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A decline in the world's freshwater resources poses a major domestic and industrial challenge. Amelioration efforts that proffer possible water management and reclamation technology is therefore, of utmost priority. One of the most promising solutions to water conservation is to recycle wastewater. The use of polymeric nanocomposites (PNCs) in wate...
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... of polymeric nanocomposites involves the incorporation of various inorganic nanomaterials into polymer-based matrices. PNCs can basically be prepared via two major routes as illustrated in Figure 1; in situ synthesis and blending or direct compounding. [36] Both methods have their inherent advantages and disadvantages, and researchers most often apply the one that is most convenient for them and/or the one that will give better composite matrix. ...
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... Nanotechnology's water purification techniques are ideal for delivering highly efficient, flexible, and multifunctional processes that enable high-performance and cost-effective wastewater treatment (Akharame et al. 2021(Akharame et al. , 2018. Many researchers and scientists have shown significant interest in their unique characteristics and discovered that they have remarkable uses in various sectors. ...
Water resources have been continuously polluted by various wastewaters and cause many risks for humans and living organisms. One of the wastewater treatment solutions is nanotechnology-based approaches that enable wastewater treatment through efficient, flexible, multi-purpose, and cost-effective processes compared to conventional methods. Green synthesis is an environmentally friendly way to produce nanoparticles (NPs), which use biological materials to synthesize. Therefore, using plant extracts, microorganisms, and polysaccharides as stabilizing and reducing agents in the green synthesis of NPs can be an essential component of wastewater treatment in the future. However, there is a gap in the comprehensive review of the biogenic synthesis of NPs in wastewater treatment. In this review, previous research on green synthesis using various plant extracts, microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, microalgae, and polysaccharides, especially chitosan, were investigated in the treatment of various wastewaters. Factors such as temperature, pH, concentration, and reaction time played a crucial role in the synthesis of NPs, which were investigated separately. Finally, after a complete review of the studies and receiving the strengths and weaknesses of each method, future challenges and opportunities are discussed.
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... A few researchers have thoroughly researched as well as demonstrated the possible environmental remediation potential and applications of normal plant biomass based biochar. Nevertheless, the nanobiochar/nanocomposite is now being investigated for a wide range of environmental remediation applications including phytoremediation, carbon sequestration, and energy production which includes Actively removed Cr(VI) as up to 2 fold better than normal biochar Gan et al. (2015) phytoremediation, pollutant removal, waste management, effluent treatment, and so on (Akharame et al., 2018). Nonetheless, it has recently been demonstrated that renewable source obtained through burning of biomass, which include plant biomass residues, is ultimately carbon neutral, and with the CO 2 produced being utilized by the crops (Agbor et al., 2014). ...
Advanced biochar blended nanoparticles substances, such as nano biochar or nanocomposites, have provided long-term solutions to a wide range of modern-day problems. Biochar blended nano-composites can be created to create better composite materials that combine the benefits of biochar and nanoparticles. Such materials have been typically improved with active functional groups, porous structure, active surface area, catalytic deterioration ability, as well as easy recovery or separation of pollutants. Such biochar-basednanocomposites have good adsorption properties for a variety of pollutants in various form of polluted medium (soil and water contamination). Catalytic nanoparticle encapsulated biochar, can perform concurrently the adsorption (by biochar) as well as catalytic degradation (nanoparticles) functions for pollutants removal from polluted sites. In this review, the advanced and practically feasible techniques involved in the biochar blended nanoparticles-based nanocomposites have been discussed with environmental applications. Furthermore, the mechanisms involved in this composite material in remediation, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of biochar blended nanoparticles-based nanocomposites, were discussed, and future directions for study in this field were suggested.
... An appropriate method will be preferred depending upon the type of polymeric matrix, nanoparticles, and desired properties for the final products. The blending method is widely utilized for the synthesis of the PANI-spinel ferrite nanocomposite due to the facile synthesis, less time, and minimal cost [17]. ...
