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In our paper, we have synthesized modified PEA and alkyd resin by replacing the new source of polyol (SDEA) which was confirmed by different analyses such as IR, and 1HNMR spectra. A series of conformal, novel, low-cost, and eco-friendly hyperbranched modified alkyd and PEA resins were fabricated with bio ZnO, CuO/ZnO) NPs through an ex-situ method...
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... To evaluate any drawbacks associated with the additions, an analysis of the mechanical and physical resistances was also carried out [30][31][32] . Several arylhydrazone ligands and their Cu and Ni metal complexes have been discussed as potential flame retardant and antibacterial additives for polyurethane surface coatings [33][34][35] . A new additive based on a new sulphonamide ligand and its copper metal complex was added to a specific polyurethane varnish to make the coated film antibacterial and flame retardant 36 . ...
The development of flame-retardant materials has become an important research direction. For the past dozen years, researchers have been exploring flame retardants with high flame-retardant efficiency, low toxicity, less smoke, or other excellent performance flame retardants. Therefore, this work aimed to synthesize new cyclodiphosph(V)azane derivatives and their Cu(II) and Cd(II) metal complexes and investigated their potential applications as high flame-retardant efficiency. Various techniques were used to characterize the prepared ligand H2L and its metal complexes, including elemental analyses, mass spectra, conductivity measurements, electronic spectral data UV–vis, FT-IR, ¹H,¹³C-NMR, TGA, XRD, and molecular docking experiments studies were M. tuberculosis receptors (PDB ID: 5UHF) and the crystal structure of human topoisomerase II alpha (PDB ID: 4FM9). Wood-based paint was physically mixed with the ligand H2L and its metal complexes. The obtained results of mechanical characteristics of the dried paint layers were noticed to improve, such as gloss value, which ranged from 85 to 95, hardness 1.5–2.5 kg, adhesion 4B to 5B, and impact resistance, which improved from 1.3 to 2.5 J. Moreover, the obtained results of flame-retardant properties showed a significant retardant impact compared to the blank sample, such as ignitability, which includes the heat flux which increased from 10 to 25 kW/m², and ignition time, ranging from 550 to 1200 s, respectively, and limiting oxygen index (LOI) (%) which has been increased from 21 to 130 compared with the plywood sample and sample blank. The ordering activity of the observed results was noticed that coated sample based on Cd(II) metal complexes > coated sample based on Cu(II) metal complexes of Cyclophosphazene ligand > coated sample based on phosphazene ligand H2L > coated sample without additives > uncoated sample. This efficiency may be attributed to (1) the H2L is an organophosphorus compound, which contains P, N, Cl, and aromatic six- and five-member ring, (2) Cu(II) and Cd(II) metal complexes characterized by high thermal stability, good stability, excellent performance flame retardants, and wide application.
... By analyzing the scratch force, depth, and morphology, it can accurately characterize the hardness and wear resistance of materials and provide insights into their deformation and damage mechanisms. Furthermore, micro/nano scratch testing is applicable to a wide range of materials, including metals [1][2][3], ceramics [4,5], polymers [6,7], and coatings [8,9]. As a result, it has been widely employed in various fields, such as materials science, semiconductor technology and thin films/coatings. ...
Micro/nano scratch testing is an effective technique for characterizing mechanical properties and wear resistance of materials. In practical applications, most of materials in equipment serve in vibration environment. However, the scratching characteristics of materials under vibration environment have not been well investigated due to the lack of suitable testing instruments. To address this issue, this study developed a vibration-assisted micro/nano scratch tester. Its working principle was introduced, followed by designing and analyzing the vibration platform. Then, the prototype was fabricated and a control system was established. After that, the key performance parameters of the tester were characterized. The results showed that the load noise was lower than 0.1 mN, and the vibration platform could generate a unidirectional vibration with the amplitude range of 0.2-11 µm and frequency range of 1-2000 Hz. To verify the feasibility of the proposed scratch tester, vibration-assisted scratch tests were performed on AL1050. It was shown that vibration during scratch testing led to an increase in the residual scratch width, a decrease in the coefficient of friction and scratch hardness. These findings verify the effectiveness of the vibration-assisted micro/nano scratch tester and highlight the significance of considering vibration effects on the characterization of materials.
... Zn-Ni-TiO 2 on PMS by electrodeposition showed that TiO 2 contributed more to corrosion resistance (7) . Bio-ZnO and CuO/ ZnO spherical nanofillers on steel showed better anti-corrosion properties (10) . Two ZnO nanorods having different surface chemistry were fabricated using hydrothermal methods: at pH6, and high pH (OH− rich) to study structural properties. ...
