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Power Relations Perspectives
Source publication
The concept of “Women empowerment” has received much attention from researchers, government and captains of industry. There are several meanings attached to the concept of women empowerment. This literature review explores the origin of the term women empowerment as it is related to gender and equality. This literature review looks at four power pe...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... to Luke (1974) the concept of power in women empowerment helps researchers, academics and policy makers to examine the underlying social and cultural structures that define gender relations. Table 1, shows the power relations perspectives that influence women empowerment in society. ...
Context 2
... Rowlands (1997); Mayoux (2003). Table 1 shows that the concept of 'power to' gives women access to decisions making in political, social and economic spheres of life whereas the concept of 'power within' helps ISSN 2161-7104 2018 women to acquire psychological empowerment by building self-esteem around themselves (Rowland, 1997;Mayoux, 2003). The concept of "agency" refers to the capacity of women to be self-reliant and to have total control over their fate (Rowlands, 1997). ...
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Citations
... Women's empowerment refers to the promotion of women's sense of self-worth that leads them to make their own choices for their development [25,26]. It is a multifaceted process that includes psychological, economic, and sociological aspects at multiple levels, i.e., the group, community, and individual levels [27,28]. The empowerment of women is not essentially about granting them authority; however, it is about allowing them to practice that authority [29]. ...
Women’s participation in the tourism workforce is growing intensely in response to Saudi Vision 2030. Notwithstanding this, Saudi women still have limited access to senior management positions. This study explores the barriers that Saudi women face to reach top managerial positions in the tourism industry and explores how Saudi women could crack the glass ceiling. For these reasons, this study undertook a phenomenological approach using in-depth interviews with Saudi women who were able to reach senior management. The purpose of the interviews is to explore their lived experience and their accessibility to senior management positions. The results of a thematic analysis showed that there were four overlapped barriers for the glass ceiling among Saudi women: cultural and social barriers, regulatory barriers, organizational barriers, and personal barriers. These main barriers have sub-barriers that contribute to the glass ceiling and prevent many women from reaching senior positions. This study shows that overcoming these barriers, particularly cultural and social barriers, could help Saudi women to crack the glass ceiling and achieve their dream of leadership. This study discusses the implications for policy makers, academics, and practitioners on the effective contribution of Saudi women to the tourism labor market, which contributes to sustainable tourism development and, ultimately, to Saudi Vision 2030.
... Economic empowerment is the enhanced ability of poor women (and men) to participate in, contribute to, and benefit from growth (Kabeer 2012) [3] . [4,5,6] . In their study stated that the empowerment of women is a multidimensional process, which occurs within sociological, psychological, and economic contexts at various levels, i.e., individual, group, and community levels Though there are modern technologies available in the market but adoption level of the women in rural area is not up to the mark due to several factors like market linkage, credit facilities, lack of knowledge, social barrier, reluctant for adopting modern technology. ...
... However, they also noted limitations in terms of sustaining the movement over time. Manuere and Phiri (2018) conducted a literature review that looks at four power perspectives that are used to explain the increasing need for women empowerment today. The related concepts of power, agency, resources and achievements are used to explain and describe the problems associated with women empowerment globally. ...
... Development as a whole is responsible for reducing inequality between men and women, while empowering women can accelerate the deve-lopment process (Batool et al., 2016). Empowerment of women's is a multidimensional process that occurs in the sociological, psychological, and socio-economic environment at various levels, including: individuals, families, and communities (Manuere and Phiri, 2018). Women Empowerment is very important because the value system leads to the development of a good family, community and country (Gupta, 2018). ...
