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Predicted habitat suitability for: A, Acacia abyssinica subsp. calophylla and B, Acacia turnbulliana. Scale bars indicate mean suitability from ten repeated model runs. Pink dots indicate presence localities used to develop the models. Inset shows known distribution of A. abyssinica subsp. calophylla (black tree icons) and A. turnbulliana (red), adapted with permission from Dharani (2006).
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Background and aims - Plants are often overlooked in conservation planning, yet they are the foundation of all terrestrial ecosystems. The East Africa region is used to investigate the effectiveness of protected areas for conserving plants. With a wide range of ecosystems and 771 protected areas covering nearly one quarter of the land area, East Af...
Citations
... MaxEnt predicted the effectiveness of protected areas under climate change (Riquelme et al. 2018;Yu et al. 2014;Ortega-Andrade et al. 2013), and extracted species' niche occupation in the Ross Sea marine protected area to understand mesopredator co-existence for its efficiency evaluation (Ballard et al. 2012). GAM is suitable for evaluating the species diversity holding capacity of protected areas (Marshall et al. 2012). MaxEnt and ensemble were found to be useful for this study aim also. ...
SDMs are not new to conservation, but their popularity has increased dramatically in recent years. This step-by-step review provides an overview of the efficacy of SDMs in guiding restoration and conservation strategies across a wide range of ecological realms. Numerous studies have demonstrated the applicability of SDMs to various fields; however, their effectiveness has not been evaluated for a variety of ecosystems. Therefore, a survey and analysis of published work on the use of SDM in ecological rejuvenation and conservation from 2002 to 2023 (May) is conducted. The analysis found a total of 739 papers and the number of papers increased after 2016. The United States of America (135) had the most SDM implementations in conservation planning, followed by China (59), Australia (40), and other nations, according to the classification of the research area by country. In the model, Maxent (341) and in the areas, Forest (252) outperformed contenders for the number of papers published. This review will create a framework to aid in the following: (1) information about taxa and realms in need of protection, (2) selection of the best SDM approach according to study aim, focused species, and study area, and (3) supplemental techniques useful for better SDM output. In addition, it will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various fundamental SDM algorithms in the context of ecological conservation.
Graphical Abstract
... Acacia woodland is an iconic ecosystem in Ethiopia, accounting for 11% dry land woodland of the country [38]. In this case, a woodland is defined as the type of land cover characterized by trees and shrubs with a tree crown cover of 5-10% of trees able to reach a height of 5 m at maturity and a crown cover of more than 10% of trees not able to reach a height of 5 m at maturity, having fewer species diversify [39]. ...
Background: Allometric equations are used to estimate biomass and carbon stock of forests. In Ethiopia, despite the presence of large floral diversity, only a few site-specific allometric equations have been developed so far. This study was conducted in the Omo-Gibe woodland of southwestern Ethiopia to develop an allometric equation to estimate the Above-ground Biomass (AGB) of the four Acacia species (Senegalia polyacantha, Vachellia seyal, Vachellia etbaica and Vachellia tortilis). Fifty-four (54) Acacia trees were sampled and measured within 35 temporarily established square plots. In each plot, dendrometric variables were measured to derive the models based on combinations of Diameter at Breast Height (DBH), height, and wood density as predictor variables. Model performance was evaluated using goodness-of-fit statistics. The biomass was compared using four allometric biomass models that have been widely used in the tropics. Results: The model containing DBH alone was more accurate to estimate AGB compared to the use of multiple pre-dictor variables. This study, therefore, substantiated the importance of site-specific allometric equations in estimating the AGB of Acacia woodlands. This is because a site-specific allometric equation recognizes the environmental factors, vegetation types and management practices. Conclusions: The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of allometric equations and an accurate estimate of AGB of Acacia woodlands in Ethiopia and similar ecosystems elsewhere.
... congestorides și rigidă la var. ambigua) (Georgescu et al. 1942) (Marshall et al. 2012). Prin urmare, cu ajutorul informațiilor extrase de pe etichetele planșelor s-au cartografiat locurile de recoltare a specimenelor celor două specii și s-au obținut așa numitele "hărți cu puncte" (Fig. 8, 9). ...
