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Predicted latitudinal centroids of the 28 pelagic fish species from 2005 to 2055 under the SRES A2 scenario that were driven by outputs from Earth System Models (a) GFDL (b) IPSL, (c) CCSM and (d) ensemble of projections driven by the three Earth System Models. The thick black line represents median, the box represents 25 and 75 percentiles while the dotted line represents upper and lower limits. Positive values represent poleward range shifts.
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... À1 , respectively, during the same period. As a result, the latitudinal centroids of the species were projected to shift poleward at an average rate of at 16.1 ± 0.36 (S.E.) km decade À1 , 20.5 ± 0.53 km decade À1 and 53.5 ± 1.15 km decade À1 with forcing from Earth System Models GFDL, IPSL and CCSM, respectively, under the SRES A2 scenario (Fig. 5). The ensemble rate of poleward range shift was estimated to be 30.1 ± 2.35 km decade À1 . Under the RCP 2.6 and 8.5 scenarios, average range shifts were projected to be 18.9 ± 0.5 km decade À1 and 30.1 ± 0.63 km decade À1 , respectively. The average rate of range shift under the RCP 2.6 scenario is significantly lower than the rate ...
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... Due to the soil's hardening from a lack of water, desertification leads to the loss of fertile areas that may be used for farming or grazing livestock. Climate change unquestionably has a significant impact on water because it affects not only the biological but also the physical (such as changes in temperature and parcel situations) and chemical (such as changes in acidity and oxygen content) environments in water bodies (Cheung et al., 2015). These fluctuations will result in a decrease in agricultural productivity, which, when coupled with factors like an expanding global population, a rise in food demand, and steady or worsening climatic conditions, will have a detrimental effect on food security. ...
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