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Presence of a cerato-mandibular ligament in close-relatives of Pomacentridae. Phylogenetic relations come from Wainwright et al. (2012). Names in grey indicate that the situation is unknown. Empty circles indicate the absence of a cerato-mandibular ligament. Grey circle indicates a cerato-mandibular that inserts below the joint between the quadrate and the articulo-angular (opens the mouth). Black circle indicates a cerato-mandibular ligament that inserts above the joint between the quadrate and the articulo-angular (closes the mouth). In brackets either the number of species examined (for Plesiopidae, Pomacentridae, Pseudochromidae, Grammatidae, Opistognathidae and Blennioidei), or the number of genera examined (for Cichlidae and Embiotocidae) is indicated.
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Citations
... Upon simultaneous neurocranium elevation and hyoid depression, this ligament acts as a rope, forcing rapid closure of the mouth (Parmentier et al. 2007). Sounds are produced at teeth snapping (Parmentier et al. 2007;Olivier et al. 2015Olivier et al. , 2016. Because this ligament is a synapomorphic character in the Pomacentridae (Stiassny 1980;Olivier et al. 2016), the sounds emitted by the genera Amphiprion and Dascyllus are produced by the same mechanism (Olivier et al. 2015(Olivier et al. , 2016Parmentier et al. 2016). ...
... Sounds are produced at teeth snapping (Parmentier et al. 2007;Olivier et al. 2015Olivier et al. , 2016. Because this ligament is a synapomorphic character in the Pomacentridae (Stiassny 1980;Olivier et al. 2016), the sounds emitted by the genera Amphiprion and Dascyllus are produced by the same mechanism (Olivier et al. 2015(Olivier et al. , 2016Parmentier et al. 2016). Although both A. chrysopterus and D. trimaculatus produce similar pulsed sounds (Luh and Mok 1986;Colleye et al. 2009;Parmentier et al. 2009), the main challenge of their cohabitation is that the sounds are not produced in the same behavioral context. ...
... Sounds are produced at teeth snapping (Parmentier et al. 2007;Olivier et al. 2015Olivier et al. , 2016. Because this ligament is a synapomorphic character in the Pomacentridae (Stiassny 1980;Olivier et al. 2016), the sounds emitted by the genera Amphiprion and Dascyllus are produced by the same mechanism (Olivier et al. 2015(Olivier et al. , 2016Parmentier et al. 2016). Although both A. chrysopterus and D. trimaculatus produce similar pulsed sounds (Luh and Mok 1986;Colleye et al. 2009;Parmentier et al. 2009), the main challenge of their cohabitation is that the sounds are not produced in the same behavioral context. ...
The concept of Acoustic Niche plasticity refers to the plasticity of acoustic resources allocation within a species. Few studies have focused on this adaptability in fish species. The relationship between anemones and clownfish is one of the best-known symbioses in coral reefs. However, other fishes also use anemones for shelter. The three-spot damselfish (Dascyllus trimaculatus) can inhabit the same sea anemone as the orange-fin clownfish (Amphiprion chrysopterus) in French Polynesia. Because both Pomacentridae species communicate acoustically through the same sound production mechanism, their sounds are very similar. We have demonstrated that D. trimaculatus produces shorter sounds when it shares its anemone with the clownfish. In addition, the daily sound production cycle of D. trimaculatus changes in the presence of the clownfish. It decreases sound production during the day and produces more sounds at sunset. These modifications should reduce the acoustic overlap of the signals produced by both species and differentiate the acoustic niche of D. trimaculatus from that of A. chrysopterus, thereby minimizing competition. This study supports the concept of Acoustic Niche plasticity, showing differences in the three-spot damselfish sound production when it cohabits with another vocal species (Amphiprion chrysopterus).
