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Power density curves and voltage behavior versus current density for MFC 1 ( A1 and A2 ) and MFC 2 ( B1 and B2 )
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This paper summarizes the comparison of a new tin-coated copper (t-coating Cu) mesh electrode with a graphite plate electrode for potential power generation and biocompatibility in a microbial fuel cell (MFC). The study, which used domestic wastewater, demonstrated that t-coating Cu mesh electrode produced a power density (271 mW/m(2)) approximatel...
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... performance of the t-coating Cu mesh and graphite plate was investigated at three different organic loading rates (OLRs) by using domestic wastewater. Maximum power densities varied depending on anode materials and substrate concentrations. Polarization curves for both anode materials are shown in Fig. 2. In the first period (OLR=15 mg COD/day), maximum power density was determined to be 34 mW/m 2 with the graphite electrode and 49 mW/m 2 with the t- coating Cu electrode. In the second period (OLR=30 mg COD/day), maximum power density was determined to be 64 and 87 mW/m 2 for graphite and t-coating Cu electrodes, respectively. Thus, the power density produced with the t-coating Cu mesh electrode was estimated to be 1.4 times higher than that with the graphite electrode. In the third period (OLR ≈ 60 mg COD/ l), the power density increased to 271 mW/m 2 with the t-coating Cu mesh electrode and 79 mW/m 2 with graphite electrode. The internal resistance of MFCs during the test period was evaluated using the power density peak method. Based on that method, resistance was 408 Ω in MFC 1 and 477 Ω in MFC 2 . During the entire operational period, maximum power densities were higher with t-coating Cu mesh electrode than those with the graphite electrode. The difference in power density produced was low at the OLR of 15 mg COD/day for both the t-coating Cu mesh and graphite electrodes; however, it increased as the OLR was increased. The results indicated that with the t-coating Cu mesh as anode electrode, electrons produced with the oxidation of wastewater transferred easily to the cathode. We therefore concluded that the t-coating Cu mesh electrode was better than the graphite electrode in terms of biofilm formation and electrical conductivity. Our results also showed that the t-coating Cu mesh electrode was much more effective as anode material than graphite and could obviously increase the relevant electron transfer rate and promote the electron exchange at electron surface. The detailed evaluation of biofilm ecology is presented in the next ...
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Enhancing anode performance is a critical step to improving the power output and energy storage of microbial fuel cells (MFCs). In this study, MFCs containing pseudocapacitive anode materials, such as polypyrrole-carboxymethyl cellulose (PPy-CMC) composite films, were used to coat the nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube (N-CNT)/sponge (S) for use in MFC...
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... Both gravel and granular graphite filter material had almost similar sizes; however, granular graphite particles are comparatively coarser than gravel particles. Along with this, granular graphite is also conducive to the diffusion of pollutants due to its high surface area and its porous structure (Taskan and Hasar, 2015;Zhou et al., 2011). But at the same time, granular graphite only contains inert fixed carbon material and along with this graphite is a more structured material so it may be less interactive than normal gravel, allowing differences in adsorption properties of gravel and graphite and the reason for lesser adsorption capacity in granular graphite. ...
