalination are reverse osmosis (RO) and membrane distillation (MD). However, membrane fouling caused by the accumulation of contaminants on the membrane surface is an emerging and growing problem. A pre-treatment stage is required to reach optimal efficiency during the desalination process since this stage is crucial for a successful desalination process. In this regard, the development of new material-based composite membranes has the potential to upgrade the anti-fouling features of RO membranes thereby enhancing desalination efficiency due to their high permeability, hydrophilicity, selectivity mechanical strength, thermal stability, and anti-bacterial properties. The objective of this review is to present various techniques for seawater pre-treatment. The results of the use of several membrane types and methods of modification have also been discussed. The performance of composite membranes for seawater pre-treatment is defined and the future perspectives have been highlighted.
... Membrane processes could be considered promising options for water and wastewater desalination given their extensive stability, high removal performance, relatively low price, and simplicity of operation [137,138]. Several types of membranes such as ion exchange, reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, microfiltration, and forward osmosis membranes have been utilized in water treatment [139,140]. However, most of these membranes suffer from fouling, scaling, low hydrophilicity, and relatively low performance for specific contaminants and these drawbacks limit their commercial scale applications [141,142]. ...
The inorganic polyanionic clusters known as polyoxometalates (POMs) have several structural variations at the nanoscale scale. They have many uses in chemistry, materials science, medicine, and other fields. This review considers the developments in treating hazardous contaminants from wastewater using POMs-based compounds. Four main treatment methods using POM-based compounds to remove water pollutants have been developed: adsorption, photocatalytic treatment, Fenton-like treatment, and membrane separation. Moreover, we report the types of POMs, synthesis procedures, strategies performed to modify POM-based compounds, and their applications in wastewater treatment. To promote the development of these compounds for large-scale production and real-scale applications, gaps in knowledge and recent research obstacles are also pointed out. Most research on metal organic complexes (MOCs) based on POM has focused on using these compounds as catalysts, with little focus on their additional uses. The adsorption and photocatalytic efficiency of modified POM-based compounds are attributed to their enhanced contaminant removal efficiency, and recovery of certain POM-based compounds by magnetic separation is presented as a promising option for their recyclability. Among the reviewed studies, the highest adsorption capacity was 1108.9 mg/g, with a removal efficiency of 100 % for acid red dye using poly-[N,N-dimethyl-dodecyl-(4-vinylbenzyl)ammonium chloride] (PIL)-POM. The studies also indicate that the POM-based adsorbents could be effectively reused to remove pollutants and sustain their activity in 3-10 cycles. This review is believed to provide an overview of recent advancements in POM-based compounds for water and wastewater treatment, offers thorough research to anyone interested in learning more about this topic, and acts as a manual for researchers working in this area.
... The degree of fouling/scaling depends, among other factors, on the membrane properties, hydrodynamics, and water quality [68]. Pre-treatment methods, such as flocculation/coagulation, disinfection, media filtration, ultrafiltration, or microfiltration, are applied to minimize the effects of scaling/fouling species [69,70]. A water intake system is imperative for providing raw feed water from its source to the plant. ...
... The degree of fouling/scaling depends, among other factors, on the membrane properties, hydrodynamics, and water quality [68]. Pre-treatment methods, such as flocculation/coagulation, disinfection, media filtration, ultrafiltration, or microfiltration, are applied to minimize the effects of scaling/fouling species [69,70]. ...
Climate change, global population growth, and rising standards of living have put immense strain on natural resources, resulting in the unsecured availability of water as an existential resource. Access to high-quality drinking water is crucial for daily life, food production, industry, and nature. However, the demand for freshwater resources exceeds the available supply, making it essential to utilize all alternative water resources such as the desalination of brackish water, seawater, and wastewater. Reverse osmosis desalination is a highly efficient method to increase water supplies and make clean, affordable water accessible to millions of people. However, to ensure universal access to water, various measures need to be implemented, including centralized governance, educational campaigns, improvements in water catchment and harvesting technologies, infrastructure development, irrigation and agricultural practices, pollution control, investments in novel water technologies, and transboundary water cooperation. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of measures for utilizing alternative water sources, with particular emphasis on seawater desalination and wastewater reclamation techniques. In particular, membrane-based technologies are critically reviewed, with a focus on their energy consumption, costs, and environmental impacts.
... While reverse osmosis (RO) is a highly effective method for purifying water, it does have some disadvantages that should be considered. Some of the key disadvantages of the RO process include [15]: ...
