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Predicting alcohol consequences, harmful/hazardous drinking, serious alcohol problems, and alcohol-related accidents 2 years later: Logistic regression
Source publication
Objective:
This study examines the use of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) as a predictor of alcohol problems and alcohol-related consequences and accidents two years later in a college student sample.
Method:
Longitudinal data on AmED use, alcohol consequences, and alcohol problems were collected from the fall of students' second year of...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... consequences (RAPI). As shown in Table 1, infrequent and frequent AmED use, compared with nonuse, were associated with signifi cantly higher odds of reporting negative consequences on the RAPI (score of 8). There were no differences based on gender, race/ethnicity, age, sorority/ fraternity involvement, or heavy episodic drinking. ...Context 2
... consequences (RAPI). As shown in Table 1, infrequent and frequent AmED use, compared with nonuse, were associated with signifi cantly higher odds of reporting negative consequences on the RAPI (score of 8). There were no differences based on gender, race/ethnicity, age, sorority/ fraternity involvement, or heavy episodic drinking. ...Similar publications
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Background:
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Methods:
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Introduction
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Energy drinks are increasingly used worldwide inspite of their side effects. These drinks has been linked to case reports that present with ST-elevation myocardial infarction, but in this case we report a case that presents with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction after energy drink intake. The patient complained about chest pain after drinking...
Citations
... Although most studies do not investigate the direct interaction of TAU/EtOH, the combined used of EtOH and energy drinks is associated to major health problems. Thus, the combined use of alcohol and energy drinks increases the number and time of drinks consumed, dehydration, and more severe and prolonged hangovers, leading to an increase number of alcohol poisoning reports (Patrick et al. 2014;Snipes and Benotsch 2013). ...
Taurine (TAU) is a β-amino sulfonic acid with pleiotropic roles in the brain, including the neuromodulatory activity via GABAergic and glycinergic agonism. This molecule is found at high concentrations in energy drinks and is often mixed with alcohol in beverages. Although TAU has a neuroprotective role in the brain, the putative risks of mixing TAU and EtOH are not fully understood. Here, we investigated whether TAU modulates locomotor and anxiety-like behavior in adult zebrafish by using the novel tank and light-dark tests following acute EtOH exposure at anxiogenic and anxiolytic concentrations. Zebrafish were individually exposed to water (control), TAU (42, 150, and 400 mg/L), and EtOH (0.25% (v/v) and 1% (v/v)) both independently and cotreated for 1 h. EtOH 0.25% and TAU produced U-shape anxiolytic-like behavior in the light-dark test, TAU 42 and 400 positively modulated EtOH effects, and TAU 150 exerted a protective effect. All TAU concentrations counteracted EtOH 1%-induced locomotion impairment, as well as the anxiogenic-like behavior. Finally, all TAU concentrations when given independently or cotreated with EtOH 0.25% and 1% decreased the risk assessment of the lit compartment. Principal component analyses revealed that exploration and anxiety-like responses were the main behaviors that contribute to the effects of TAU and EtOH. Overall, we demonstrate that TAU differently modulates EtOH-induced anxiolytic- and anxiogenic-like behaviors depending on the concentration, suggesting a complex mechanism underlying TAU and EtOH interactions.
... Animal studies have indicated that certain ingredients contained in energy drinks, such as taurine, can reduce subsequent alcohol intake [10]. More studies, however, have noted that AmED consumption induces hazardous and risky drinking behaviors [≥8 on Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)] [4,11], especially with regard to drinking frequency, amount, and duration [4,[12][13][14]. ...
... AmED consumption was found to increase the average number of negative alcohol-related consequences experienced by both men and women. Such results were in alignment with the existing body of literature that has found increased odds of negative alcohol-related consequences for AmED consumers relative to non-consumers [6,9,11,15]. ...
Consumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) has been associated with various alcohol-related consequences among college students. However, more information is required to assess how this relationship is affected by sociodemographic and environmental factors. This paper investigates the association between AmED consumption and negative alcohol-related consequences while (1) stratifying AmED users by sex, (2) examining a range of outcomes specific to the college context (e.g., missing class), and (3) controlling for drinking frequency and amount. We surveyed and analyzed the data of 4592 students in a nationally representative sample of 82 colleges in South Korea. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify the association between AmED use and a number of alcohol-related consequences (ranging from a score of 0-12) while adjusting for covariates, including drinking frequency and intake per drinking session. Of our study population, 22.0% of alcohol-consuming men and 13.4% of alcohol-consuming women reported AmED consumption in the past 12 months. AmED users experienced a greater number of alcohol-related consequences (e.g., missing class, engaging in unplanned sexual activity) than non-AmED users (men β: 0.804, p ≤ 0.0001; women β: 0.522, p ≤ 0.0001). Male AmED users consuming alcohol once a month (β: 1.155, p ≤ 0.0001) and female users consuming less than once a month (β: 1.019, p ≤ 0.0001) experienced the greatest number of consequences compared to non-users, as did AmED users consuming 3-4 drinks per drinking session (men β: 1.012, p ≤ 0.0001; women β: 0.993, p ≤ 0.0001). Our findings reveal that both male and female college students who consume AmED experience a greater number of negative alcohol-related consequences than those who do not. Rather than high-risk drinkers, moderate drinkers who consume alcohol infrequently and/or in low amounts may experience more consequences when consumers of AmED.
... 23 In 2010, the FDA labelled caffeine as an 'unsafe food additive' when added to alcoholic beverages. 28 Although not assessed in our study, problems linked to AED use include higher rates of alcohol intoxication and an increase in risky behaviours. 1,9,19,20,22 This fact might be related with the counteracting effect of caffeine against the sedative effects of alcohol, which leads to a reduced perception of alcohol intoxication. ...
Introduction: Energy drinks are youth-targeted beverages that contain high amounts of caffeine and other stimulants. A number of deleterious health effects associated with consumption of these drinks have already been reported. Despite the health concerns, energy drinks research has been sparse, especially at younger ages. The main purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of energy drinks consumption and patterns of use among adolescents.
Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study of students aged between 11 – 17 years-old attending four public schools in Braga, cluster sampled. A self-administrated questionnaire was used to access sociodemographic data, self-reported academic performance as well as energy drinks consumption patterns, attitudes, awareness and associated symptoms.
Results: In a total of 1414 adolescents studied (mean age 15.1 ± 1.5 years; 53.9% were females), 56.7% reported to have used energy drinks at least once (62.5% in males; 52.1% in females). Of those, 34% described a regular consumption (at least once a month) and 14.1% a weekly consumption. The most common reasons for energy drinks consumption were the pleasant taste (49%), desire to increase global energy (35%) or sports performance (33%). On average, energy drinks users were older compared with non-users. Energy drinks consumption was associated with male gender and with self-reported worse academic performance. Approximately onethird experienced at least one symptom after consumption. In addition, 39.9% of energy drinks consumers reported mixing those with alcohol.
Discussion: Consumption of energy drinks has been increasing. The prevalence found for its consumption in this study is similar to that reported in the literature. Knowledge about motivation, general awareness of the risks or other variables related to consumption of these drinks might allow a better characterization of this behavior.
Conclusion: This study showed a high prevalence of energy drinks consumption among adolescents from a city in Northern Portugal, with self-reported symptoms after consumption and common concomitant use of alcohol.
... In a study of first-year college student drinkers, the majority reported stability in AmED use from baseline to 6 months later (no AmED use at either time point [60%] or AmED use at both time points [12%]); however, some initiated (12%) or discontinued (16%) AmED use across the 6 months (Mallett, Scaglione, Reavy, & Turrisi, 2015). Longitudinal research across a longer time period has demonstrated that AmED use among college students was predictive of alcohol use severity and alcohol-related accidents two years later (Patrick, Evans-Polce, & Maggs, 2014). These findings suggest that AmED consumption patterns may change over time and have long-term effects on alcohol use and related harms. ...
Aims
Alcohol mixed with energy drink (AmED) use is associated with negative consequences including hazardous alcohol use and driving under the influence. While many studies have focused on correlates of AmED use among college samples, very few have examined patterns of AmED use during adolescence and young adulthood within the general population. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to assess age differences in AmED use among a national sample of respondents aged 18 to 30.