The present research deals in preparing Mn0.3Co0.2Zn0.5Fe2O4 (spinel ferrite) by sol–gel procedure, polyaniline (PANI) by chemical oxidative method, and Mn0.3Co0.2Zn0.5Fe2O4-PANI nanocomposite by physical blending method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) study affirms the formation of Mn0.3Co0.2Zn0.5Fe2O4-PANI nanocomposite owing to the appearance of two different types of peaks: sharp Mn0.3Co0.2Zn0.5Fe2O4 peaks, and broader PANI peaks. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of Mn0.3Co0.2Zn0.5Fe2O4-PANI nanocomposite shows all characteristic vibrational bands, which are observed in the Mn0.3Co0.2Zn0.5Fe2O4 and PANI spectra. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) micrographs have been employed for measuring the average particle size by using ImageJ software. The encapsulation of the synthesized ferrite nanoparticle with the PANI matrix is exhibited by the FESEM micrograph of Mn0.3Co0.2Zn0.5Fe2O4-PANI nanocomposite. The electrochemical activity of the novel Mn0.3Co0.2Zn0.5Fe2O4-PANI nanocomposite is manifested to be higher as compared to their counterparts on account of synergistic impact, continual movement of electrons toward the electrode, and multiple redox reactions.
... These include optimum light absorption capacity, high selectivity, accessible pores or large macro-voids channel for fast adsorption and mass transfer rate, as well as the suitability of the materials to undergo continuous treatment process with numerous recyclability, low or zero transformation of toxic intermediates, and notable mechanical strength to withstand harsh environments. The high-quality aspects for scaling up these hybrid polymeric materials, especially in the construction of actual wastewater treatment plant are highly desired to replace the conventional tertiary water treatment by evaluating an all-inclusive study of the materials when interacting with the contaminant of interest or in a complex effluent which comprising of multiple contaminants [19,25,149,150]. Thus, these materials' physicochemical enhancement is necessary to achieve greater efficacy and data accuracy by demonstrating innovative ideas for photoreactor installation, systematic synthesis, and characterization methodologies combined with computational chemistry modeling/simulation tools. ...
The progress of hybrid polymer-based photocatalytic materials has captivated massive interest from researchers to expand the works of this specially fabricated material, exclusively for removing hazardous endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in aqueous media. Several attractive features such as enormous pore structures, tunable band gap energy, excellent mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties with outstanding photoactivity and recyclability offer a new vision against traditional photocatalysts, which are ordinarily used in suspension mode. A deterioration in the freshwater reservoir is bearing notable domestic and industrial challenges. Nonetheless, their efficacy for the photo-removal of EDCs can be boosted by conducting surface or bulk modifications utilizing appropriate inorganic fillers for better interaction within the selected polymer matrix. This review discussed the performances of several hybrid polymer-based photocatalytic materials to eliminate distinct classes of EDCs and the implicated mechanism. The introduction of hybrid polymer-based photocatalytic materials in the water recovery process implies that developing the innovative protocol is obligatory for effectively removing EDCs from the ecosystem.
... Additionally, incorporating the nanomaterials into polymer matrices brings about some operational advantages compared to the use of bare nanoparticles or other inorganic support materials. The gains include the reduction/prevention of nanoparticles loss, ease of recovery and regeneration for reuse, and the subsequent safeguarding of our environment and the biota therein [36]. ...
The safe application of nanoparticles in water treatment processes is a growing concern globally, making the utilisation and deployment of appropriate support materials necessary. Hydrothermally synthesised β-FeOOH nanoparticles were incorporated into the polyamide matrix via an in-situ method to fabricate catalytic composites. The materials elucidation was effected using SEM, TEM, ATR-FTIR, XRD and nitrogen adsorption–desorption. The heterogeneous catalytic property of the β-FeOOH/polyamide nanocomposites was evaluated in an aqueous ozonation system with 4-chlorophenol (4CP) as the target organic pollutant. Aliquots were drawn at different time intervals and analysed by LCMS-TOF. The results showed high degradation of 4CP (98.52%) within 40 min compared with ozonation (62.94%). The degradation of 4CP under pH 3, 7 and 10 gave efficiencies of 83.56%, 90.16% and 96.01%, respectively, at 30 min. The composite exhibited excellent reuse potential over six cycles, with no iron leaching observed at different pH conditions. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) for natural wastewater were reduced by 54.62% and 89.22% respectively using the polymeric nanocomposites, while the optimum treatment duration was established using ecotoxicity assessment of the treated water. The novel composites gave excellent removal of 4CP from aqueous solutions.
... As a natural polymer chelating agent, chitosan has active groups such as amino (-NH 2 ) and hydroxyl (-OH) groups, and is easy to form complexes with metal ions, so it is widely used in the adsorption of heavy metals in wastewater [9]. However, chitosan is easy to dissolve in acidic solution, easy to be lost during use and has a certain degree of swelling, which limits its application in some systems [10,11]. Therefore, physical/chemical modification of chitosan is required. ...
