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This research work is very innovative for electricity production system in the world. It was developed in the Physics Department of Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. This type of electricity can produce in the home environment at off-grid areas. It is very interesting that a 6 V DC was very functioning for this homemade PKL (Pathor Kuchi lea...
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The PKL electricity is included under biomass electricity. The scientific name of PKL is Bryophillum pinnatum Leaf. PKL means Pathor Kuchi Leaf, which is the local name in Bangladesh. It is a very innovative technology in the present world. It has been developed the electricity from PKL in Bangladesh first. That is why sometimes it is called “Bangl...
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... However, this report introduced a unique application of garlic extract and GE-mediated Ag NPs for electricity generation by developing a bio-electrochemical cell. Bio-electrochemical cells where various kinds of vegetables, fruits, and plant leaf extracts have been used as the electrolyte solution of electrochemical cells [48][49][50][51]. Bryophyllum pinnatum leave extract has been used as an electrolyte solution in an electrochemical cell and significant electrical performances have been found by using the leave extract [47,49,50]. ...
... Bio-electrochemical cells where various kinds of vegetables, fruits, and plant leaf extracts have been used as the electrolyte solution of electrochemical cells [48][49][50][51]. Bryophyllum pinnatum leave extract has been used as an electrolyte solution in an electrochemical cell and significant electrical performances have been found by using the leave extract [47,49,50]. Afterward, silver nanoparticles were used as a catalytic agent in the electrochemical cell to enhance the electrical performance of the cell [46,52]. ...
An electrical application of green synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) by developing a unique bio-electrochemical cell (BEC) has been addressed in the report. Here, garlic extract (GE) has been used as a reducing agent to synthesize Ag NPs, and as a bio-electrolyte solution of BEC. Ag NPs successfully formed into face-centered cubic (FCC) structures with average crystallite and particle sizes of 8.49 nm and 20.85 nm, respectively, according to characterization techniques such as the UV-vis spectrophotometer, XRD, FTIR, and FESEM. A broad absorption peak at 410 nm in the UV-visible spectra indicated that GE played a vital role as a reducing agent in the transformation of Ag+ ions to Ag NPs. After that four types of BEC were developed by varying the concentration of GE, CuSO4. 5H2O, and Ag NPs electrolyte solution. The open circuit voltage and short circuit current of all cells were examined with the time duration. Moreover, different external loads (1 Ω, 2 Ω, 5 Ω, and 6 Ω) were used to investigate the load voltage and load current of BEC. The results demonstrated that the use of Ag NPs on BEC played a significant role in increasing the electrical performance of BEC. The use of GE-mediated Ag NPs integrated the power, capacity, voltage efficiency, and energy efficiency of BEC by decreasing the internal resistance and voltage regulation. These noteworthy results can take a frontier forward to the development of nanotechnology for renewable and low-cost power production applications.
... 20 g of PKL paste was combined with 100 mL of deionized water using a magnetic stirrer and a 60°C hot plate. 37,38 After allowing the mixture (PKL paste and deionized (DI) water) to cool down to room temperature, the PKL extract was obtained by filtering it twice using Whatman 41 and Whatman 42 filter papers. The full procedure is presented in Figure 1a− h. ...
In this cutting-edge research era, silver nanoparticles impose a substantial impact because of their wide applicability in the field of engineering, science, and industry. Regarding the vast applications of silver nanoparticles, in this study, the crystallographic characteristics and nanostructures of silver nanoparticles extracted from natural resources have been studied. First, biosynthetic silver nanoparticles were synthesized using the Pathor Kuchi leaf (PKL) extract as a mediator, and their crystal structures and characteristics were analyzed by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The average crystallite size of the synthesized silver nanoparticle was determined to be 20.26 nm, and also the lattice strain, intrinsic stress, and dislocation density were measured to be 2.19 × 10-3, 0.08235 GPa, and 3.062045 × 10-3/nm2, respectively. Further, the prepared sample of silver nanoparticles shows four peaks in the X-ray diffraction pattern, which correspond to the (111), (200), (220), and (311) face-centered cubic (FCC) crystalline planes. The outstanding finding of this work was that when the lattice parameters of the precursor were increased, the volume of the material did not considerably change, but the particle size decreased. Second, it was clearly demonstrated that this straightforward method is a clean, cost-effective, environmentally sustainable, nontoxic, and efficient route for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) using PKL leaf at ambient temperature, which also satisfies the green chemistry requirements. Finally, this study demonstrates the scope for the production of silver nanoparticles using low-cost natural resources.