Methods
The data for this study come from the Monitoring the Future panel study from 2012 to 2015. The sample consists of 2222 respondents between the ages of 18 and 30. Multiple logistic regression using generalized estimating equations (GEE) was used to model past-year AmED prevalence across age and other covariates.
Results
Nearly half (45.0%) of respondents indicated past-year AmED use at some point during the study period. The lowest prevalence rates were found at age 18 (25.9%) and the highest prevalence rates at age 21/22 (43.5%). GEE analyses indicated a statistically significant positive linear and negative quadratic trend with respect to the association between age of respondent and past-year AmED use. Namely, peak use occurred in early young adulthood (age 21/22 and 23/24) and then declined, reaching 32.0% by age 29/30. College attendance and several substance use behaviors at age 18 moderated these linear and quadratic age trends.
Conclusions
AmED use peaked rapidly in early young adulthood and declined into later young adulthood. Substance use during adolescence was associated with a higher incidence of AmED use across all young adult ages and a slower decline of AmED use after age 21/22. Several sociodemographic factors were associated with AmED use, particularly college attendance at the age of 21/22.
... Due to the popularity of energy drinks in the 1980s there was a growing consumption among young people [1,2] who started to use these substances for a variety of reasons, including to improve physical performance, memory, concentration or to alleviate drowsiness [3,4]. However, recent studies raise questions about their interaction with alcohol and their ability to mask the subjective effects of alcoholic beverages, leading young people to overestimate their level of commitment, drink more and favor engagement in risk behaviors [5][6][7][8]. In 2006, the global annual consumption of energy drinks increased by 17% over the previous year to 906 million gallons, although Thailand leads the ranking with the highest per capita consumption in the world, and the US leads the highest total sales volume [9], the consumption of this substance in Brazil has become a notorious public health problem. ...
... Study compared the effects of two doses of alcohol, one in combination with energy drink and the other only with alcohol, found that the energetic beverage reduced the perception of alcohol damages among its users, although the psychomotor functions remain unchanged [6]. Another study identified the use of alcohol and energy drink as a consistent predictor for frequent use and serious alcohol problems (≥16 in AUDIT), as well as an increased risk of involvement in motor vehicle accidents [8]. Considering the long-term effects of this combination, a study identifies through animal models that repeated exposure to alcohol mixed with caffeine in young mice causes unique behavioral and neurochemical effects similar to those caused by use of cocaine, potentially contributing to a risk of future abuse as a way to compensate for these behavioral and neurochemical changes [20]. ...
... AMED = alcohol mixed with energy drink; AO = alcohol only; CI = confidence interval consumption in the first survey predicted the behaviors observed in the follow-up survey. Patrick, Evans-Polce, & Maggs, 2014 conducted a prospective study to examine whether AMED consumption predicted alcoholrelated consequences 2 years later. They found that AMED consumption was associated with significantly increased AUDIT scores, greater alcohol intake, and corresponding negative consequences. ...
The purpose of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to critically review the (1) prevalence of alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED) consumption, (2) motives for AMED consumption, (3) correlates of AMED consumption, and (4) whether AMED consumption has an impact on (a) alcohol consumption, (b) subjective intoxication, and (c) risk‐taking behavior.
Overall a minority of the population consumes AMED, typically infrequently. Motives for AMED consumption are predominantly hedonistic and social. Meta‐analyses revealed that AMED consumers drink significantly more alcohol than alcohol‐only (AO) consumers. Within‐subject comparisons restricted to AMED consumers revealed that alcohol consumption does not significantly differ between typical AMED and AO occasions. On past month heaviest drinking occasions, AMED users consume significantly less alcohol on AMED occasions when compared to AO occasions. AMED consumers experience significantly fewer negative consequences and risk‐taking behavior on AMED occasions compared with AO occasions. Meta‐analyses of subjective intoxication studies suggest that AMED consumption does not differentially affect subjective intoxication when compared to AO consumption. In conclusion, when compared to AO consumption, mixing alcohol with energy drink does not affect subjective intoxication and seems unlikely to increase total alcohol consumption, associated risk‐taking behavior, nor other negative alcohol‐related consequences. Further research may be necessary to fully reveal the effects of AMED.