... Phytochemicals such as Alkaloids, tannins, essential oils, saponins steroids, which are actually the defensive mechanism of the plants against pathogens. The MIC values of the extract was found to have various range, thus indicating that evaluation of MIC is sufficient for measuring bacterial activity 12 . The test organisms used in this study are associated with various forms of human infections. ...
ABSTRACT
Background: The aim and objective of this study was to evaluate methanolic extract of Bombax buonopozense (stem) for antimicrobial and phytochemical screening. Methods: The methanolic stem extract of B. buonopozense with documented ethno-medicinal applications were fractionated in different solvents (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water) and subjected to phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity against some disease-causingmicroorganisms including gram positive and gram negative (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp and Escherichia coli). The antimicrobial tests were carried out in triplicates, the data obtained were subjected to one-way ANOVA using statistical package for social science (SPSS). Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of Alkaloids, saponins, saponin glycosides, Tannins, hydrolysable Tannins, steroids and triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenols and volatile oils. Each fractions of the extract demonstrated antibacterial activity against all the organisms tested. MIC values of each fractions revealed strong inhibition against all the organisms tested. The methanolic stem extract of B. buonopozense in chloroform, water, ethyl acetate, n-hexane and n-butanol showed the following MIC values. S. aureus. 6.25, 25, 12.5, 6.25, and 12.5. E. coli 100, 100, 50, 6.25 and 12.5. Salmonella spp. 3.125, 12.5, 25, 3.125 and 12.5 respectively. Conclusion: This study shows that the extract posses’ antimicrobial properties which can be used as alternatives to conventional antibiotics.
... While legumes provide crucial natural resources to the local human societies, they are also experiencing various threats, including clearing for charcoal production, wood carvings, and commercial agriculture (Marshall et al., 2012). Urbanisation, forest fires, and invasive species have also been major threats to natural Fabaceae populations (Witt et al., 2018). ...
... Urbanisation, forest fires, and invasive species have also been major threats to natural Fabaceae populations (Witt et al., 2018). Some of these threats need to be mitigated through formulating and implementing strict laws, identifying species that need priority attention, re-examining current policies and legal frameworks, intensifying research and providing up-to-date data for decision making and creating awareness (Maundu et al., 2006), setting aside land for species relocation and implementing breeding programs (Marshall et al., 2012;Nyairo and Machimura, 2020). As such, there is a need to safeguard them from this real risk, which may be accomplished through species distribution modelling (SDM) to determine the conditions under which the species occur and forecast where the species may persist (Phillips et al., 2006). ...
... Overall, various plants taxa (e.g., herbs and lianas) might lack dispersal limitations since their lightweight seeds can be disseminated up to miles to establish new populations (Behera et al., 2019). This is comparable to tree species because their large seeds can be disseminated by birds, large mammals and/or humans (Marshall et al., 2012;Behera et al., 2019). As a result, the dispersal capacity of trees, shrubs, and herb species may not be limited by their seed dissemination ability but by their establishment in new locations (Vander Wall et al., 2005;Montoya et al., 2008). ...
Predicting the responses of threatened tropical plant species to global climate change has been considered to be critical for assessing changes in species distribution and evaluating their conservation status. In reflecting on the vast species richness, East Africa has long been recognised as a hotspot of biodiversity, but very little is known about the vulnerability of the endemic plant diversity to anthropogenic introduced climate changes. This study evaluated the potential impacts of global climate change on plant species ranges in coastal East Africa by predicting the extent and direction of projected changes in climatic suitability. Specifically , we employed species distribution modelling in MaxEnt to identify species experiencing the highest threat of range declines. To do so, we evaluated climatic suitability for eleven legume species using one global climate model and two greenhouse gas emissions scenarios for present and future climates. The findings indicated that the mean AUC and TSS values of the focal taxa ranged from 0.818 to 0.992 and from 0.780 to 0.851, respectively, indicating that the MaxEnt model's prediction accuracy was good or exceptional. Occupancy and abundance of nine species were positively associated with low elevations, high relative humidity, and warmer temperatures in the coastal regions. Regardless of species, precipitation of the warmest quarter and mean temperature of the wettest quarter exhibited a minor impact on the distribution. Furthermore, the probable distribution regions of these species ranged from 77,270 km 2 to 282,297 km 2. To our knowledge, this study is the first to appraise the distribution of threatened species within Fabaceae in coastal East Africa. The current findings provide a critical assessment framework for the conservation and management of Faba-ceae in the region.
