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Preparation of multilayer edible films. a Electrostatic layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition. b Electrospinning or electrospraying. c Coextrusion.
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Active biodegradable packaging are being developed from biodegradable biopolymers which may solve the environmental problems caused by petroleum-based materials (plastics), as well as improving the shelf life, quality, nutritional profile, and safety of packaged food. The functional performance of active ingredients in biodegradable packaging can b...
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Context 1
... molecules in neighboring layers. In general, this method involves the formation of multilayer films or coatings by sequential deposition of numerous film-forming materials onto a surface 29 . The utilization of electrostatic attraction between successive layers is one of the most commonly used methods for assembling this type of film or coating (Fig. 2a). It involves immersing a substrate with a negative surface charge into a solution containing positively charged substances, which causes these substances to be attracted to the surface of the substrate. After washing off the excess solution, the positively charged substrate formed is then immersed in another solution containing ...
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... to form the layers in multilayer packaging has been shown to enhance the mechanical, optical, and/or functional properties 35 . The apparatus typically used to create packaging using the electrospinning technique consists of four main parts: a highvoltage power supply, an injection pump, a capillary tube with a tip, and a metal collector (Fig. 2b). In detail, a polymer solution is placed into the capillary tube and then a high-voltage electric field is applied between the tip of the tube and collection plate. The polymer solution will be drawn out of the tip and form a jet of fluid in the form of a twisted Taylor cone. During its passage from the tip to the collection plate, the ...
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... on the way that the different polymer streams are brought together in the film-forming process, coextrusion can be divided into two main types: die and feed block 12 . In die coextrusion, two or more materials are fed separately into the extruder and heated, and then the different material melt streams are brought together at the exit of the die (Fig. 2c). In feed block coextrusion, two or more materials are brought together before the extrusion die, then made to form a laminated layer of melt stream, which is then extruded through the die. Coextrusion has been widely used for the industrial production of polymer-based packaging. Compared to other technologies, coextrusion has the ...
Context 4
... molecules in neighboring layers. In general, this method involves the formation of multilayer films or coatings by sequential deposition of numerous film-forming materials onto a surface 29 . The utilization of electrostatic attraction between successive layers is one of the most commonly used methods for assembling this type of film or coating (Fig. 2a). It involves immersing a substrate with a negative surface charge into a solution containing positively charged substances, which causes these substances to be attracted to the surface of the substrate. After washing off the excess solution, the positively charged substrate formed is then immersed in another solution containing ...
Context 5
... to form the layers in multilayer packaging has been shown to enhance the mechanical, optical, and/or functional properties 35 . The apparatus typically used to create packaging using the electrospinning technique consists of four main parts: a highvoltage power supply, an injection pump, a capillary tube with a tip, and a metal collector (Fig. 2b). In detail, a polymer solution is placed into the capillary tube and then a high-voltage electric field is applied between the tip of the tube and collection plate. The polymer solution will be drawn out of the tip and form a jet of fluid in the form of a twisted Taylor cone. During its passage from the tip to the collection plate, the ...
Context 6
... on the way that the different polymer streams are brought together in the film-forming process, coextrusion can be divided into two main types: die and feed block 12 . In die coextrusion, two or more materials are fed separately into the extruder and heated, and then the different material melt streams are brought together at the exit of the die (Fig. 2c). In feed block coextrusion, two or more materials are brought together before the extrusion die, then made to form a laminated layer of melt stream, which is then extruded through the die. Coextrusion has been widely used for the industrial production of polymer-based packaging. Compared to other technologies, coextrusion has the ...
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Citations
... From ancient times, people have utilized synthetic plasticbased packaging for food products [1]. ...
... Carrots are coated with gelatin-based coatings to prolong their storage life [1], and also this coating is applied on blueberry fruit [97], strawberries [98], cherry tomatoes [99], banana and eggplant [100], fresh-cut melons [101], and calyx from physalis [102]. ...