... 80 In one study, after controlling for demographic indicators and heavy episodic drinking among 620 college students, ED/alcohol use consistently predicted negative alcohol-related outcomes 2 years later, and frequent ED/alcohol use was associated with serious alcohol problems and an increased risk of alcohol-related accidents in the subsequent 2 years. 81 In addition, at least one study suggests a higher susceptibility for smoking as a result of ED/alcohol consumption, 82 and ED/alcohol use may confer additional risk for unprotected sex beyond hazardous drinking. 83 Evidence also links consumption of ED/alcohol to suicidality, particularly in the military. ...
Introduction:
Energy drinks (EDs) have become an integral part of the young adult, athletic, and military culture. Many athletes are convinced that EDs enhance performance, and service members as well as college students frequently use EDs as stimulants to counter sleep deprivation, or to improve academic performance. However, concerns have been raised by some military leaders about potential adverse effects of EDs.
Materials and methods:
A needs assessment survey of a convenience sample of military health care providers was conducted and identified EDs as a top knowledge need for those providers working in the area of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The instrument demonstrated high interitem consistency (Cronbach's α > .80). To further explore the state of knowledge on EDs, and to prompt further discussion of ED use and how it may related to military treatment protocols and supporting educational products, we conducted a literature review of English language publications listed in the National Library of Medicine using the search term "energy drinks" and published during the last 5 years to determine what is known about EDs in terms of their potential benefits and health risks.
Results:
The active ingredients in most EDs are caffeine, and to a lesser extent taurine and sugars. Several reports suggest that the combination of these ingredients is more active than the caffeine alone. Despite the positive attributes of EDs, there are increasing reports of serious and potentially life-threatening side effects. Most recently there also has been a dramatic increase in the use of ED/alcohol combination drinks, and there are preliminary studies that suggest important adverse effects with this combination. A 2013 National Institutes of Health expert workshop concluded that more clinical studies are needed to clearly define the health risks associated with ED use.
Conclusion:
The needs assessment points to a desire for more ED knowledge of health providers working with TBI patients. A few key themes emerged from the exploratory literature review that can be taken into consideration when educating health providers and delivering knowledge-based resources. Adverse effects of EDs are most closely associated with the dose of caffeine consumed. In general, the combination of ED with alcohol should be avoided because the ED can mask the level of intoxication, and the combination may be associated with increased risk-taking behavior. Overall, the risks and benefits of EDs remain controversial and good-quality long-term clinical trials are needed to inform policymaking, regulation, and the development of prevention and treatment resources.
... National data from Monitoring the Future indicate that 25% of high school seniors (Martz et al., 2015), 34% of college students, and 34% of young adults (not in college) consumed AmED at least once during the past year (Miech et al., 2016). AmED has been the focus of several studies of college-student samples, with past-month prevalence consistently close to one in four (Brache and Stockwell, 2011;Marzell et al., 2014;O'Brien et al., 2008;Patrick et al., 2014). ...
Background
Highly caffeinated energy drinks (ED) are commonly consumed and sometimes mixed with alcohol. Associations between ED consumption, risk-taking, and alcohol-related problems have been observed. This study examines the relationship between ED consumptionboth with and without alcoholand drunk driving. Methods
Data were derived from a longitudinal study of college students assessed annually via personal interviews. In Year 6 (modal age 23; n=1,000), participants self-reported their past-year frequency of drunk driving, ED consumption patterns (frequency of drinking alcohol mixed with energy drinks [AmED] and drinking energy drinks without alcohol [ED]), alcohol use (frequency, quantity), and other caffeine consumption. Earlier assessments captured suspected risk factors for drunk driving. Structural equationmodeling was used to develop an explanatory model for the association between ED consumption patterns and drunk driving frequency while accounting for other suspected risk factors. ResultsMore than half (57%) consumed ED at least once during the past year. Among ED consumers, 71% drank AmED and 85% drank ED alone; many (56%) engaged in both styles of ED consumption while others specialized in one or the other (29% drank ED alone exclusively, while, 15% drank AmED exclusively). After accounting for other risk factors, ED consumption was associated with drunk driving frequency in 2 ways. First, a direct path existed from ED frequency (without alcohol) to drunk driving frequency. Second, an indirect path existed from AmED frequency through alcohol quantity to drunk driving frequency. Conclusions
Among this sample, ED consumption with and without alcohol was common, and both styles of ED consumption contributed independently to drunk driving frequency. Results call for increased attention to the impact of different patterns of ED consumption on alcohol-related consequences, such as drunk driving.