Background: Women's Empowerment is an integral part of human rights and development because the value system leads to the development of a good family, community, and country. Empowerment of women can have important implications for health in the form of education, access, and change in terms of services and family welfare. This systematic review aims to determine the influence and model of empowerment of women in the health sector.Subjects and Method: This systematic review begins with searching data using 5 databases with keywords women’s empowerment, women’s health, and empowerment model. Researchers used five databases, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Springer Link, and BMC with a range of 2017-2022. Articles were searched using keywords that had been determined by the researcher then the articles were extracted based on criteria inclusion and exclusion using the PRISMA protocol. Thus, 11 articles were found that matched the criteria of JBI's critical assessment tool for analysis.Results: A total of 11 studies were included in the analysis originating from several countries such as Iran, Australia, and the Netherlands. Empowerment of women is a multilevel construction that refers to individuals, organizations, and society. Women's empowerment needs to involve mutual respect, critical reflection, caring and group participation, where people gain greater access to and control over their resources.Conclusion: Factors that influence women's empowerment are age, education, occupation, religion, marital status, socio-economic, demographics, different behavior, special characteristics of society, household harmony, place of residence, mobility, decision-making, social life, media exposure, information technology, socio-culture and access to health services. The women's empowerment model that has been developed refers to 3 domains: micro, meso, and social capital levels; as well as macro level.Keywords: empowerment, women, model, healthCorrespondence: Rumpiati. Institute of Health Science STRADA Indonesia Jl. Sumberece 37 Tosaren Pesantren Kota Kediri. Email: rumpiati75@gmail.com. Mobile: +62812-3007-1403.Indonesian Journal of Medicine (2023), 08(02): 194-203https://doi.org/10.26911/theijmed.2023.08.02.09
... We applied three conceptual frameworks to inform the evaluation of empowerment: (1) Kabeer's conceptual model on empowerment (23); (2) International Center for Research on Women (ICRW)'s indicators on women's economic empowerment (43); and (3) relational leadership theory (RLT) (44). We decided to use three frameworks for the analysis because the science of defining and measuring women's empowerment is complex and evolving (45)(46)(47)(48), and Kabeer's framework has been successfully used to analyze women's empowerment in social entrepreneurship in developing countries (24,25). The relationship between the three conceptual frameworks is depicted in the fishbone matrix diagram in Figure 3. ...
Introduction
Understanding community women's relational and financial empowerment in social entrepreneurship could be the key to scaling up community-based human papillomavirus (HPV) self-sampling programs in low- and middle-income countries. The Hope Project, social entrepreneurship in Peru, trains women (Hope Ladies) to promote HPV self-sampling among other women in their communities. This study aims to evaluate the Hope Ladies' relational and financial empowerment after participating in the program.
Materials and Methods
We evaluated the Hope Ladies' experiences of empowerment in social entrepreneurship using a parallel convergent mixed methods design. The Hope Ladies participated in semi-structured in-depth interviews (n = 20) and an eight-questions five-point Likert scale survey that evaluated their relational (n = 19)/financial (n = 17) empowerment. The interview and the survey questions were developed using three empowerment frameworks: Kabeer's conceptual framework, International Center for Research on Women's economic empowerment indicators, and the Relational Leadership Theory. Deductive content analysis was used to evaluate the interviews with pre-determined codes and categories of empowerment. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the survey results. Qualitative and quantitative data were integrated through a cross-case comparison of emergent themes and corresponding survey responses during the results interpretation.
Results
All Hope Ladies reported experiencing increased empowerment in social entrepreneurship. Interviews: The women reported challenges and improvement in three categories of empowerment: (1) resources (balancing between household and Hope Lady roles, recognition from the community as a resource, camaraderie with other Hope Ladies); (2) agency (increased knowledge about reproductive health, improved confidence to express themselves, and ability to speak out against male-dominant culture); and (3) achievement (increased economic assets, improved ability to make financial decisions, and widened social network and capital, and technology skills development). Survey: All (100%) agreed/totally agreed an increase in social contacts, increased unaccompanied visits to a healthcare provider (86%), improved confidence in discussing reproductive topics (100%), improved ability to make household decisions about money (57% pre-intervention vs. 92% post-intervention).
Conclusions
The Hope Ladies reported improved relational and financial empowerment through participating in community-based social entrepreneurship. Future studies are needed to elucidate the relationship between empowerment and worker retention/performance to inform the scale-up of HPV self-sampling social entrepreneurship programs.