... SCDO remained stable throughout the experiment and demonstrated good reusability, which is a key factor in practical application. It can be seen from Figure 14 that SCDO still maintains a uniform particle size (11) ...
In order to remove Cu2+ from wastewater, a kind of microsphere adsorbent (SCDO) with high efficiency for Cu2+ adsorption was prepared by the microdrop condensation method, where chitosan (CTS) and sodium alginate (SA) were used as the matrix to crosslink β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and zeolite (Zeo). The structure and properties of SCDO were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Upon that, the adsorption performance of SCDO for Cu2+ was studied, in which the effects of pH, initial concentration, dosage, adsorption time and temperature were investigated. The results showed that the removal rate of Cu2+ reached 97.08%, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 24.32 mg/g with the temperature at 30 °C, the dosage of SCDO at 12 g/L, the initial concentration of Cu2+ at 100 mg/L, the pH of the solution at 6.0 and the adsorption time at 120 min, respectively. The adsorption process of Cu2+ by SCDO occurred in accordance with quasi-second-order kinetics model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm. After four repeats of continuous adsorption and desorption, the regenerative removal rate of Cu2+ could still reach 84.28%, which indicated that SCDO had outstanding reusability.
... In this regard, PNCs could serve as an efficient and cost-effective material for wastewater treatment. PNCs appear to be promising in resolving the inherent challenges of ordinary particles when used in water treatment [82]. Nanocomposites comprising polymers integrated with nanomaterials exhibit improved properties, such as enhanced resistance to fouling, thermal stability, membrane permeability, good mechanical behavior, higher photocatalytic activity, and higher ...
... In this regard, PNCs could serve as an efficient and cost-effective material for wastewater treatment. PNCs appear to be promising in resolving the inherent challenges of ordinary particles when used in water treatment [82]. Nanocomposites comprising polymers integrated with nanomaterials exhibit improved properties, such as enhanced resistance to fouling, thermal stability, membrane permeability, good mechanical behavior, higher photocatalytic activity, and higher adsorption [83]. ...
Polymeric nanocomposites (PNC) have an outstanding potential for various applications as the integrated structure of the PNCs exhibits properties that none of its component materials individually possess. Moreover, it is possible to fabricate PNCs into desired shapes and sizes, which would enable controlling their properties, such as their surface area, magnetic behavior, optical properties, and catalytic activity. The low cost and light weight of PNCs have further contributed to their potential in various environmental and industrial applications. Stimuli-responsive nanocomposites are a subgroup of PNCs having a minimum of one promising chemical and physical property that may be controlled by or follow a stimulus response. Such outstanding properties and behaviors have extended the scope of application of these nanocomposites. The present review discusses the various methods of preparation available for PNCs, including in situ synthesis, solution mixing, melt blending, and electrospinning. In addition, various environmental and industrial applications of PNCs, including those in the fields of water treatment, electromagnetic shielding in aerospace applications, sensor devices, and food packaging, are outlined.
... Polymer Bulletin or treatment, which is a focus of the water treatment industry. Polymer/clay or polymer/zeolite hybrid composite hydrogels have received great attention because of their relatively low production cost and high adsorption capacity for some dyes and metal ions [1,2,[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. In many previous studies, several kinds of absorbent composites based on attapulgite, sepiolite, montmorillonite, and bentonite were prepared, and these superabsorbent composites showed high water absorbency and water retention, good salt-resistance, and low production costs in comparison with pure organic superabsorbent polymers under the same preparation conditions [1,2,[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. ...
... Polymer/clay or polymer/zeolite hybrid composite hydrogels have received great attention because of their relatively low production cost and high adsorption capacity for some dyes and metal ions [1,2,[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. In many previous studies, several kinds of absorbent composites based on attapulgite, sepiolite, montmorillonite, and bentonite were prepared, and these superabsorbent composites showed high water absorbency and water retention, good salt-resistance, and low production costs in comparison with pure organic superabsorbent polymers under the same preparation conditions [1,2,[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. ...
... In recent times, wastewater is mostly released from different industrial activities containing many toxic and hazardous species. Some chemical industries produce colored wastewaters, and the main contributors of colored effluents are textile, food, cosmetics coloring, printing, dyeing, and other industries [1][2][3][4]. These toxic and hazardous substances cause many human health problems and some environmental problems. ...
