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Recently, energy service providers (ESP) have increased due to deregulation in the power market. They install energy supply
equipment at their own cost and supply the necessary energy to the client. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government started Asia’s
first cap-and-trade program in April 2010. This program caps energy-related carbon dioxide emissions f...
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In the wave of global urbanization, the rapid development of the real estate industry has greatly driven the growth of personal housing loans of commercial banks, and personal housing loans have become a very important part of the loan business of commercial banks, especially in the business operations of many smaller urban commercial banks, where...
Citations
... High reliance on government subsidies. Currently, financial subsidies are the main driving force behind energy efficiency retrofits and clean heating in farm buildings [9]. On the one hand, the central government's financial support policy plays a fundamental role in promoting the development of clean heating and energy efficiency in rural areas. ...
Energy performance contracting (EPC) as a market instrument has been effective in promoting energy efficiency worldwide, but it has encountered many insurmountable obstacles in rural energy management. In this study, based on the characteristics of energy management in rural areas, three EPC modes are designed and tested in 24,000 rural households. The test results show that two adapted EPC modes of local government involvement and energy payment directly from the national grid can effectively overcome the barriers encountered in the traditional EPC modes and work well under the economic and social environmental conditions in rural areas. The key to the adaptation of the traditional EPC modes is the introduction of the local government as the third party. Participation of the third party can effectively reduce and remove the barriers and risks and increase the mutual trust between the clients (households) and the energy service companies (ESCOs). Based on the testing results, this study suggests that governmental departments should formulate relevant EPC policies and technical guidelines within the rural context. This research recommends that farmers should not manage their energy services by themselves and it is suggested to out-contracting ESCOs by applying the modes developed and tested by this paper.
... This leads to strict financial requirements that banks or other credit organizations impose on such projects. An analysis of economic risks in the implementation of projects under energy service contracting is presented in [2]. When modeling risks, the Monte Carlo method is used. ...
... Let n * (x) be a solution of the lower-level problem (1)- (2). The client at the upper level wants to choose the project (x * , n * (x)) that gives the optimal (minimum) value of the levelized cost of energy under energy performance agreement LC O E C (x, n * (x)), US$/kW·h. ...
The article is devoted to the application of energy performance contracts for the electrification of rural remote areas. The research presents a universal methodology for determining the main parameters of an energy performance contract. This methodology includes four main parts. The first part has a description of the climatic parameters on the territory under consideration and their use in mathematical modeling of isolated photovoltaic system operating modes. The second part has the mathematical models of an isolated photovoltaic system with battery energy storage system and diesel power plant. The third part consist of relevant questions and features of battery energy storage system operation in isolated energy systems. The fourth part is a hierarchical model of an energy performance contract. The model has the main indicators required for the client and contractor. These parameters are contract duration, contractor fee, modified levelized cost of energy and optimal composition of isolated energy system equipment. An isolated energy system located on the territory of Siberia was considered. The optimization results have the following key indicators: photovoltaic system (80 kW) with battery energy storage system (240 kW·h) reduces diesel fuel consumption by 68%. The energy performance agreement duration is 5 years and the modified levelized cost of energy is 15.53 RUB/kW·h.
With the continuous expansion of distributed energy resources (DERs) in the demand side, the distributed peer-to-peer (P2P) energy-trading market in prosumer community receives extensive research interests. A proper transaction structure and pricing model are inevitable. This paper proposes a bilateral energy-trading structure considering the energy trading agent (ETA) with self-built photovoltaic (PV) and energy storage system (ESS), to provide more sufficient energy transactions in community. A bilateral energy-trading model is also developed to make better use of local resources, including utility maximum model and hierarchical dynamic pricing model for the self-build energy-owed ETA and prosumers. Considering the personalized flexibilities of energy consumption and market contributions, the proposed pricing model focuses on the share of demand and supply market and demand response (DR) discount factor to make differentiated pricing decisions and promote market competitiveness. To solve the model, the distributed alternating direction method of multiplier (ADMM) with the predictor–corrector mechanism is realized. Finally, an example simulation verifies the effectiveness and advantages, that the proposed model can decrease the total cost by 5.11% and increase the ETA’s income by more than 9.38% compared to other designed cases.
The design and realization of a international trade management system with risk control is discussed in this paper. During the research project, besides the basic functions like requirements analysis, system design, system testing, and several phases of work, we add management to trade risk according to the special demand for trade risk. Actual EDI standard is also considered to provide an interface with the customs. SOA structure is adopted to make the information inside the enterprise be accessed conveniently by others. Following the process of software engineering, we adopt use case diagram to analyze the functions of system and investigate other designing objects. Then related UML models and E-R models are designed for the risk management modules. Finally we use ASP.NET to realize the system and corresponding tests and analysis description are also provided.
