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In light of the increased awareness of global energy consumption, questions are being asked about the energy contribution of computing equipment. Al-though studies have documented the share of energy consumption by this type of equipment over the years, research has rarely characterized the increas-ing share contributed by the rapidly growing segme...
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... studies also provided the power breakdown across different com- ponents of a laptop. We show this breakdown in Figure 2 for the sake of completeness of this paper. It can be seen that, for an active laptop, about 20% of the power consumption is due to the WNIC and rivals power con- sumption due to the display and CPU. ...
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... the work and results by Mahesri and Vardhan [22] (shown in Figure 3) is based on currently outdated hardware, we did our own study of the energy consumed by different components of a Lenovo SL400 laptop during a Voice over IP (VoIP) call which is a popular application. Our results (Figure 2) show that the network interface is still a significant consumer of energy compared to the LCD, CPU, memory, and other components. ...
Citations
... Some studies as the one presented in [62] look at the computing devices energy consumption with regard to global consumption. The study focuses on portable computing devices. ...
... With time, different organizations like banking sectors, health units, corporate houses, and others, need to store and process huge volumes of information. In order to store such increasing volumes of data, bigger memory units are needed that eventually leads to higher energy dissipations [1][2][3]. Although cloud storage provides considerable support in this respect, that too needs a strong cryptographic backbone. ...
In-Memory computation has received considerable attention in the light of recent advances made in the memristor-based design. Non-volatile memristor devices are compatible with both the crossbar structure, CMOS technology, and can perform logical operations when subjected to suitable voltages. In this work, a generalized synthesis technique is presented to implement the logic functions inside pure memristive-crossbar. To initiate the process, two novel memristive-designs are proposed for 2:1 multiplexer (MUX) that follow Memristor Aided loGIC (MAGIC) design style. Experimental results showed that each design is at least 68.05 %, 35.92 % more energy-efficient than their existing IMPLY, MAGIC-based designs, respectively. One of our proposed MUX designs is optimized in memristor-count, and the other is latency-optimized. The latency-optimized design offers 20 % improvement in performance compared to its existing IMPLY, MAGIC-based peers. Based on the simulation methodology presented in this work, the memristive-MUXes are simulated in Cadence Virtuoso. Subsequently, our proposed MUX designs are used for the technology mapping of the nodes of the Binary Decision Diagrams (optimized in terms of node, path counts) for the logic functions. Our proposed technique optimizes the implemented logic circuits in terms of memristor-count, step-count, and provides the details for – latency, required memristors, energy, area. Comparison of the synthesis results showed that the circuits generated using our proposed MAGIC-MUXes, are at least 82.21 %, 44 % more energy-efficient, and can offer 18.94 %, 18.92 % more performance-improvements than their peers, realized using the existing IMPLY, MAGIC-MUX designs, respectively. Also, our proposed-MUX based circuits need at least 56.73 % lesser crossbar-areas than their existing MAGIC-MUX based peers, which indicates the scope for large scale parallel processing inside a given memristive-memory.
... Accomplishing this organizational goal is also its effects on the growing demand of energy which is rapidly increasing nearly 12 times faster compared to global energy demand. P. Somavat, and V. Namboodiri (2011) also add that the ICT sector alone consumes 6% of the global electricity consumption which includes electricity consumption of different computing devices such as the computer and its peripheral devices, network devices, data centers etc. In effect, these computing device centers generates a huge amount of green-house gas like CO2 which emits in our environment. ...
... In effect, these computing device centers generates a huge amount of green-house gas like CO2 which emits in our environment. It was established that the use of ICT devices alone contributes 2% of the Global CO2 emissions P. Somavat, and V. Namboodiri (2011). ...
This study intends to develop a sustainable green computing model for computer users in Ghana. What necessitated for this study includes issues of the human environment and conservation of energy in Ghana. To achieve this, both quantitative and qualitative methods are used to capture data for the findings and analysis. A sample size of 200 computer users for both primary users (domestic users) and secondary users (manufacturers and commercial users) in various organizations in Ghana is used. The research integrated the Rogers Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) Model and Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) Framework Model to develop a proposed model to capture all the dimensions and elements needed to adopt and practice Green Computing in Ghana. Analysis of the study has shed light on the levels of green computing knowledge and practice possessed by computer users. The scenario that emerged from the findings is less than desirable. Given the importance of green computing awareness, knowledge, practice and adoption. The general impression from the study is that, computer users in Ghana generally have either low levels of green computing habits and practices or none at all. This is especially true for the primary users than for the secondary users. The two differ significantly in their adherence to eco-friendly and energy-efficient computing practices. To promote Green Computing adoption and practice in Ghana, a proposed model has been developed to guide the use of server virtualization, energy conservation, and proper way to dispose of e-waste. This model is intended to help improve the adoption and practice of Green Computing in Ghana.