... Acacia woodland is an iconic ecosystem in Ethiopia, accounting for 11% dry land woodland of the country [38]. In this case, a woodland is defined as the type of land cover characterized by trees and shrubs with a tree crown cover of 5-10% of trees able to reach a height of 5 m at maturity and a crown cover of more than 10% of trees not able to reach a height of 5 m at maturity, having fewer species diversify [39]. ...
Background
Allometric equations are used to estimate biomass and carbon stock of forests. In Ethiopia, despite the presence of large floral diversity, only a few site-specific allometric equations have been developed so far. This study was conducted in the Omo-Gibe woodland of south-western Ethiopia to develop an allometric equation to estimate the Above-ground Biomass (AGB) of the four Acacia species ( Senegalia polyacantha , Vachellia seyal, Vachellia etbaica and Vachellia tortilis ) . Fifty-four (54) Acacia trees were sampled and measured within 35 temporarily established square plots. In each plot, dendrometric variables were measured to derive the models based on combinations of Diameter at Breast Height (DBH), height, and wood density as predictor variables. Model performance was evaluated using goodness-of-fit statistics. The biomass was compared using four allometric biomass models that have been widely used in the tropics.
Results
The model containing DBH alone was more accurate to estimate AGB compared to the use of multiple predictor variables. This study, therefore, substantiated the importance of site-specific allometric equations in estimating the AGB of Acacia woodlands. This is because a site-specific allometric equation recognizes the environmental factors, vegetation types and management practices.
Conclusions
The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of allometric equations and an accurate estimate of AGB of Acacia woodlands in Ethiopia and similar ecosystems elsewhere.
... Plants "are the foundation of all terrestrial ecosystems" [244]. Alternatively, technology is updating and upgrading every day. ...
... Furthermore, protected areas were recently recognized as one of the appropriate systems for sustainable conservation of plant biological diversity (Marshall et al., 2012). However, the demographic explosion is leading to increased needs: leading to overexploitation of plant and animal resources. ...
... Using this approach, the risk of deleting other presence points is minimized [34]. As a result of cleaning, occurrence data were significantly reduced but still fit for analysis as they were comparable to previous studies [35][36][37]. We used nine species in our models ( Table 1). ...
Climate and land-use changes are the main drivers of species distribution. On the basis of current and future climate and socioeconomic scenarios, species range projections were made for nine species in the Fabaceae family. Modeled species have instrumental and relational values termed as nature's contribution to people (NCP). For each species, five scenarios were analyzed resulting in 45 species range maps. Representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 and three shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs 1, 2, and 3) were used in the analysis. Species ranges under these scenarios were modeled using MaxEnt; a niche modeling software that relates species occurrence with environmental variables. Results were used to compute species richness and evenness based on Shannon's diversity Index. Results revealed a mix of range expansion and contraction for the modeled species. The findings highlighted which species may remain competitive in an urbanized future and which ones are detrimentally affected by climate. Parts of the country where species abundances are likely to change due to climate and socioeconomic changes were identified. Management of species will be required in people-dominated landscapes to maintain interactions between nature and society, while avoiding natural resource degradation and loss of NCP.
... Woods of Acacia seyal used as a fumigant, leaves and bark used for treating gastric ulcers, gum is extracted from the plant therapeutic significance against rheumatism, and pods are useful in feeding in livestock (Boulos, 1983). Acacia seyal considered as threatened due different man activities such as cutting trees for fuel wood and drought fluctuations (ElBahaa, 2012;Marshall et al., 2012;New, 1984;Sinclair et al., 2008). ...