... Consequently, Pomacentridae are the only known teleosts that use that kind of mechanism to close their mouth. According to the review of Olivier et al. (2016), the kinematic pattern during sound production in A. clarkii can be divided into three phases: initial, mouthopening, and mouth-closing. (1) During the initial phase, the mouth is closed, the neurocranium is held at rest, and the hyoid apparatus is not depressed. ...
... It induces the mouth to close within a few ms. Comparisons with available data in the literature show that the mechanism of the c-md ligament provides the damselfish with one of the fastest mouth-closing mechanisms in teleosts (Olivier et al. 2015;Olivier et al. 2016). The transection of the c-md ligaments prevents sound production. ...
All anemonefish species can produce two types of sounds. The first class concerns agonistic sounds that are produced during territory defence and probably to establish social hierarchy between individuals. The second class relates to submissive sounds that are emitted in reaction to aggressive acts by dominant individuals. In both types of sounds, irrespective of the sexual status, frequency is highly related to fish size: smaller individuals produce pulses of higher frequency and shorter duration than larger individuals. Consequently, these sonic features within a group may convey information on the social rank of the emitter within the group. This relationship between fish size and both dominant frequency and pulse duration could concern all the Amphiprionini tribe. It highlights the use of a highly conservative vocalization mechanism. Aggressive sounds are initiated by buccal jaw teeth snapping caused by rapid mouth closure attributed to a sonic ligament. We hypothesize that the slam provokes bone vibrations. As the close association of the rib cage and the swimbladder wall would be analogous to a membrane loudspeaker, vibrations would cause shaking of this membrane and cause the second part of the sound. The sound-producing mechanism related to submissive sounds is still not known.
... One major anatomical characteristic of damselfish is the cerato-mandibular ligament (c-md) that joins the ceratohyal of the hyoid bar to the lower jaw, at the level of the coronoid process (Stiassny 1981;Olivier et al. 2016a) (Figure 1.2). Although secondarily lost in some species , this ligament appears to be a synapomorphic trait within Pomacentridae (Stiassny 1981). ...
... Olivier et al. (2021) recently demonstrated that the possession of two mouth-closing systems enabled grazing damselfishes to have a forceful and extremely fast bite, challenging thus the functional trade-off between force and velocity. Currently, it is hypothesized that the cmd would have operated as a fundamental key to the process of diversification in damselfishes Olivier et al. 2016aOlivier et al. , 2021. According to the expected importance of the cmd, Olivier et al. (2016a) checked the presence of such a ligament in eight groups of Ovalentaria. ...
... Currently, it is hypothesized that the cmd would have operated as a fundamental key to the process of diversification in damselfishes Olivier et al. 2016aOlivier et al. , 2021. According to the expected importance of the cmd, Olivier et al. (2016a) checked the presence of such a ligament in eight groups of Ovalentaria. Only Pomacentridae and Pseudochrominae share the presence of a cmd ligament but its insertion differs between the two groups, suggesting a difference in its function (Olivier et al. 2016a). ...
... The earliest phylogenies, employing morphological evidence, found support for the monophyly of Pomacentridae based on five synapomorphies: (1) a strong sheet of connective tissue originating from the medial face of the lower jaw that merges with a cylindrical ligament and inserts onto the ceratohyal (Stiassny, 1981); (2) a pair of nipple-like processes on the ventral surface of the lower pharyngeal jaw that act as insertion sites for the pharyngohyoideus muscle (Kaufman and Liem, 1982;Lauder and Liem, 1983); (3) a pharyngo-cleithral articulation between the cleithra and the muscular processes of the lower pharyngeal jaw (Kaufman and Liem, 1982;Lauder and Liem, 1983); (4) a prominent obliquus posterior muscle that is separated from the fourth levator externus muscle by a distinct aponeurosis (Kaufman and Liem, 1982;Lauder and Liem, 1983); and (5) presence of two anal-fin spines (Fitzpatrick, 1992). The first character, also called the ceratomandibular ligament, has been proposed as a ''key innovation'' that has contributed to the evolutionary success of the Pomacentridae (Olivier et al., , 2016. The presence of only two anal-fin spines (i.e., first anal-fin pterygiophore with two supernumerary spines and one serially associated soft ray) has a long history in the literature as a diagnostic character for the family: Bleeker (1877); Jordan and Evermann (1898); Fowler and Bean (1928); de Beaufort (1940); Smith (1960); Woods and Schultz (1960); Taylor (1964); Munro (1967); Allen (1975aAllen ( , 1991; Nelson (1994Nelson ( , 2006; Bellwood and Sorbini (1996); Bannikov and Bellwood (2014); Cooper and Santini (2016); Nelson et al. (2016). ...