... VoIP reduces the wiring infrastructure by sharing the existing Ethernet copper, thus reduce the use of metallic waste. During a VoIP call, laptop can reduce energy consumed with components of the hardware [17]. 5. Virtualization : Virtualization is increasingly being used for storage and server environment. ...
The paper aims to understand and develop a conceptual framework of Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) to support green computing in public sector. The research focuses on literature in green computing, BYOD model, BYOD process, BYOD component and end-user segmentation to identify BYOD components for end-user profi ling in public sector and green computing approaches. The results of the research suggest a conceptual framework to map the concept of BYOD as an approach to support green computing with six components of BYOD which are device choice, affordable, technical component, content, liability and sustainability. This framework considers that end-user profi ling for public sector, BYOD process and green computing approaches are the main key for public sector to support green computing. This conceptual framework is an initial research for researchers and practitioners to further examine BYOD practices in public sector. The framework can be implemented based on different BYOD practices for public sector, to identify the suitable end-user profi ling and the component of BYOD that support green computing.
... In this 21st century, computing has become a key resource in many sectors to help in various purposes, including information retrieval, processing and automation. However, as the use of ICT has been continuously increasing, it became natural to think about the impact of computing on the natural environment and the climatic conditions [1]. Climate change is often regarded as a complex social problem with rebound effects on human beings [2,3] and the impact of ICT on this complex problem adds new parameters to be studied. ...
As human beings are becoming increasingly dependent on technology, the relationship of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) with the natural environment is continuously degrading. In the past, ICT was often regarded as a low-carbon enabler but its widespread adoption has adversely turned it into a power drainer. The negative consequence is climate change, which is a complex social problem with rebound effects on human beings. Taking cognizance of this problem, it is becoming vital for each and every computer user to contribute and reduce the growing carbon footprint of ICT. This work identifies and analyses the key contributors in diminishing the carbon footprint of ICT before investigating into the adoption process by end users via a proposed Knowledge-Implementation-Effect Cycle. The relationship between the key contributors and the adoption process by end users is studied via nine research questions to identify key limitations and finally recommend potential solutions to further help in reducing the ICT carbon footprint.
... Computer use is greatly increasing and thus becoming a significant energy expenditure for the world. It is estimated that computing consumes more than 3% of the global electricity consumption [16], growing at a steady rate. Improved energy efficiency of computers translates to savings in money and environmental toll. ...
We introduce a new programming language for expressing reversibility, Energy-Efficient Language (Eel), geared toward algorithm design and implementation. Eel is the first language to take advantage of a partially reversible computation model, where programs can be composed of both reversible and irreversible operations. In this model, irreversible operations cost energy for every bit of information created or destroyed. To handle programs of varying degrees of reversibility, Eel supports a log stack to automatically trade energy costs for space costs, and introduces many powerful control logic operators including protected conditional, general conditional, protected loops, and general loops. In this paper, we present the design and compiler for the three language levels of Eel along with an interpreter to simulate and annotate incurred energy costs of a program.
... Along with this, growing demand of energy is also rapidly increasing which is nearly 12 times faster compare to global energy demand [2]. The entire ICT sector consumes 6% of the global electricity consumption which includes electricity consumption of different network devices, computer and its peripherals, data centers and so on [3].Even electricity generation, computer and its peripherals, network devices, and data centers generates a huge amount of green-house gas like CO2 which emits in our environment. Nearly ICT contributes 2% of the Global CO2 emissions [3]. ...
... The entire ICT sector consumes 6% of the global electricity consumption which includes electricity consumption of different network devices, computer and its peripherals, data centers and so on [3].Even electricity generation, computer and its peripherals, network devices, and data centers generates a huge amount of green-house gas like CO2 which emits in our environment. Nearly ICT contributes 2% of the Global CO2 emissions [3]. ...