... The ability to choose has been considered as the central theme of the concept of power. Power may have a negative sense like threat but empowerment changes the negative senses to a positive one [6]. But empowerment not only for men; it also should be for women. ...
Aim: The study analyzed the determinants associated with empowerment of char women in the northern region of Bangladesh. Study Deigns: Purposive random sampling procedure. Place and Duration of Study: Data was collected from two villages namely Horipur and Kanchibari from Sundorganj upazilla of Gaibandha district and Chilmary and Raniganj from Chilmary upazilla of Kurigram district. The duration of data collection was from 15th October to 12th December 2020. Methodology: From 1440 population around 6percent of the representative sample was taken randomly as sample of the study. The sample size of the study were 200. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression model were used to data analysis. Results: Outcomes reveals that most of the respondents had medium empowerment 57 percent where 39 percent had low empowerment and only 4 percent had high empowerment. Training, women personal income, access to credit and extent of participation on income generating activities were the important variables that significant at .05percent and .01percent level influence women empowerment of the study area with an R2 value of 0.44. Contrary, access to resources and problem was important fact in char area which had negative trend with women empowerment. Conclusion: To minimize the existing char problem should be ensured the supplying of enough agricultural inputs (seeds, fertilizer, pesticides, vaccine) and nonagricultural inputs in time through regular governmental programs. Education has potential link with women empowerment and recommends for the promotion of education in char rural area to build women’s capacity.
... Development as a whole is responsible for decreasing inequality between men and women, while the empowerment of women can speed up the process of development (Batool et al., 2016). The empowerment of women is a multidimensional process, which occurs within sociological, psychological, and economic contexts at various levels, i.e., individual, group, and community levels (Zimmerman, 1995;Malhotra et al., 2002;Thani and Mokhtarian, 2012;Manuere and Phiri, 2018). Women empowerment is not necessarily about giving them power, it is enabling them to exercise that power. ...
The current study aimed to construct a multicultural psychological empowerment scale for Saudi women depending on the four dimensions of psychological empowerment, namely, meaningfulness, impact, self-efficacy, and self-determination. It was applied to a sample (N = 1,080) of Saudi women from various age categories, different social, educational, and employment status, and geographical regions. Pooled confirmatory factor analysis was using to determine the reliability and validity of the scale. As a result, the reliability and validity of the entire model were satisfied. Specifically, the composite reliability values fell in the range between 0.804 and 0.883. Meanwhile, the convergent validity was achieved as these values produced from each construct were higher than the acceptable limit of 0.50. Also, the construct validity of fitness indexes (e.g., comparative fit index, incremental fit index, Tucker–Lewis Index, root mean square error of approximation, and chi-square over degree of freedom) was achieved. In its final form, multicultural psychological empowerment scale for Saudi Women included (26) phrases distributed over its four dimensions. The study suggested systematic measurements of psychological empowerment for Saudi women from different categories, targeted with therapeutic, preventative and developmental visions, plans, and programs to determine the extent of their psychological empowerment.
... Then, codes and constructs were mapped onto the generic categories of resource, agency, and achievements from Kabeer's conceptual model of empowerment, acknowledging that these constructs are not mutually exclusive but rather inter-related (23). We decided to use the three frameworks for the analysis (e.g., ICWR, RLT, and Kabeer's conceptual framework) because the science of de ning and measuring women's empowerment is complex and evolving (34)(35)(36)(37), and Kabeer's framework has been successfully used to analyze women's empowerment in social entrepreneurship in developing countries (24,25). The two authors (MS and MD) met subsequently to iteratively discuss their individual ndings from the qualitative data analysis and discuss discrepancies until reaching consensus. ...
Background: Understanding the community women’s sense of relational and financial empowerment in the social entrepreneurship context could be the key to developing a sustainable pathway to scale-up community-based human papillomavirus (HPV) self-sampling programs in low-resource settings. The Hope Project, social entrepreneurship from Peru, trains women (Hope Ladies) to promote HPV self-sampling among other women in their communities. This study aims to evaluate the Hope Ladies’ relational/financial empowerment after participating in the program.
