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Pressure-density (P-r) phase diagram for carbon dioxide. CP = critical point (P c , T c , and r c ). CP = critical point (P c , T c , and r c ).
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This chapter describes the use of carbon dioxide at high pressures as an alternative for the extraction of bioactive compounds in a more sustainable way, addressing some of its physicochemical properties, such as pressure, temperature, density, solvation, selectiv-ity, and its interaction with the solute when modified by other solvents such as etha...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... better understand the influence of density on the solvating power to increase or decrease the solubility of an extract within a solvent at high pressures, one needs information concerning the density as a function of system pressure and temperature. Figure 3 shows the schematic representation of the density behavior (r = 1/V) of a pure substance with temperature and pressure variations, where V is the specific volume (volume per mass unit). In Figure 3, the density versus pressure isotherms are presented in descending order from T1 to T9. ...
Context 2
... 3 shows the schematic representation of the density behavior (r = 1/V) of a pure substance with temperature and pressure variations, where V is the specific volume (volume per mass unit). In Figure 3, the density versus pressure isotherms are presented in descending order from T1 to T9. The red line represents the saturation curve between the liquid and vapor phases. ...
Context 3
... the critical point, the supercritical extraction process can operate over a wide range of operating conditions (P, T) and the simplest density behavior can be obtained through an isotherm, being possible to select a wide range of operating pressures, as shown in Figure 3 of the item 2.2 for the isotherms T1 > T2 > T3 > T4 > T5. ...
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Citations
... On the other hand, scCO 2 can work as a co-solvent if the mixture contains at least 60% EtOH or water. Conversely, it may act as an anti-solvent when the extract is insoluble in scCO 2 during the depressurizing step [155,156]. ...
The agriculture and horticulture industries generate many by-products while processing commodities, leading to significant environmental and societal dilemmas. Bioactive compounds obtained from by-products of plants are also known as ingredients in traditional medicines and the food industry due to their potential health benefits for humans as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial agents. On the other hand, an extensive array of colorants from natural sources has been scrutinized recently in different sectors to mitigate the negative ecological impacts of synthetic dyes, especially in modern textile manufacturing. Approaching these matters, this paper reviews various chemical compositions of plant secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, tannins, phenolic acids, essential oils, tulipalins, and factors that influence the isolation process. Moreover, the article offers an updated view of the advanced technologies for extraction, focusing on eco-friendly solvents such as water, supercritical carbon dioxide, and deep eutectic solvents. Eventually, a comparison of different extraction methods is highlighted to devise the most appropriate strategy for industries.
Graphical abstract
... This could account for the low extraction efficiency at 10 MPa between 40 and 60 • C even though the CO 2 was in the supercritical phase. The density should be the first approximation to the solvent power of CO 2 but not the only CO 2 phase (Santana et al., 2018), therefore, high-density CO 2 and a supercritical phase are necessary to have high (Cunha et al., 2018). As presented in Table 2, the PME was mainly composed of 90% polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), 5% monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), and 5% saturated fatty acid (SFA). ...
By-products produced during the processing of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juice are currently undervalued and discarded, hence, this study investigated the effects of temperature (30–60°C) and pressure (10–40 MPa) on the supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) extraction of a mixture of pomegranate peels and seeds (1:1) at a fixed CO2 flow rate of 10 L/min (0.1 MPa, 25°C). The global yield increased with temperature but decreased with pressure, with the highest global yield (11.5%) obtained at 40 MPa and 40°C. The reaction constants (0.044 to 0.066 min⁻¹) and activation energy (6.06 kJ/mol) were determined with the first-order model. The Pardo-Castaño model I correlated with the experimental data with an average absolute relative deviation (AARD) of 6.1%, with the Chrastil model correlating with the solubility data with an AARD of 2.5%. The synergistic effect of PME was demonstrated with regard to yield as it had a higher extract to seed ratio.
... The increase in pressure favors the increase in density at constant temperature, while the increase in temperature decreases the density at constant pressure, this behavior is due to the state of molecular approximation that occurs when the pressure increases, in this case the SC-CO 2 density is similar to a liquid, presenting high intermolecular interaction of its respective electron clouds (hydrogen bonds). The increase of density causes increase in its power solvation [15,17,18]. ...
... Fatty acids are a class of lipid compounds that have from 2 to 80 carbon atoms in their chain, and may or may not have double bonds and as a radical function may have hydroxyl groups, epoxy, and halogen atoms. Fatty acids maintain the energy balance of human organism, and when ingested properly can reduce the risk of some diseases like diabetes, hypertension, and inflammation [18]. These compounds can be obtained by some methods like solvent accelerated extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, and Bligh and Dyer [39][40][41]. ...
In this study, we utilized pressurized CO2 (pCO2) for pectin extraction from citrus residues because of its potential to produce acid without chemicals, that is non-toxic, green technology for humans and the environment. The pCO2 was performed at 2.5 MPa and 90°C for 90 min, while the conventional method (CM) for pectin extraction using HCl was performed under atmospheric pressure at 90°C for 90 min. Pectin extraction yields with pCO2 depended on the type of citrus fruit and were lower than those obtained with the CM. However, pCO2-extracted pectin (pCO2-pectin) provided a higher degree of esterification (DE), neutral sugar side-chain substitution on the pectate backbone, and greater molecular size than those of pectin extracted using the conventional method (CM-pectin). Pectin oligosaccharide (POS) was prepared from CM- and pCO2-pectin using viscozyme L hydrolysis under optimum conditions. These POSs were then designated as CM-POS and pCO2-POS, respectively. Both pCO2-POS and CM-POS stimulated the growth of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species, and induced them to produce short-chain fatty acids, and slightly suppressed immunoglobulin E (IgE) production in U266 cells. Furthermore, pCO2-POS had higher angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity compared to CM-POS. This study suggests that pCO2 is a novel method for extracting pectin with unique molecular properties affecting POS functionality in vitro.