A series of novel propenamide/2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid/guar gum/clinoptilolite biohybrid hydrogels were prepared by free radical solution polymerization using ammonium persulfate/N,N,N’,N’-tetramethylethylenediamine as redox initiating pair in the presence of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate as cross-linker. Swelling experiments were performed in water at 25 °C, gravimetrically. The hydrogels had high water absorbency. Equilibrium water uptake ratio ranges are 7.26–146.07 for the hydrogels. Diffusion behavior was investigated, and diffusion into hydrogels was found to be non-Fickian in character. FT-IR analysis was applied for characterization. Sorption of water-soluble cationic dye, basic violet 1, into the hydrogels was studied with the batch sorption technique at 25 °C. For equilibrium sorption studies, removal percentage, dye uptake performance, and partition coefficient of the hydrogels were investigated. The dye uptake performance values of the hydrogels varied between 1.15 × 10–5—2.03 × 10–5 mol g−1. The values for removal percentage of the hydrogels varied from 92.10–96.25%, and the values for partition coefficient of the hydrogels were between 11.67 and 25.69.
... It also has few inherent qualities like high sorption capacity, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective for wastewater treatment [163]. Meanwhile, the physical separation of large particles of pollutants is a distinctive characteristic of filtration membranes [164]. ...
Nano-structured polymer-based composites have gained much importance in recent years due to their improved and excellent properties compared to their bulk-sized equivalents. In nanostructured polymer composites, nano-sized particles are added to the matrix material as nanoparticles have a too high surface to volume ratio, resulting in improved composites’ overall properties. In this chapter, various nano-structured polymer-based composites are discussed based on their suitable applications. The properties of nano-structured polymer-based composites such as thermal, mechanical, flame retardancy, electrical and optical properties, barrier properties, anticorrosive properties, and adsorption behaviour and factors affecting the properties are discussed. This chapter also presents the different manufacturing techniques of nano-structured polymer-based composites.
... For example, a comparison between nano-particles and micro-particles of TiO 2 shows that the TiO 2 micro-particles cause more DNA damage than TiO 2 nano-particles. Also, no significant difference was observed between the toxicity of iron oxides micro-and nano-particles (both Fe 3 O 4 and Fe 2 O 3 ); while CuO nano-particles indicated higher toxicity than the CuO micro-particles (Akharame et al., 2018). ...
... Various types of nanoparticles are associated with many challenges such as difficult recovery method, loss of nanoparticles, accumulation of nano-particles by reducing reactive surfaces and health risks due to their release into the environment (Akharame et al., 2018). However, nano-particles are many advantages. ...
... The reusability of nano-adsorbents plays an essential role in wastewater treatment because it makes them usable on an industrial scale (Naushad et al., 2019;Zhang et al., 2020a). The synthesis cost of nano-particles and potential for reusability are two main aim that determine their application in large scale (Akharame et al., 2018). Due to the small size of nanoadsorbents, it is difficult to separate them from the solution after the sorption process. ...
Industrial wastewater is the main source of environmental pollutants such as hydrocarbon compounds. This type of wastewater is in the form of oil in water emulsion. Depending on the size of droplets, they can be as micro-emulsion or nano-emulsion. Nano-emulsions are very stable and their destabilization is very difficult. This type of pollutant is dangerous and cause several problems for human health. Therefore, separation of oil/water emulsion, especially stable emulsions (droplets size smaller than 0.1μm) is essential. There are several approaches for wastewater treatment, including reverse osmosis, micro-filtration, nano-filtration, electrochemical, membrane, photocatalytic reaction, catalytic process, and adsorption method. Among these methods, adsorbents and catalysts are the most widely used because of the low-costs, high performance and simplicity. Activated carbon is one of the most important materials to eliminate contaminants from water. However, activated carbon has several disadvantages. Recently, the use of nanomaterials such as nano-adsorbents and nano-catalysts have been extensively used due to the high specific area, high capacity, high reusability and high efficiency. This article focuses on the application of nano-catalysts and nano-adsorbents and providing new data for destabilization and demulsification of hydrocarbon compounds (e.g., oil, gas condensate, and grease) from wastewater. Also, the benefits, applications and limitations of nanoadsorbents in water and wastewater treatment have been studied. Moreover, effective factors on the stability of oil/water emulsion were studied. Furthermore, the reusability of these nano-materials after the uptake process was studied. Previous studies indicate that NiFe2O4/sawdust nanoadsorbent has a high reusability and after 10 cycles of reusing, no significant change in its sorption capacity has been observed.