There is an urgent need to develop low-cost technology for effective wastewater treatment and its further disinfection to the level to make it economically useful purpose. This work has designed and evaluated the various types of constructed wetlands (CWs) followed by a slow sand filter (SSF) for wastewater treatment and disinfection. The studied CWs were, CWs with gravels (CW-G), free water surface-CW (FWS-CWs), and CWs integrated microbial fuel cell (MFC) with granular graphite (CW-MFC-GG) planted with Canna indica plant species. These CWs were operated as secondary wastewater treatment technologies followed by SSF for disinfection purposes. The highest total coliform removal was observed in the combination of CW-MFC-GG-SSF which achieved a final concentration of 172 CFU/100 mL, whereas faecal coliform removal was 100 % with the combinations of CW-G-SSF and CW-MFC-GG-SSF, achieving 0 CFU/100 mL in the effluent. In contrast, FWS-SSF achieved the lowest total and faecal coliform removal attaining a final concentration of 542 CFU/100 mL and 240 CFU/100 mL, respectively. Furthermore, E. coli were detected as negative/absent in CW-G-SSF and CW-MFC-GG-SSF, while it was positive for FWS-SSF. In addition, the highest turbidity removal was achieved in CW-MFC-GG and SSF combination of 92.75 % from the municipal wastewater influent turbidity of 82.8 NTU. Furthermore, in terms of overall treatment performance of CW-G-SSF and CW-MFC-GG-SSF, these systems were able to treat 72.7 ± 5.5 % and 67.0 ± 2.4 % of COD and 92.3 % and 87.6 % of phosphate, respectively. Additionally, CW-MFC-GG also exhibited a power density of 85.71 mA/m3 and a current density of 25.71 mW/m3 with 700 Ω of internal resistance. Thus, CW-G and CW-MFC-GG followed by SSF could be a promising solution for enhanced disinfection and wastewater treatment.
... Carbon-based, non-toxic electrodes provide significantly higher specific surface area and adsorption characteristics. These are important for biocompatibility and biocatalyst immobilization [11,12,13,14]. Several modern carbon-based electrodes, such as 3D printed porous carbon anode [15] and electrospun carbon fibers [16], are proven to replace traditional graphite rods in wastewater-based electricity generation. ...
The rapid consumption of fossil fuels has led to calls to switch from non-renewable to renewable energy sources. Microbial fuel cells are a promising technology that simultaneously treats wastewater and produces power. This study used the Taguchi Experimental method to optimize anode thickness and pH to obtain the maximum power density of an air-cathode microbial fuel cell (ACMFC). The graphene-sponge (G-S) anode thickness and chamber pH were selected as operating parameters, with their corresponding levels. The L 9 orthogonal array was selected for the experimental design. According to Taguchi Method, the optimum G-S anode thickness and chamber pH were obtained at 1.0 cm and 8.0, respectively. A confirmatory run was performed with the optimum conditions, and accordingly, maximum power density was observed at 707.75 mW·m ⁻³ . Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to identify the percentage contributions of operating parameters in the process and was found to be 30.66% for pH and 69.34% for anode thickness.
... Some researchers have shown that electrode material has a great impact on treatment performance and bioelectricity generation [7,14]. Generally, most of the CW-MFCs employ granular activated carbon and granular graphite as electrode materials owing to their strong chemical stability, low cost, suitable attachment site for electroactive bacteria, and good biocompatibility [7, 15,16]. However, graphite and carbon materials are low-cost electrodes but less efficient compared to metal electrodes such as Pt, Mo, Ag, and Ti, which have a high cost [17]. ...
... The voltage output of CW-MFC (GAC) was found to be better than CW-MFC (GG) under both organic loads. This can be due to the higher specific surface area of granular activated carbon compared to granular graphite, which would have provided a better attachment site to exo-electrogenic biofilm [16,44,45]. Similarly, the power output of CW-MFC having charcoal electrodes was reported to be better than CW-MFC having graphite electrodes in a study conducted by another researcher [17]. ...