... A PKL electric converter has been designed and fabricated for using different electric appliances like LED lamp, radio, TV, fan which was invented in the Physics department of Jagannath University of Bangladesh [15][16][17][18]. This technology is based on a natural process that can save the plants and environment all over the world [19,20]. ...
The experiment is carried out to study the electrical energy harvested from the four types of living plant extracts like PKL, pandan leaf, red spinach, and green chili based on electrochemical cells and to utilize the generated electricity for lighting systems. Plant extracts were used as electrolytes where Zn and Cu plates were used as a cathode and anode in this investigation. This research work aims to find out the more sustainable energy source by comparing the sources of PKL, pandan leaf, red spinach, and green chili extracts. Here, six electrochemical cells were used and connected in a series combination. LED bulb was used as a load. From experiments, three circuit parameters (load voltage, load current, and load power) have been compared for the PKL, pandan leaf, red spinach and green chili electrochemical cells such as (i) the maximum and minimum load voltages are 5.52 V, 3.75 V, 3.74 V, and 3.73 V, respectively; and 5.18 V, 3.73 V, 3.72 V and 3.69 V, respectively; (ii) the maximum and minimum load currents are 760 mA, 10.10 mA, 7.50 mA, and 0.60 mA; and 440 mA, 9.40 mA, 7.10 mA, and 0.30 mA, respectively, and (iii) the maximum and minimum load powers are 420 mW, 26.26 mW, 18.00 mW and 0.90 mW, respectively, and 230 mW, 24.94 mW, 16.04 mW, and 0.45 mW, respectively. Electrochemistry is responsible for electricity generation. Finally, it is concluded that the electrochemical cell for the PKL extract is better than the other cells. This work is innovative.
... The reducing and precipitation are the main chemical reactions involved in the process [7][8][9]. These are physical, chemical and biological [10][11][12][13]. The physical synthesis is ball milling, thermal evaporation, lithography and vapour phase [14,15]. ...
Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) have been successfully synthesized and characterized. Firstly, it has been synthesized the ZnO NPs and then after calcined at 400, 500 and 600 ∘C for getting better crystalline ZnO NPs. More than 70 components including alcohol, keton, steroid, terpinoid and carotinoide were present in the leaf extract which was confirmed by gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC–MS) analysis. It has been characterized the synthesized ZnO NPs through XRD, FESEM, EDX, FTIR, DSC, TGA and VSM. The crystalline size of the XRD was around (33.58–25.8) nm. It was shown by the elemental analysis of the ZnO NPs by EDX, and it is shown that the zinc, oxygen, carbon is in the ZnO NPs. The FTIR analysis showed that the capping agents of the NPs contained the functional groups alcohol, alkene, kitone, terpinoied, organic acid. The thermal stability was determine. It was shown that the exothermic peaks ware created. It was also shown that the heat enthalpy was of ZnO NPs were 2326 j/g and 242.7 μVs/mg, respectively. Using TGA, it is shown that the percentage of weight loss was of about 10% for ZnO. It is also found that the ZnO NPs were super paramagnetic in nature with zero coercivity. It is also found that the crystalline size has been changed with calcinations temperature. But the crystallite size increases with calcinations temperature, which supported the results of XRD and VSM.
... This has also been conducted-voltage cultivation from fresh leaves [7][8][9][10][11][12]. But this has not ever been done-Zn/Cu electrodes-based electrochemical cell using soil of a pot and living PKL tree for electricity cultivation [13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. It is mentioned that the PKL tree grows itself in the same soil pot, where Zn and Cu plates have been immersed it to the soil [20][21][22][23][24]. Electricity can be produced during the PKL gardening surrounding the house or home or terrace. ...
Zn/Cu electrodes-based electrochemical cell has been designed and developed using soil of a pot and living Bryophillum pinnatum tree for cultivation of electricity. Voc, Isc, Pmax, and rin have been studied. Firstly, Zn plate was placed in the soil of the pot, and Cu plate was placed onto the living PKL tree. Secondly, Cu plate was placed in the soil of the pot, and Zn plate was placed onto the living PKL tree. Different soil pots and different living PKL trees have been used for getting Voc, Isc, Pmax, and rin of the electrochemical cell. It is shown that the performance of the second condition is better than the first condition. This work is very new and innovative. This work can help to light the LED bulb.
... It can be used again and again and will never run out. Examples of renewable energy sources are solar energy, wind energy, biogas energy, biomass energy, geothermal energy, water energy, tidal energy, wave energy and OTEC [7,8]. Now, we should increase the use of renewable energy resources for practical utilizations. ...