The huge and increasing volume of worldwide plastic waste is receiving considerable attention nowadays due to its resistance to disintegration and toxic environmental components that pose a hazard to humans. In response to this issue, several efforts have been concentrated on edible biopolymer-based food packaging. Biodegradable films and coating can be formed by macromolecules such as polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids. Among these compounds, protein is superior because of having strong intermolecular bonds that are essential for film formation. Protein-based coatings provide higher mechanical and gas barrier properties. However, the hydrophilic nature of proteins renders the water barrier qualities of their coatings inadequate. The capability to form protein-based films and coatings can be influenced by amino acids and their distribution and polarity which determines cross-bonds between hydrogen, amino acids, and disulfide bonds. The materials used to produce protein-based packaging films and coatings can be divided into two categories: vegetable proteins and animal proteins. Animal proteins (collagen, gelatine, etc.) and plant proteins, especially graminacea (wheat, maize, rice, barley, etc.), asteraceae (sunflower), and leguminaceae (beans), are currently the most well-investigated biopolymers for film and coating production. Low-cost raw materials, some of which are even agricultural waste, are utilized to make biopolymers. Various additives have been suggested to enhance the characteristics of coatings. Information about biodegradable films and coatings is widely cited in the references. This article exclusively provides the reader with an overview of protein-based biodegradable food packaging for further studies and research.
... The performance of these layers can be adjusted depending on the external environment (humidity, temperature, food properties) and internal properties. Polymer features (such as hydrophilicity, crystallinity, swelling, thermal stability, and barrier properties) and active constituent features (such as molecular mass, ratio, and solubility) are considered internal environment features [32]. ...
... In the majority of the research natural products have been used as active ingredients in various films, without considering the fact related to safety, complexity, and the release kinetics of their components. Active packaging materials must be designed in a way to retain these active components and provides the prolonged/controlled release of the components [32]. ...
Plastic-based films that are commonly used in the food packaging industry are tough to recycle due to their sorting issue and these films do not decay as they photodegrade into microplastics. These microplastics transport from the air and accumulate in soil, storm drains, and waterways. Recent initiatives in the food packaging industry have led to the development of edible and biodegradable films as sustainable alternatives to synthetic polymer-based plastics. These films, which are biocompatible, biodegradable, and serve as protective coatings on food surfaces, are designed to enhance shelf life by guarding against oxidation, moisture, and microbial spoilage. Recent advancements in polymeric films resulted in the development of high-performance, UV-blocking, nano-engineered, and intelligent pH-sensitive films, along with multilayer, heat-sealable, and active variants. These advanced materials not only prevent food deterioration but also facilitate the early detection of spoilage. However commercial success of these films which have been developed at a lab scale is still challenging due to unsatisfactory mechanical, barrier, thermal, and optical properties than synthetic films. Furthermore, an in-depth understanding related to human interaction, biodegradability, safety studies, scalability, and machinability is required to develop sustainable bioplastic films.
Graphical Abstract
... However, this would not be a problem with biodegradable laminates, as they could be composted without layer separation. To this end, the combination of hydrophilic (high oxygen barrier) with hydrophobic (high water vapour barrier) biodegradable polymers is key to their functional performance [18]. ...
The stability and composting behaviour of monolayers and laminates of poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and starch with and without active extracts and cellulose fibres from rice straw (RS) were evaluated. The retrogradation of the starch throughout storage (1, 5, and 10 weeks) gave rise to stiffer and less extensible monolayers with lower water vapour barrier capacity. In contrast, the PLA monolayers, with or without extract, did not show marked changes with storage. However, these changes were more attenuated in the bilayers that gained water vapour and oxygen barrier capacity during storage, maintaining the values of the different properties close to the initial range. The bioactivity of the active films exhibited a slight decrease during storage, so the antioxidant capacity is better preserved in the bilayers. All monolayer and bilayer films were fully composted within 90 days but with different behaviour. The bilayer assembly enhanced the biodegradation of PLA, whose monolayer exhibited a lag period of about 35 days. The active extract reduced the biodegradation rate of both mono- and bilayers but did not limit the material biodegradation within the time established in the Standard. Therefore, PLA–starch laminates, with or without the valorised fractions from RS, can be considered as biodegradable and stable materials for food packaging applications.