Multiple anodes can significantly enhance the treatment potential of constructed wetlands coupled with a microbial fuel cell (CW-MFC) system, which has not yet been explored. Thus, the present study evaluates the potential of multi-anodes and single cathode-based CW-MFC at significantly higher organic loading rates for treatment performance and bioelectricity generation. For this purpose, two identical but different materials, i.e., graphite granules (GG) and granular activated charcoal (GAC), were used to set up multiple anodes and single cathode-based CW-MFCs. The graphite granules (GG)-based system is named CW-MFC (GG), and the granular activated charcoal (GAC) based system is named as CW-MFC (GAC). These systems were evaluated for chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH4+-N removal efficiency, and electrical output at relatively higher organic loading rates of 890.11 g COD/m3-d and 1781.32 g COD/m3-d. At an OLR of 890.11 g COD/m3-d, the treatment efficiency was found to be 24.8% more in CW-MFC (GAC) than CW-MFC (GG), whereas it was 22.73% more for CW-MFC (GAC) when OLR was increased to 1781.32 g COD/m3-d. Whereas, NH4+-N removal efficiency was more in CW-MFC (GG) i.e., 56.29 ± 7% and 56.09 ± 3.9%, compared to CW-MFC (GAC) of 36.59 ± 3.8% and 50.59 ± 7% at OLR of 890.11 g COD/m3-d and 1781.32 g COD/m3-d, respectively. A maximum power density of 48.30 mW/m3 and a current density of 375.67 mA/m3 was produced for CW-MFC (GAC) under an organic loading rate of 890.11 g COD/m3-d.
... The lack of a membrane made SMFC more cost-effective than water-fueled MFC, whose membrane can cost half the price of the assembled MFC [46], [47], [48]. Desirable features of an anode would include mechanical strength, conductivity, hydrophilicity, and biocompatibility for adequate microbial adhesion to develop electroactive biofilm and effective electron transfer [49], [50], [51]. Carbon and metallic electrodes are commonly used, but the former is more biocompatible with exoelectrogens [51], [52], while the latter holds superior electrical conductivity and physical strength. ...
The rise in sediment pollution is threatening the sustainability of the overlying waters and calls for in situ sediment remediation techniques. Sediment microbial fuel cell (SMFC) oxidizes organic and inorganic matter buried in sediment to generate bioelectricity and power environmental monitoring devices. However, the large-scale application of SMFC is hampered by mass transfer limitations of electron donors, poor biodegradation of recalcitrant pollutants, and metabolic product accumulation during electron transfer. The aforementioned challenges arise because contaminant degradation reactions and electron transfer are restricted to cells attached to the anode that contains active biodegraders and electroactive bacteria. Therefore, this review critically examined the challenges of SMFC, its fundamental operating mechanisms and previous performance enhancement strategies reported in the literature. Furthermore, an important strategy for expanding the radius of influence of biodegradation and electron transfer in sediment through long distant electron transport to achieve high-performing SMFC has been proposed. This review has documented fundamental information expected to spur SMFC application in alleviating the toxic black odor water and other contaminants that endanger the environment and human health.
... The genomic DNA of the bacteria in the biofilm was isolated using QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). The 16 S ribosomal RNA gene was amplified with the primers of GC-Bacv3f (Muyzer et al., 1993) and 907 R (Muyzer, 1995) using the protocol given by Taskan and Hasar (2015). The products of PCR were analyzed with 1% (wt/vol) agarose gel electrophoresis and stained with ethidium bromide and visualized under UV light. ...
The uncontrolled increase of biofilm thickness on the membrane surface directly affects substrate diffusion rate, pollutant removal efficiency, and microbial ecology of the membrane aerated biofilm reactor (MABR). This study aimed to control the biofilm growth using a promising antifouling strategy called quorum quenching (QQ). For this purpose, new QQ bacteria (Bacillus methylotrophicus BT1, Klebsiella pneumoniae BT2, Lysinibacillus fusiformis BT3, and Achromobacter xylosoxidans BT4) were isolated and immobilized to control the biofilm thickness on the membrane fibers in MABR. The Bacillus methylotrophicus BT1 with the highest QQ activity disrupted bacterial communication among microorganisms, provided a relatively thin and dense biofilm thickness (250 µm), and exhibited the best MABR performance. The amount of EPS secreted by the microorganisms significantly decreased due to the increase in the QQ activities of the QQ bacteria. A significant COD removal performance improvement of 74.5% compared to the control-MABR was achieved by MABR containing BT1. Microbial analysis revealed a change in the microbial community structure of biofilms in the MABRs containing different QQ bacteria. In conclusion, the newly isolated QQ bacteria effectively could be controlled biofilm formation on the membrane fibers in MABR systems, and the results obtained can form the basis for larger-scale studies.