Methods: We used a parallel mixed-method design. The Hope Ladies participated in semi-structured in-depth interviews (n= 20) and an eight-questions five-point Likert scale survey that evaluated their relational (n=19)/financial (n=17) empowerment after participating in the social entrepreneurship. The interview and the survey questions were developed using validated empowerment frameworks, indicators, and theory: 1) Kabeer’s conceptual framework, 2) International Center for Research on Women (ICRW)’s economic empowerment indicators, and 3) the Relational Leadership Theory (RLT), respectively. Deductive content analysis was used to evaluate the interviews with pre-determined codes and categories of empowerment. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the survey results.
Results: All Hope Ladies reported experiencing empowerment in the social entrepreneurship. Interviews: The women reported challenges and improvement in three categories of empowerment: 1) resources (balancing the roles between the household and working as a Hope Lady, camaraderie with other Hope Ladies, recognition from the community as a resource); 2) agency (improved ability to express themselves, increased knowledge about reproductive health, ability to speak out against male-dominant culture and fear of cervical cancer-related stigma); and 3) achievement (increased economic assets, improved ability to make financial decisions from increased supplemental income, widened social network and capital, and technology skills development). Survey: All (100%) agreed/totally agreed an increase in social contacts, increased unaccompanied visits to a healthcare provider (86%), improved confidence in discussing reproductive topics (100%), improved ability to make household decisions about money (57% pre-intervention vs. 92% post-intervention).
Conclusions: The Hope Ladies’ reported improved relational/financial empowerment through participating in community-based social entrepreneurship. More studies are needed to elucidate the relationship between empowerment and worker retention/performance to inform the scale-up of HPV self-sampling social entrepreneurship.
... Empowerment was conceived as a development to challenge prevailing power relations much that it could gain a superior mechanism over the foundation of power (Cornwall, 2016). However, Manuere & Phiri (2018) agreed that empowerment, as a concept is multi-dimensional and can be viewed from different perspectives. Gender disparities exert powerful differences within societies worldwide. ...
Good governance can be realized when the element of participation is effectively upheld. Over the years, the participation of women in social, economic and political scene in Africa and particularly in Nigeria has been of concern as a result of their eminent marginalization especially in politics of local, state and national development. The concept of women's empowerment and women's participation is clearly regarded from different perspectives and has impacted greatly on topical practices in governance. Although, it is acknowledged that women's participation in governance is of great significance, the justification and efficacy of their participation is not effusively investigated and valued in the Nigerian context. More so, the review of literature and Nigerian policies revealed the gap between policy and practice. In view of the above, this paper engaged in a desktop research study by reviewing extant and relevant literature to examine pertinent context and trajectory of women's empowerment and analyse the extent of women's participation in governance in Nigeria. The authors conducted a thematic analysis of related literature using a com puter-assisted approach. The findings revealed an insubstantial degree of women's participation in the Nigerian political affairs and provided the utility of their participation towards an effective governance model. The researcher concluded that a holistic approach incorporating gender mainstreaming ensures efficiency and effectiveness in institutional development and sustainability. Thus, the researcher recommends increased woman participation in politics, policy formulation, adoption and implementation.
... This improvement attributed to improved rates of employment of women and their advancement into productive STEM jobs. A positive relationship exists between low per capita income and gender inequality (Manuere, & Phiri, 2018). ...
Modern democratic principles established by the conception of political influence is deeply rooted in the supreme will of people. As a result, any democratic process should seek the promotion, inclusion and participation of all citizens. Women are universally accepted and accorded equal status as a citizen, just like men; therefore, they should have an equal share in all areas of decision-making in any country. However, statistics available points to the fact that women political participation is marginal compared to men. This situation also pertains in Ghana and India; it is, therefore, in this regard, the research seeks to understand the state of concern for women’s political participation in these countries. The key objectives of the study were to examine the level of political participation, and the significant role played by women in politics and explore the obstacles on the path of women political participation in Ghana and India. Both quantitative and qualitative method adopted