Objectives: To determine the best combination of blends of TiO2 /ZnO coated on SUS for obtaining a minimum corrosion rate. Methods: Different TiO2 /ZnO thin film blends are coated on SUS 304 substrates. The sol-gel dip-coating process is used for coating application. Also, withdrawal rates, calcination temperature, and doping percentage are the parameters used for the study of the anti-corrosion property. L9 array, using the Taguchi method, is applied for the design of the experiment. P.G-Lyte 1.0 model was used for the anticorrosion test. The Potentiosatic polarization method was applied for anti-corrosion testing. Findings: The results show that the percentage of ZnO doping (60%, 40%, and 20%) is the most significant factor in controlling the corrosion of the sample with plate number 1. The withdrawal rate (0.5 mm/sec, 1 mm/sec, and 1.5 mm/sec) has a minimal impact on the corrosion rate of the coated sample. The calcination temperature (300◦C, 400◦C, and 500◦C) has a greater impact than the withdrawal rate. There is a good agreement between the predicted and actual corrosion current. Novelty: Investigation of mechanical properties like corrosion resistance is essential for increasing the durability of automobile components by applying a coating of blends of TiO2 and ZnO with a rare blending combination that was not applied before for the investigation. In this research, efforts are made to reduce the corrosion rate by applying different blends of TiO2 and ZnO. Also, withdrawal rate and calcination temperature are varied in the process which was also not considered in the earlier studies. Keywords: Taguchi method; Corrosion current; Signal to Noise ratio; Coating; Design of experiments
... However, these synthesis processes are very costly and produce toxic by-products since they use dangerous chemicals that are bad for the environment [19]. Because of its benefits over physicochemical techniques lower energy needs, non-toxic reagents, biocompatibility, simplicity of processing, better stability, elimination of unnecessary processing during synthesis, and sustainability the biological method is recommended [20][21][22]. Physicochemical methods can result in hazardous consequences and are still somewhat costly [23][24][25][26][27]. Biological agents including bacteria, fungus, yeast, actinomycetes, and plants are used in the biological approach of NPs synthesis [28][29][30][31]. Numerous enzymes (metabolites) produced by biological entities decrease metallic ions through enzymatic processes [32,33]. ...
In the current study, the optimal reaction condition for fabrication of Au and Ag nanoparticles by using Trichoderma saturnisporum was developed. Optimization of fermentation conditions for extracellular AuNPs and AgNPs synthesis using response surface methodology was achieved. To accomplish the ideal reaction state, the green synthesis reaction’s effective parameters and central composite face design were used. Precursor concentrations, pH, and temperature were found to be the most effective parameters for the fabrication of Au and Ag nanomaterials. The model’s realization used a respectable foot. Normal probability plots; interaction plots, including effect plots; variance analysis (ANOVA), surface plots; contour plots; and Pareto charts were used to optimize the components. Significance threshold (5%) was used to influence all of the factors. The production process was also influenced by some of the potential connections between these factors. The recommended regression model fits the experimental data extremely well. The findings of this study looked at how much more bio-fabrication was possible with optimal fermentation conditions for the producer of AuNPs and AgNPs compared with traditional optimization techniques.
... As the demand towards PSO for edible purposes is continually increasing with the earth's growing population, it is essential to explore non-edible plant seed oils as promising alternatives to petroleum-based raw materials for industrial applications. As an eco-friendly resource, PSO can act as a precursor of many polymers e.g., polyester-amide, poly-epoxy, polyether-amide, and polyurethane resins [1][2][3][4][5]. These polymers find wide applications as binders for composites, adhesives, and coatings [6,7]. ...
... PEA resin has been synthesized from different plant seed oils like Sunflower [2], Nahar seed [9], Castor [11], Linseed [12], Neem [23], Soybean [29], Pongamia glabra [30] oil, as reported by earlier researchers; however, synthesis of PEA resin using ASO, as a potential raw material and its potentiality has not been divulged so far. This study is intended to prepare PEA resin, based on a new source, ASO and toluene as solvent, that has been cured in two different ways viz., stoving at low temperatures with poly-isocyanate to reduce energy cost as well as at elevated temperatures with MF for a very short period compared to previously reported studies to fulfill the demand of coating industry. ...