... The Sn-anode microfluidic MFCs had power densities of 380 and 781.4 mW m -2 , respectively, when E. coli and S. oneidensis MR-1 were used ( Fig. 3B and E). Sn exhibits a power density of 271 and 242 mW m -2 when used as the anode in an MFC inoculated with Geobacter dominant mix cultures 14,18 . The power density of Sn obtained by S. oneidensis MR-1 is greater than 2.8 times that reported for Geobacter dominant mix cultures, indicating that S. oneidensis MR-1 has superior biocompatibility and electron transfer to metal-based electron acceptors. ...
The presented paper fundamentally investigates the influence of different electron transfer mechanisms, various metal-based electrodes, and a static magnetic field on the overall performance of microfluidic microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for the first time to improve the generated bioelectricity. To do so, as the anode of microfluidic MFCs, zinc, aluminum, tin, copper, and nickel were thoroughly investigated. Two types of bacteria, Escherichia coli and Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, were used as biocatalysts to compare the different electron transfer mechanisms. Interaction between the anode and microorganisms was assessed. Finally, the potential of applying a static magnetic field to maximize the generated power was evaluated. For zinc anode, the maximum open circuit potential, current density, and power density of 1.39 V, 138,181 mA m-2 and 35,294 mW m-2 were obtained, respectively. The produced current density is at least 445% better than the values obtained in previously published studies so far. The microfluidic MFCs were successfully used to power ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) for medical and clinical applications to elucidate their application as micro-sized power generators for implantable medical devices.
... In another study, a total internal resistance of 437.7 was reported by Taşkan, et al. [20] with a graphene-coated nickel-titanium (NiTi) alloy electrode. Another study reported that the total internal resistance of a double chamber MFC with graphite plate and tin-coated copper mesh electrodes were 408 and 477, respectively [37]. In another study, a tubular separating electrode assembly with graphite granule bed anode and simple carbon-fabric cathode was investigated as nylon fabric, J-fabric, and glass fiber separators in MFCs. ...
Grapes are among the most widely grown fruits globally, with a third of the overall production used in winemaking. Both red and white winemaking processes generate significant amounts of solid organic waste such as grape marc that requires proper disposal. Grape marc, a natural plant product containing abundantly lignocellulosic compounds, is a promising raw material for production of renewable energy. In this study, the grape marc was used as an anode nutrient in the membrane-less microbial fuel cell (ML-MFC) system, and the electricity generation capacity of the grape marc as an environmentally friendly energy source was investigated in detail. The maximum power density produced in the ML-MFC reactor was determined as 274.9 mW m-2, and the total internal resistance was 309.5 Ω. Cyclic voltammetry results showed the presence of electroactive microorganisms on the surface of the anode electrode provided a high biological activity. The presence of elliptical and round-shaped microorganisms on the anode electrode surface was observed. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analyzes have shown that grape marc supports bacterial growth on the electrode surface.
... While non-abundant and non-homogeneous bacterial growth was observed on the anode surface of antibiotic fed MFCs (Fig. 5g, h, i), more abundant and stabile biofilm morphology was observed on the anode surface of MFC-C (Fig. S4). The microscopic observations showed that the three-dimensional structure of tin-coated copper mesh exhibited the biofilm formation, which was observed in a previous study by Taskan and Hasar [34]. A sparse bacterial attachment was detected on the antibiotic fed MFC biofilms. ...