... The incorporation of bioplastics with gelatin could enhance water barrier properties in comparison with monomeric gelatin films [21]. Furthermore, incorporation of active ingredients from natural sources into three-layer films can provide additional functions such as inhibiting microbial growth, reducing lipid oxidation and enhancing barrier properties of film [22]. The active layered gelatin film containing pitanga extract/nisin [23] and tea polyphenol incorporated with multi-layered zein/gelatin film [24] exhibited better barrier properties than the control counterparts. ...
The impact of incorporation of Physalis leaf extract (PLE) at various levels on properties and characteristics of the gelatin based three-layer film (Poly (lactic acid)/Gelatin/Poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) was investigated. Three-layer films were developed by a three-step casting process and each layer of film was incorporated with PLE at 0–15% (w/w). Young’s Modulus (525.19-164.24 MPa) and tensile strength (22.38–8.38 MPa) of three-layer films decreased with augmented level of PLE (p < 0.05), in contrast elongation at break (13.80-142.56%) was increased (p < 0.05). In general, the incorporation of PLE resulted the three-layer films with lower water vapor permeability ranged from 1.442 to 1.019 × 10–11 g.m.m− 2.s− 1.Pa− 1 than the control counterpart (P/G/B-PLE-0%) (without PLE) (1.473 × 10–11 g.m.m− 2.s− 1.Pa− 1) (p < 0.05). Greenness (-a* value) of the resulting films increased with augmenting incorporation ratios of PLE (p < 0.05). The lower transparency value (7.41) was recorded for control film (without extract) (p < 0.05). However, PLE incorporated three-layer film exhibited compact structure as revealed by SEM micrographs. Thermal properties of obtained three-layer film were impacted by the addition of plant extract. Thus, the enhanced water vapor barrier property and improved elasticity were obtained for PLA/Gelatin/PBAT films incorporated with PLE.
Graphical Abstract
... This property, associated with their mechanical and thermal properties, limits their applications in food packaging when used alone. These disadvantages are minimized by the development of biocomposites [13] and bi-or multilayer films [14,15]. ...
The development of active food packaging is desirable for food safety and to avoid food loss and waste. In this work, we developed antioxidant bilayer films combining extrusion and electrospinning techniques. These films consisted of a first layer of thermoplastic cornstarch (TPS), incorporated with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). The second layer consisted of gallic acid (GA) encapsulated at different concentrations in 1:1 chitosan/poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) (CS/EVOH) nanofibers. This layer was directly electrospun onto the TPS/MCC film. The morphological, structural, wettability, permeability to oxygen, and antioxidant properties were investigated for the first layer and the bilayer films. Water contact angle measurements revealed the hydrophobic nature of the first layer (θ0 = 100.6°). The oxygen permeability (OP) was accessed through the peroxide value (PV) of canola oil, kept in containers covered by the films. PV varied from 66.6 meq/kg for the TPS/MCC layer to 60.5 meq/kg for a bilayer film. Intermolecular hydrogen bonds, mediated by GA, contributed slightly to improving the mechanical strength of the bilayer films. The bilayer film incorporated with GA at 15.0% reached a radical scavenging activity against the DPPH radical of (903.8 ± 62.2) μmol.L−1.Eq. Trolox.g−1. This result proved the effectiveness of the GA nanoencapsulation strategy.
... However, this would not be a problem with biodegradable laminates, as they could be composted without layer separation. To this end, the combination of hydrophilic (high oxygen barrier) with hydrophobic (high water vapour barrier) biodegradable polymers is key to their functional performance [22]. ...