... But the huge part of the CO 2 emission is produced only from PC's and its peripherals, about 406.7 million metric tons due to electricity consumption and heat generation [16]. According to figure 7, the statistical data shows the amount of CO 2 has emitted from 2000-2011. ...
Today the importance of going green have been realized both in terms of environmental issues and cost minimization by implementing different strategies and policies by the ICT industry. Going green suggest the environmentally responsible practice of computers and related resources of ICT. For a sustainable environment, today Green Computing is an emerging topic, because of efficient power usage, minimal or no emission of carbon footprint, also proper disposal of electronic waste (e-waste) and many more, thus to take less participation in the global warming phenomenon. In this study, emphasis has given on diminishing the energy and carbon footprint of computer and its related resources like-monitors, printers using green computing.
... However, CPU based energy models do not capture all the power drawn by a system [28]. In [29] the contribution of each laptop component to the energy consumed is identified, e.g. the optical drive and LCD-backlight, and shows only 20% can be attributed to the CPU. On the other hand, in large-scale infrastructures the EC of network equipment is argued not to fluctuate heavily with increased traffic [30]. ...
... The tablets show a dramatic jump from the 134.2M count of 2012 while the desktop and laptop market remains similar. The portable devices alone consumes significant percentage of overall personal computing ecosystem, around 14% in 2011 [12]. The study includes the devices in the data centers as part of the ecosystem. ...
This work is a preliminary investigation into the energy demand of the Nepali Information and Communications Technology (ICT) sector. We formulate a logistic growth model for telecommunication users' diffusion and then present a ridge regression based model to analyse the contribution of the ICT sector in the national energy consumption scenario with a specific focus on the telecommunication sector. Although our analysis leaves out some important dimensions due to lack of publicly available data, the stable ridge regression model can easily be expanded to accommodate new dimensions (indicators). The results show that even with the most lenient assumptions regarding the behaviour of the ICT sector, it is a significant consumer of energy at the national level. As Nepal is suffering from the chronic problem of energy crisis, further development of the ICT sector will surely raise new energy related challenges. The understanding of the context of energy use is as important as the technology that delivers energy savings. We therefore recommend that an energy audit of the ICT sector along with large scale studies on the context of technology use has to be done simultaneously. These have to precede the wholesale changes portrayed by the dreams of the ICT policy, e-governance master plan and the like.
... This represents an average annual growth rate of approximately 5.5%, compared with 3.0% for the annual growth in global electricity consumption (World Bank, 2014). There is also a large, energy-intensive infrastructure to facilitate the interconnection of ICT/electronic devices, including undersea cables, the launching of rockets and space shuttles for the placement and maintenance of satellite communications, and the building of microwave and other radio linking modules in remote regions (Malmodin et al., 2010;Hertwich and Roux, 2011;Hilty et al., 2011;Moyer and Hughes, 2012;Scharnhorst, 2006;Sutherland, 2009;Somavat and Namboodiri, 2011) but this, too, is not included in calculations in this paper. ...
... Again setting B ε = 1.30, the rebound effect is 1.15, or 115%. Somavat and Namboodiri (2011) estimate the numbers of personal computers worldwide to have increased from 200 million in 1994 to 1400 million in 2010, an annual growth rate of 12.9%. Assuming the energy consumption of a personal computer in 2010 to be about the same as one in 1994, this would give B E = 1.129. ...
ICT and related electronic appliances consumed 4% of global electrical energy in 2007, growing to 4.7% in 2012, with projections of continued increase in coming decades. This is despite an average annual increase in energy efficiency of about 30% in ICT/electronics throughout the last 5 decades. Mainstream studies of energy-related rebound effects have yet to produce a conceptual framework that adequately encapsulates a unique feature of ICT/electronics: its tendency to induce changes in social practice and socio-technical structures. This study attempts to fill this gap. Surveying rebound effect literature, it builds on studies which explore 'transformational' change caused by energy efficiency increases. It identifies structural changes in business, education, the military and households caused by energy efficiency increases in ICT/electronics, which lead to a proliferation of ICT/electronic devices and consequently increased energy consumption. It shows the cause-and-effect logic between energy efficiency and energy consumption in ICT/electronics, and tentatively estimates rebound effects ranging between 115% and 161% in eight diverse empirical examples. The history of ICT/electronics shows that energy efficiency increases inevitably lead to increases in energy consumption, hence firm controls on CO2e emission allowances may offer the best hope of curbing energy consumption and CO2e emissions in this sector.