... Due to environmental concerns, the green route methods have become increasingly popular to synthesize nanoparticles as they are well known to be environmentally friendly and help to reduce harmful effects on environment (Ruhane et al. 2017b;Mehedi and Khan 2018;Khan et al. 2019a). Nanoparticle is a particle in the nanometer scale which usually in the range of 1-100 nm (Khan et al. 2019b;Mehedi and Khan 2019;Hassan and Khan 2020). There are a lot of applications of NPs nowadays. ...
Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared through green synthesis route using Azadirachta indica leaf extract that acted as an efficient stabilizer and capping agent of the NPs. Two types of magnetite NPs were synthesized using 5 and 10 mL Azadirachta indica leaf extract of the same concentration. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the particles were crystalline with cubic inverse spinel structure and the crystallite size was found to be about 5.73 nm and 6.34 nm, respectively. The surface morphology of the NPs was investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) which showed that NPs were spherical in shape. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis showed that the capping agents of the NPs contained the functional groups alcohol, alkane, amine, alkyne, etc. The thermal stability of Fe3O4 NPs was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). DSC showed endothermic and exothermic peaks. The percentage of weight loss was about 55% and 40%, respectively, as found from TGA. The NPs were superparamagnetic in nature with zero coercivity and zero reminance magnetization which was observed using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). On the treatment of aqueous solutions of ferrous and ferric salts in alkaline medium with Azadirachta indica leaf extract, the rapid formation of stable iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4-NPs) is observed to occur. The average crystallite size was determined by Scherer formula which showed that the crystallite size of the NPs gets increased with the increasing amount of Azadirachta indica extract used. Which support and show a good agreement with XRD and VSM analysis.
... Due to environmental concerns, the green route methods have become increasingly popular to synthesize nanoparticles as they are well known to be environmentally friendly and help to reduce harmful effects on environment (Ruhane et al. 2017b;Mehedi and Khan 2018;Khan et al. 2019a). Nanoparticle is a particle in the nanometer scale which usually in the range of 1-100 nm (Khan et al. 2019b;Mehedi and Khan 2019;Hassan and Khan 2020). There are a lot of applications of NPs nowadays. ...
... It plays an important role where proper object recognition of tiny particles is not possible through naked eyes. Perimeter, area, centroid, diameter, bay or hole, chord length, moment, longitude, latitude, surface waviness, aspect ratio, thickness, etc., are components by which we define the shape of an object in the field of medical image analysis (Santra and Mandal 2020; Santra et al. 2018;2019a, 2019b). Beyond these parameters, circularity is one of the versatile and influential features of cell shape by which we can recognize the object. ...
... Due to environmental concerns, the green route methods have become increasingly popular to synthesize nanoparticles as they are well known to be environmentally friendly and help to reduce harmful effects on environment (Ruhane et al. 2017b;Mehedi and Khan 2018;Khan et al. 2019a). Nanoparticle is a particle in the nanometer scale which usually in the range of 1-100 nm (Khan et al. 2019b;Mehedi and Khan 2019;Hassan and Khan 2020). There are a lot of applications of NPs nowadays. ...
... It plays an important role where proper object recognition of tiny particles is not possible through naked eyes. Perimeter, area, centroid, diameter, bay or hole, chord length, moment, longitude, latitude, surface waviness, aspect ratio, thickness, etc., are components by which we define the shape of an object in the field of medical image analysis (Santra and Mandal 2020; Santra et al. 2018;2019a, 2019b). Beyond these parameters, circularity is one of the versatile and influential features of cell shape by which we can recognize the object. ...
... Due to environmental concerns, the green route methods have become increasingly popular to synthesize nanoparticles as they are well known to be environmentally friendly and help to reduce harmful effects on environment (Ruhane et al. 2017b;Mehedi and Khan 2018;Khan et al. 2019a). Nanoparticle is a particle in the nanometer scale which usually in the range of 1-100 nm (Khan et al. 2019b;Mehedi and Khan 2019;Hassan and Khan 2020). There are a lot of applications of NPs nowadays. ...
... It plays an important role where proper object recognition of tiny particles is not possible through naked eyes. Perimeter, area, centroid, diameter, bay or hole, chord length, moment, longitude, latitude, surface waviness, aspect ratio, thickness, etc., are components by which we define the shape of an object in the field of medical image analysis (Santra and Mandal 2020; Santra et al. 2018;2019a, 2019b). Beyond these parameters, circularity is one of the versatile and influential features of cell shape by which we can recognize the object. ...