The stability and composting behaviour of monolayers and laminates of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and starch with and without active extracts and cellulose fibres from rice straw (RS) were evaluated. The retrogradation of the starch throughout storage (1, 5, and 10 weeks) gave rise to stiffer and less extensible monolayers, with lower water vapour barrier capacity. In contrast, the PLA monolayers, with or without extract, did not show marked changes with storage. However, these changes were more attenuated in the bilayers that gained water vapour and oxygen barrier capacity during storage, maintaining the values of the different properties close to the initial range. The bioactivity of the active films exhibited a slight decrease during the storage, the antioxidant capacity being better preserved in the bilayers. All monolayer and bilayer films were fully composted within 90 days, but with different behaviour. The bilayer assembly enhanced the biodegradation of PLA whose monolayer exhibited a lag period of about 35 days. The active extract reduced biodegradation rate of both mono and bilayers but does not limit the material biodegradation within the time stablished in the Standard. Therefore, PLA-starch laminates, with or without the valorised fractions from RS, can be considered as biodegradable and stable materials for food packaging applications.
... Polymers (bio-based and petroleum-based) such as polysaccharides, proteins, lipids and polyesters (e.g., polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT)) are often used to develop biodegradable packaging materials [11,12].These materials are subjected to several limitations, such as brittleness, low melt strength thermal instability, and difficult heat sealability, and poor barrier performance (i.e., high permeability to oxygen and water vapor) [13][14][15][16]. ...
... Multilayers are often preferable over single layers as each layer can contribute to enhance or extend functional performance of the final packaging [11,18]. The multilayer packaging material frequently has three unique layers: the barrier, active, and control layers [19]. ...
... The multilayer packaging material frequently has three unique layers: the barrier, active, and control layers [19]. The outermost layer is the barrier, which prevents the permeation of moisture, oxygen, and microorganisms from the outside environment to the inside of packaged food, thus improving the shelf life [11]. Coating technology in the research area of biodegradable polymers is classified into two types: 1. coating the biodegradable polymer film/sheet with a high barrier layer, 2. coating the high barrier biodegradable polymer (e. g., polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV), bionanocomposites or waxes) on the paperboard/paper substrate [20]. ...
... It was reported that there is an improvement in the functional properties of the active ingredient, water vapour resistance, and mechanical properties in multilayer film as compared to single composite film (Hosseini et al., 2016;Wang et al., 2019a;Zhuang et al., 2018). The multilayer film often has multiple distinct layers such as a control layer, a protective layer, and an active layer containing bioactive ingredients (Wang et al., 2022). ...
... The colour changes of the triple-layer chitosan-gelatinagar intelligent film are observed to be more consistent as compared to the single composite and bilayer intelligent film (Fig. 5b). It is hypothesized that the gelatin and chitosan layers deposited on top of the agar-roselle anthocyanin extract layer act as protective layers against moisture to prevent the degradation and oxidation of the anthocyanin Original refers to the chitosangelatin-agar intelligent film with 2, 4, and 6% (w/v) of Roselle anthocyanin extract prior to immersing in different buffer solutions (Wang et al., 2022). Bilayer intelligent film may also exhibit a similar effect with the top layer (chitosan-gelatin) acting as the protective layer for the pH sensing layer (agar-roselle anthocyanin extract). ...