Acacia auriculiformis seed oil (ASO) contains linoleic acid (72%) and vernolic acid, which are capable of rendering it as a salient resource for coating applications. In this investigation, ASO a non-conventional source, was first converted to its fatty acid (AFA), followed by aminolysis and esterification to produce an AFA-based polyester amide resin (APEA), using toluene as an azeotropic solvent. Structural confirmation of APEA was performed by FTIR-ATR and ¹HNMR spectroscopy. The AFA and APEA resin were characterized and compared with conventional soybean oil-based polyester amide resins (SPEA). The thermal stability of SPEA (270 °C) and APEA (274 °C) resins was determined and compared. Films were produced by curing the resins with melamine–formaldehyde and aliphatic poly-isocyanate and characterized by mechanical, and chemical resistance tests. These tests revealed that APEA has enhanced chemical resistance and scratch hardness than SPEA. The surface morphology of PEA resins was determined by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) which shows PEA is compatible with these curing agents that contain different true solvents (based on polarity). To study the corrosion resistance properties, a paint primer was formulated with the resins and 5% zinc phosphate. The metal content of the cured primer film was analyzed by Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission (ICP-OE) spectroscopy. All the findings prove that ASO-based PEA exhibited better performance than the soya-based PEA. The APEA can be used as binders in coating formulations to improve the mechanical as well as corrosion resistance properties.
... The physico-mechanical qualities, chemical resistance, and corrosion resistance applications of the recently created materials were assessed. For steel substrates exposed to a saline corrosive media, the results demonstrated a range of unique physical and mechanical capabilities as well as promising corrosion-resistance properties [43] New PEA resins and their value as an antibacterial binder for surface coating with a range of applications have been reported. [44] Optimising the dispersion of nanoparticles inside the polymer matrix can lead to optimal corrosion resistance. ...
... The breakdown of ionic diols with ionic connections between COO-and M + 2 is thought to be the cause of the third weight loss step and the accompanying third peak at 12%. These are important and fascinating construction[43,47].Gravimetric stability indicated.SEM of the dry coated lm based on blank LPEA and Cu-LPEA, Co-LPEA resins the resultant SEM images, showed variations in the surface morphology for the produced LPEA, Co-LPEA, and Cu-LPEA are the three samples. Sample (a) LPEA revealed that the dry surface coated lm had a reasonable roughness and a microscopically smooth surface, however sample (b,c) Because there are currently Co and Cu elements in the majority of the polymer structure, it has been noted that the level of roughness is improving. ...
Linoleic Fatty Acid based poly(ester amide) containing Copper and Cobalt as anticorrosive and antimicrobial binders for protective paints were prepared. The prepared polyesteramide resins were confirmed spectroscopically and investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, Energy Dispersive X-ray and Scanning Electron Microscopy studies. Different substrates either glass or mild steel strips were coated by using the prepared binders with a thickness of 120 +/- 5 µm using a brush. Using international testing standards, the physico-mechanical properties and chemical resistance of the resins were tested to evaluate their coating performance. The obtained results of mechanical properties of the dry coated films hass been enhanced such as Scratch Hardness, and cross-cutt adhesion however the Alkali resistance of the dry coated films has been also improved fron < 15 dys to be > 30 days and Acid resistance the resistance also, incresed from 20 to > 30 days .Furthermore, the resins were assessed as anti-corrosive and antibacterial single coatings by combining them with primer compositions. The results illustrated that Copper and Cobalt-incorporated linoleic fatty acids, within the resin structure, enhanced the antibacterial activity and has been affected on the primer coating formulation which improved their biological activity comparing with sample blank. The observed results of corrosion resistance for the painted steel films based on Copper and Cobalt-incorporated linoleic fatty acids, such as degree of rusting, blistering, and scribe failure confirmed that the prepared resins can be using as anticorrosive binder for steel protection.
... The energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis is determined using an X-Max 80 detector unit equipped with a JEM-1230 transmission electron microscope for the detection of unique X-rays for elemental analysis (TEM) [60]. A Zeta-sizer (Model: Malvern Nano ZS Nano) dynamic light scattering (DLS) system equipped with a red (633 nm) laser and an Avalanche photodiode detector (APD) (quantum efficiency > 50% at 633 nm) were used to determine the hydrodynamic diameter (HD) and Zeta-potential (Malvern Instruments Ltd., England). ...