Meat contains high-value protein compounds that might degrade as a result of oxidation and microbial contamination. Additionally, various pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms can grow in meat. Moreover, contamination with pathogenic microorganisms above the infectious dose has caused foodborne illness outbreaks. To decrease the microbial population, traditional meat preservation methods such as thermal treatment and chemical disinfectants are used, but it may have limitations for the maintenance of meat quality or the consumers acceptance. Thus, non-thermal technologies (e.g., high-pressure processing, pulsed electric field, non-thermal plasma, pulsed light, supercritical carbon dioxide technology, ozone, irradiation, ultraviolet light, and ultrasound) have emerged to improve the shelf life and meat safety. Non-thermal technologies are becoming increasingly important because of their advantages in maintaining low temperature, meat nutrition, and short processing time. Especially, pulsed light and pulsed electric field treatment induce few sensory and physiological changes in high fat and protein meat products, making them suitable for the application. Many research results showed that these non-thermal technologies may keep meat fresh and maintain heat-sensitive elements in meat products.
In recent years, interest in hemp use has grown owing to its chemical and medicinal properties. Several parts of this plant, such as seeds, leaves, flowers, and stems are used in medicine, industry, and environmental preservation. Although there were legal restrictions on hemp exploitation in some countries due to the trace presence of THC as a psychoactive element, many countries have legalized it in recent years. Cannabidiol or CBD is a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid that can activate the endocannabinoid system and its receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system in bodies of different species. Cannabidiol has anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, analgesic, and anti-depressant effects. This review investigates various aspects of cannabidiol use and its potential in animals and humans.
Cannabis plant has long been execrated by law in different nations due to the psychoactive properties of only a few cannabinoids. Recent scientific advances coupled with growing public awareness of cannabinoids as a medical commodity drove legislation change and brought about a historic transition where the demand rose over ten-fold in less than five years. On the other hand, the technology required for cannabis processing and the extraction of the most valuable chemical compounds from the cannabis flower remains the bottleneck of processing technology. This paper sheds light on the downstream processing steps and principles involved in producing cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L. (Hemp) biomass. By categorizing the extraction technology into seed and trichome, we examined and critiqued different pretreatment methods and technological options available for large-scale extraction in both categories. Solvent extraction methods being the main focus, the critical decision-making parameters in each stage, and the applicable current technologies in the field, were discussed. We further examined the factors affecting the cannabinoid transformation that changes the medical functionality of the final cannabinoid products. Based on the current trends, the extraction technologies are continuously being revised and enhanced, yet they still fail to keep up with market demands.
The use of clean technologies in the development of bioactive plant extracts has been encouraged, but it is necessary to verify the cytotoxicity and cytoprotection for food and pharmaceutical applications. Therefore, the objective of this work was to obtain the experimental data of the supercritical sequential extraction of murici pulp, to determine the main bioactive compounds obtained and to evaluate the possible cytotoxicity and cytoprotection of the extracts in models of HepG2 cells treated with H2O2. The murici pulp was subjected to sequential extraction with supercritical CO2 and CO2+ethanol, at 343.15 K, and 22, 32, and 49 MPa. Higher extraction yields were obtained at 49 MPa. The oil presented lutein (224.77 µg/g), oleic, palmitic, and linoleic, as the main fatty acids, and POLi (17.63%), POO (15.84%), PPO (13.63%), and LiOO (10.26%), as the main triglycerides. The ethanolic extract presented lutein (242.16 µg/g), phenolic compounds (20.63 mg GAE/g), and flavonoids (0.65 mg QE/g). The ethanolic extract showed greater antioxidant activity (122.61 and 17.14 µmol TE/g) than oil (43.48 and 6.04 µmol TE/g). Both extracts did not show cytotoxicity and only murici oil showed a cytoprotective effect. Despite this, the results qualify both extracts for food/pharmaceutical applications.
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with CO2 is a valuable alternative technique in which organic solvents are used in a series of laboratories and different industrial processes. In early research, water was used as the common solvent for the extraction process, but recently CO2 has received much attention as a supercritical fluid at different industrial levels. The industry zones, especially the rubber industries, prefer to use SFE with CO2 because this combination offers many advantages such as sample recovery, maintenance of purity factor, high selectivity in products, and a very short processing time, around 10–60 min. SFE with CO2 is very effective for reducing product contamination and improving environmental safety. CO2 as a solvent when used widely in various industrial processes and with SFE does not produce any emissions harmful to the environment. SFE technologies are used in different industrial applications that have shown substantial development in recent years. In this chapter, the role of SFE in rubber industries, and the importance of the rubber industry in Malaysia, with potential SFE applications, are summarized as possible future directions in research, especially for new investigators working in this area.