Natural dyes that are pH-responsive, such as anthocyanin, have been incorporated into intelligent film packaging for food spoilage detection. However, the stability of anthocyanin in a single composite film remains a challenge. Hence, this study aimed to develop a multilayer chitosan-gelatin-agar intelligent film with roselle anthocyanin extract as a pH biosensor for the spoilage of red snapper fish. The chitosan-gelatin-agar bilayer film with different concentrations of roselle anthocyanin extract (2, 4, and 6% w/v) was developed. The selected roselle anthocyanin extract concentration (4% w/v) was further developed into a single composite, bilayer, and triple-layer intelligent films. The physicochemical, mechanical, and light barrier properties of the intelligent films were analysed. The triple-layer film with 4% w/v of roselle anthocyanin extract was stored with red snapper fish for 7 days at 4 °C. The triple-layer intelligent film with roselle anthocyanin extract showed the lowest thickness (0.15 mm) and water solubility (33.88%) than single composite and bilayer film. It also demonstrated good mechanical properties (13.42 MPa tensile strength and 25.53% elongation at break), a high UV-Vis light barrier, and distinct colour changes under different pH environments. Visible colour variation was also observed in the triple-layer film with roselle anthocyanin extract from dark red (day 0) to pale red with a hint of green (day 6) as the total volatile basic nitrogen levels of fish exceeded the threshold of 20 mg/100 g. This indicates the potential of the triple-layer chitosan-gelatin-agar film with roselle anthocyanin extract as an intelligent film for monitoring the freshness of fish during storage.
... The composites water absorption test was conducted following the ASTM D-570 guidelines 53 . The test involved immersing three samples with dimensions of 20 × 20 × 0.2 mm into a recipient containing distilled water at room temperature over different time periods (2,24,48,72, and 168 h). After the analysis time, excess moisture from the sample was removed, and its mass was measured. ...
Biocomposites have gained attention in the packaging industry due to their potential as sustainable alternatives to conventional synthetic materials. In this study, novel cotton incorporated poly (lactic acid)/thermoplastic starch biocomposites were developed for packaging applications using in short shelf life products the extrusion method. Pelletized samples obtained by extrusion were stamped from plates obtained by compression and were characterized through measurement of density, hardness, contact angle and water absorption, as well as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). No significant changes in the density results were observed. A slight increase in the hardness of formulations in relation to the PLA was associated with the presence of cotton fiber in biocomposites. The FTIR results revealed physical interaction of PLA, TPS and cotton fiber. By DSC analysis, for all formulations the melting exhibited only one peak, suggesting good homogeneity and interaction among the components, as observed by TG/DTG results, and corroborating SEM analysis. The biocomposite PLA/TPS/Cotton 85/10/5 wt.% displayed greater increase in water absorption than both 95/5/0 and 90/5/5 wt.% formulations, which can be attributed to the increase in starch proportion, confirming the contact angle results. The hydrophilic tendency corroborated the biodegradation process in the packaging end-of-life.
... By controlling the network structure composed of the film matrix and the active compounds, including pore size, thickness, and solubility (Fajardo et al., 2014;Riahi et al., 2023); and (2) by controlling the interactions and binding modes of the two components to reduce the degradation of the active compound (Azaza et al., 2022;Dong et al., 2022;Lin et al., 2023). Typically, covalent bonds are stronger than noncovalent bonds, and covalent bonds lead to stronger attachment of the active molecule to the polymer matrix (Wang, Chen et al., 2022). ...
Biopolymer packaging materials are an emerging trend in food packaging due to their degradability, nontoxicity, low cost, and low environmental stress; moreover, some properties of biopolymer packaging are better than those of traditional packaging. Proteins are a type of natural biopolymer packaging film matrix, and enhancing the packaging properties of proteins has been a focus of research. Preparing protein‐active packaging films by adding natural active substances with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and nanoparticles to protein‐based films to provide more significant antimicrobial, antioxidant, and UV‐blocking effects is essential in food packaging and demonstrates the potential of using proteins in active food packaging applications. In recent years, the origin of natural actives, their mechanism of action, and their release from active packaging films have attracted much attention. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of protein film matrices for active packaging, natural antimicrobial agents, and natural antioxidants and discuss the potential of such active films in the packaging field. The sources of natural antimicrobial active substances and natural antioxidant active substances in packaging materials, their mechanisms of action, and their effects after being used to modify protein active films are summarized. The biorelease functions of protein active films with antimicrobial and antioxidant effects and their applications for various types of food are highlighted to understand the current effects of protein active films in food packaging.