Pathogenic microorganisms and cancer continue to be the most difficult problem in public health care and the incidence of diseases caused by such resistant strains and cancer cells are growing. Recent advances in nanotechnology open up new possibilities for creating novel, exciting nanoparticles that are safe for human cells and may be used as smart antibacterial and anticancer medicines. The novelty of the present study is the extracellular green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), and gold (Au) NPs using the cell filtrate of the endophytic fungus Fusarium chlamydosporum MW341592.1 isolated from healthy leaves of Eucalyptus sideroxylon plant. Eco-friendly synthesized ZnO NPs and Au NPs were screening for their activity against select carcinomic cell lines and some multidrug-resistant bacteria. The synthesized ZnO NPs and Au NPs were characterized by UV-Vis. spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), transition electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The UV-Vis. absorption spectra of the produced ZnO NPs showed bands in the UV area at 320 nm, whereas the Au NPs showed bands in the UV region at 530 nm. TEM revealed average sizes for ZnO NPs, and Au NPs as 19.3 nm and 22.1 nm, respectively, while shape revealed both ZnO NPs and Au NPs with spherical-like shape. Biological assay showed that raising in the synthesized NP concentration lowers the number of HCT-116 human colon cancer cells and CACO2 human intestinal cancer cells, as well as associated pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
... Nanotechnology also plays an important part in environmental sciences, drug delivery systems, and energy production [3,4]. Since the birth of nanotechnology, several nanoscale technologies have been developed using various techniques, including chemical, physical, and green techniques [5][6][7][8]. In general, the scalable fabrication of NS is performed using conventional topdown/bottom-up approaches, including harsh, corrosive, genotoxic, carcinogenic, and hazardous chemicals, volatile organic solvents, and high-energy treatment, which generates potential health and environmental risks [9]. ...
Many research papers are currently being written about various methodologies for the green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. In this study, ZnO nanoparticles were prepared by green synthesis method using baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The characterization of the produced ZnO nanoparticles involved the utilization of XRD, FTIR, SEM, and TEM. The investigation involved the assessment of the antimicrobial potential and photocatalytic degradation efficacy of the synthesized materials through the utilization of Eriochrome Black T (EBT). The results indicate that the ZnO nanoparticles exhibit a spherical morphology, exhibiting diameters ranging from 13.0 to 20.0nm, with an average particle size of 15.0nm. The antimicrobial efficacy against (S. aureus) gram-positive and (E. coli) gram-negative bacteria was tested through the conduction of zone of inhibition (ZOI) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests. This research focused on the study of the photocatalytic-degradation of EBT in the presence of ultraviolet light. The experiments focused on the impact of various factors, such as pH levels, initial EBT concentration, and nanocatalyst dosage, on the observed photocatalytic efficiency. In the in vitro ZOI and MIC results assay, it was observed that ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) exhibited greater efficacy against gram-positive S. aureus, with a ZOI measuring 23.1 mm and a MIC of 0.625 μg/ml. In contrast, the effectiveness of ZnO-NPs against gram-negative E. coli was comparatively lower, as indicated by a ZOI of 17.0 mm and a MIC of 1.250μg/ml. The greatest EBT elimination, which achieved 83.0% in equilibrium, was found employing 20.0mg of ZnO NPs at pH 3.0, according to the photocatalytic activity results. The synthetic ZnO NPs are powerful antibacterial agents that are effective against tested bacteria and may be used in the treatment of wastewater.
... The reason could be that the proteins adsorbed to the surfaces of the oil droplets would be expected to have a different molecular structure and interactions than those present in the aqueous phase and may be due to -C-H-bending vibration of the aromatic ring. According to Fig. 2, a new ester peak appeared at 1740 cm − 1 during the process with increase in peak intensity (along with increasing protein level and O/H ratio) for all bigels as the presence of aspartic acid in whey protein (Elfadel et al., 2023;Ye et al., 2022). ...
This article focused on the preparation of Cu, Co (II)‐containing linoleic‐based poly(ester amide) resin and studied their use as new binders for paint formulation. The metal‐containing LPEA was carried out by in situ condensation polymerization reaction between hydroxyethyl linoleic fatty amide diol (HELA), phthalic anhydride (PA), and Cu, Co acetate. The structure of the prepared resins was confirmed by FTIR and 1H NMR spectral studies. Physicochemical, thermal analysis (TGA), surface morphology (SEM), and elemental composition (EDX) were studied by standard methods. The physicomechanical, antimicrobial, and corrosion/chemical resistance performance tests were also conducted to evaluate their coating properties. These studies revealed that (i) the incorporation of Cu, Co (II) has a significant influence on structural and physicochemical aspects. The paint formulation based on Cu, Co (II) containing LPEA showed very good results according to the corrosion resistant test evalution. (iii) Antimicrobial tests of all prepared resins were performed by agar diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and pathogenic fungal strain using standard controlled medication, ciprofloxacin/fluconazole for the comparison. (iv) Cu, Co (II) containing LPEA serve as novel binders and promising candidates for use as binders for protective coating material.