The adverse effect of tetracycline antibiotics on microbial activity is one of the serious risks for the biologic wastewater treatment process. The microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are a promising technology for wastewater treatment and renewable power generation process. For this reason, the investigation of the inhibition effect of the tetracyclines on the MFCs is essential for reducing damage on the environment. This paper focused on the performance of MFCs under different antibiotic concentrations at the range of 0.25–50 mg/L. The power generation performance, microbial community and biofilm characteristics (morphology, resistance and viability) of MFCs were investigated in detail. The results indicated that the increase in the antibiotic concentration significantly affected the MFC performance and microbial community. A modified non-competitive inhibition model was used to predict the inhibition effect of tetracycline antibiotics on the MFCs.
Graphic Abstract
... Microbial growth on metal surfaces causes metal corrosion in an aquatic life environment (Krishnamurthy et al., 2013). Therefore, carbon-supported materials, e.g., carbon fabric (Chen et al., 2014), carbon paper , carbon felt (Baranitharan et al., 2013), carbon fiber (S.L. , and graphite particles (Taskan and Hasar, 2015), are well known electrode materials for MFCs. The recent advances in energy materials research have led to the use of graphene, which is due to its huge surface area (Liu et al., 2014b;Scott et al., 2015), outstanding electrical conductivity , and amazing biocompatibility . ...
A reduced graphene oxide-copper sulfide-zinc sulfide (rGO-CuS-ZnS) hybrid nanocomposite was synthesized using a surfactant-free in-situ microwave technique. The in-situ microwave method was used to prepare 1-D ZnS nanorods and CuS nanoparticles decorated into the rGO nanosheets. The prepared hybrid nanocomposite catalysts were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, elemental mapping analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The effectiveness of the synthesized rGO-CuS-ZnS hybrid nanocomposite (rGO-CZS HBNC) was estimated using an innovative cathode catalyst in microbial fuel cell (MFC). MFCs were fabricated differently such as SL (single-layer), DL (double-layer), and TL (triple-layer) loading. Followed using cyclic voltammetry and impedance analyses, the electrochemical evaluation of the prepared MFCs was evaluated. Among the fabricated MFCs, the DL MFCs with rGO-CuS-ZnS cathode catalyst displayed higher power density (1692 ±15 mW/m²) and OCP (761 ± 9 mV) than the other catalysts loadings, such as SL and TL. rGO-CZS HBNC are potential cathode materials for MFC applications.
... The PCR products were analyzed using 1% (wt/vol) agarose gel electrophoresis and stained with ethidium bromide, and the resulting bands were visualized using a Vilber-Lourmat UV transilluminator. Denatured gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis was performed, as described in our previous studies (Taskan & Hasar, 2015;Taşkan, Casey, & Hasar, 2019). After DGGE analysis, the gel was stained in an SYBR Gold solution (100 μl of SYBR Gold in 1000 ml of 1 × TAE buffer) and visible bands were cut and eluted in 20 μl nucleasefree H 2 O overnight. ...
The biofilm thickness in membrane biofilm reactors (MBfRs) is an important factor affecting system performance because excessive biofilm formation on the membrane surface inhibits gas diffusion to the interior of the biofilm, resulting in a significant reduction in the performance of contaminant removal. This study provides innovative insights into the control of biofilm thickness in O2‐based MBfRs by using the quorum quenching (QQ) method. The study was carried out in MBfRs operated at different gas pressures and hydraulic retention times (HRTs) using QQ beads containing Rhodococcus sp. BH4 at different amounts. The highest performance was observed in reactors operated with 0.21 ml QQ bead/cm² membrane surface area, 12 HRTs and 1.40 atm. Over this period, the performance increase in chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was 25%, while the biofilm thickness on the membrane surface was determined to be 250 μm. Moreover, acetate and equivalent oxygen flux results reached 6080 and 10 640 mg·m⁻²·d⁻¹ maximum values, respectively. The extracellular polymeric substances of the biofilm decreased significantly with the increase of gas pressure and QQ beads amount. Polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis results showed that the microbial community in the MBfR system changed depending on operating conditions and bead amount. The results showed that the QQ method was an effective method to control the biofilm thickness in MBfR and provide insights for future research.