... et al., 2013a;Friedman, et al., 2013;Cortesi et al., 2015;Mirande, 2016;Alfaro et al., 2018;Rabosky et al., 2018). Olivier et al. (2016) reported that among eight groups of Ovalentaria they examined (Blennioidei, Cichlidae, Embiotocidae, Grammatidae, Opistognathidae, Plesiopidae, Pomacentridae, Pseudochromidae), only pomacentrids and pseudochromids share the presence of a ceratomandibular ligament (i.e., strong sheet of connective tissue originating from lower jaw and merging with ligament that inserts onto ceratohyal; Stiassny, 1981). However, they observed that its insertion on the lower jaw differs between the two groups, which indicated to them that the function also differs (closing the jaw in pomacentrids vs. opening in pseudochromids). ...
... Of the putative morphological synapomorphies posited for the family, our phylogeny is consistent with at least two of them (ceratomandibular ligament, two anal-fin spines) being phylogenetically informative for pomacentrids. Based on available surveys of the ceratomandibular ligament and its insertion on the lower jaw, the presence of this ligament and the position of its insertion (superior to quadrate-angular articulation) appear to be unique to members of the family (Stiassny, 1981;Frédérich et al., 2014;Olivier et al., 2016). Possession of two supernumerary spines in association with the first anal-fin pterygiophore (i.e., two anal-fin spines) appears to be distinctive for the family, which conforms to its long history as a diagnostic character and/or synapomorphy for the group (e.g., Bleeker, 1877;Jordan and Evermann, 1898;Fowler and Bean, 1928;de Beaufort, 1940;Smith, 1960;Woods and Schultz, 1960;Taylor, 1964;Munro, 1967;Allen, 1975aAllen, , 1991Fitzpatrick, 1992;Nelson, 1994Nelson, , 2006Bellwood and Sorbini, 1996;Bannikov and Bellwood, 2014;Cooper and Santini, 2016;Nelson et al., 2016). ...
The cerato-mandibular (c-md) ligament is a synapomorphy within Pomacentridae that creates a tight link between the lower jaws and the hyoid bars. However, this morphological trait has been secondarily lost in multiple lineages during evolution. A previous study revealed that the loss of this trait acted as a release of evolutionary constraints, leading to a cascade of morphological changes such elongated buccal jaws and a slender body. Ecomorphological interpretations suggested the loss of the c-md ligament has ultimately led to a new adaptive peak in zooplanktivory through an optimization of the ram feeding mode associated with a specialization in pelagic feeding. Here, we tested these hypotheses by comparing functional and diet diversity between damselfish species with and without the c-md ligament. Although species lacking the c-md ligament presented a conserved kinematic pattern resulting from high ram and low suction performances, our results did not support an optimization of the ram feeding mode. Indeed, some species with the c-md ligament showed the same or exceeded the ram performance of species without the c-md ligament. The species with the c-md ligament had a more diverse kinematic pattern exploring the entire ram-suction functional range in damselfishes. Finally, our results did not show any diet variations associated with the loss of the c-md ligament. Our study furthers the understanding of how a morphological trait has shaped, by its presence or absence, the ecomorpho-functional diversification of Pomacentridae. Link: http://rdcu.be/qCP5