... In an online UK sample, 45% of university students report combining alcohol and energy drinks to get drunk (Johnson, Alford, Verster, & Stewart, 2016). In addition to combined use of alcohol and energy drinks being associated with more negative alcohol consequences (Brache & Stockwell, 2011;Malinauskas et al., 2007;Miller, 2008;O'Brien et al., 2008;Patrick, Evans-Polce, & Maggs, 2014;Pennay et al., 2015;Woolsey et al., 2015), combining alcohol and energy drinks may also be particularly detrimental for sleep. Cross-sectional studies evaluating self-reported outcomes of combining alcohol and caffeine, compared with using alcohol alone, indicate greater sleep difficulties (Peacock, Bruno, & Martin, 2012) and decreased sleep quality (Woolsey, Waigandt, & Beck, 2010). ...
This study examines whether energy drink use and binge drinking predict sleep quantity, sleep quality, and next-day tiredness among college students. Web-based daily data on substance use and sleep were collected across four semesters in 2009 and 2010 from 667 individuals for up to 56 days each, yielding information on 25,616 person-days. Controlling for average levels of energy drink use and binge drinking (i.e., 4+ drinks for women, 5+ drinks for men), on days when students consumed energy drinks, they reported lower sleep quantity and quality that night, and greater next-day tiredness, compared to days they did not use energy drinks. Similarly, on days when students binge drank, they reported lower sleep quantity and quality that night, and greater next-day tiredness, compared to days they did not binge drink. There was no significant interaction effect between binge drinking and energy drink use on the outcomes.
... In recent years, the popularity of consuming alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) has raised concerns among public health officials. Studies have shown that 23% to 56% of college students reported use of AmED in the past 30 days (Malinauskas et al., 2007;O'Brien et al., 2008;Brache and Stockwell, 2011;Miller, 2012;Patrick et al., 2014) with males having higher odds of consuming AmED than females (O'Brien et al., 2008;Miller, 2012). More than half of the college students who used AmED reported it in the context of partying (Malinauskas et al., 2007) and reported increased heavy episodic drinking and weekly drunkenness compared to those using alcohol alone (O'Brien et al., 2008(O'Brien et al., , 2013. ...
... In this study, 27% of youth used alcohol mixed with energy drinks in the past 30 days. Our findings in this younger age group were similar to the findings of studies among college students (23-56%) (Malinauskas et al., 2007;O'Brien et al., 2008;Brache and Stockwell, 2011;Miller, 2012;Patrick et al., 2014) but were higher than those among 13-20 year olds surveyed using the web (Kponee et al., 2014). We thus add to the scant literature on this use among US adolescents. ...
Background:
Predictors of use of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) among youth have been understudied. The current analyses investigated the prevalence of and correlates for use of AmED among alcohol users from a national study of stimulant use among youth.
Methods:
The National Monitoring of Adolescent Prescription Stimulants Study (N-MAPSS) assessed behaviors and risk factors for stimulant use from 11,048 youth, 10-18 years of age recruited from entertainment venues across 10 US cities. Of the four cross sections, two had questions on having alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) in the past 30 days along with sociodemographic characteristics, current tobacco and marijuana use and current nonmedical use of prescription opioids, anxiolytics, and stimulants. Only 13 to18 year olds and those who reported alcohol use were included in the analyses.
Results:
Overall, 28.4% (1392 out of 4905) of the 13 to18 year olds reported past 30-day alcohol use. Among alcohol users, 27% reported having alcohol mixed with energy drinks in the past 30 days. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that use of AmED was significantly associated with tobacco and marijuana use and nonmedical use of prescription stimulants.
Conclusions:
Underage drinking is common among youth and more than a quarter of these drinkers use AmED. Use of AmED is significantly associated with tobacco and marijuana use and nonmedical use of prescription stimulants. Drug and alcohol intervention programs should educate on the risks of AmED, as the same population is at high-risk for use of AmED and alcohol/drug use.
