Table 2 - uploaded by S. Tamer Cavusgil
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Potential Sources of Error Errors of Definition Specification Error -
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Citations
... لعص ويزى اليارثول Ferris et al., (1999) : (Ali & Al-Shakis , 1989 ;Brislin , 1980 ;Cavusgil & Das, 1997); Peng, Peterson & Shyi , 1991;Yousef, 2002) وج (Ali , 1989 ;Ali & Al-Shakis , 1989;Punnett & Shenkar , 1994;Yousef, 2000) ...
... The research was initiated with a pilot test based on non-random sampling and continued with hypothesis generation that would further be considered for testing. The research included convenience sampling based on voluntary response [123]. The survey delivered data for identifying and defining variables to the target audience, namely public and/or private employed persons in Romania, which in accordance with the Romanian Work Code, developed telework activities that subscribed to a variety of timeframes. ...
The sudden impact of COVID-19 has created a rift in the way the world, organizations, and individuals work. Although imminent, the e-organizational challenge was deemed to create a working business environment that would ensure companies and workforce adaptability to e-leadership. The previous literature shows that effective e-leadership can enhance organizational workforce sustainability and is assessed as an opportunity for teleworking. The aim of the current research is to develop an online working trajectory that implies the study of the teleworkforce and workforce sustainability relation under an electronic leadership umbrella. This analysis was performed with the help of SmartPLS (v. 4.0.0.) software and performed a structural equation model, including an online-developed 103-item questionnaire, which developed 5 constructs and 17 subconstructs. Data reveal a reliable and valid assessment tool that provides proof that workforce sustainability is connected to telework in general while being partially moderated by e-leadership. The importance of the current study stresses the need for (inter)national organizational environments to adapt to rapid technological movements, where sustainability of the teleworkforce and the adaptability of the online leadership formats and practices could result in increasing the organizational achievements from both economic and organizational perspectives.
... Then, it was translated and back-translated to Farsi [65]. Close collaboration with a local researcher allowed conceptual, functional and categorical equivalence in the translation [66]. The questionnaire included socio-demographic data, health conditions, shopping behaviour, awareness of food-related diseases and the DCE. ...
Introduction: One important way is to provide information and required alert to a buyer on a shopping trip. The purpose of this study is to identify the importance of label of nutritional information to consumers through estimating their willingness to pay for technologies for providing nutritional information. Materials and Methods: Seven features were selected from an application that may help consumer's process nutritional information on food packaging. Then, people's willingness to pay for the service of reading and displaying nutritional information on food QR labels was investigated. In this study, multinomial logit was used to measure the effects. The data was collected through designing and completing a survey from 203 respondents from the citizens of Sari in 2019. Findings: The results of the estimation of willing to pay show fat alert attribute has the highest willing to pay (about 8 USDA) and basket attribute has the lowest willing to pay. Conclusion: Due to higher willing to pay for information and warnings about the amount of fat, salt and food allergens, it is it is suggested more information in this field should be placed on labels and along with educational brochures. This will not only lead to healthier foods, but also make it more profitable for relevant companies to take the lead.
... For this reason, teaching-learning settings must also enhance digital-setting lecturers' competencies [45]. These teaching prerequisites [46] specific to the higher education environment, from a holistic view, must also establish entry requirements for both lecturers and learners, thus supporting the continual redesign of digital competence development, preparing them for the increasing array of professional fields [47]. ...
Teaching and learning processes should be subject to continuous change due to the constant evolution of social, educational and technological environments, which ultimately results in higher levels of student engagement. The current paper describes the technological changes faced by higher education institutions as a result of digital transformation challenges. Further, transformational and transactional leadership styles’ effectiveness is regarded within the context of higher education institutions’ digital enhancements. Over time, these factors have led to contextual shifts that have disengaged students from learning and thus self-development. The current research aimed to examine how higher education institutions should apply different leadership styles within digitally transformed contexts so as to increase students’ learning engagement and reduce the risk of failure in their future developments within (inter)national labor markets. Data gathering and analysis involved a qualitative approach: an online survey was distributed, resulting in 856 responses. Through structural equation modeling, the data revealed a valid higher education digital transformation assessment tool; the results also emphasize the increased role of transactional leadership, as opposed to the traditional transformational style, within a highly digitized higher education institutional framework. Consequently, the linear relationship of students’ work engagement with leadership proved to also be enhanced by quadratic effects. The current study stresses the importance of internal and external peers in higher education performance through high levels of student learning (work) engagement through leadership and a uniformly developed digitally transformed higher education environment.
... While using a type of non-random sampling [90], the current research started with running a pilot test for the current survey, followed by generating hypotheses that followed to be tested. As previously mentioned, the ways used to draw the current convenience sample included online via social media posting, along with sharing the survey through pre-existing groups from different organizations. ...
As organizational environment develops, the working environment increases in physical and mental demands. As a result, risk inadvertences could arise, along with organizational emotional and financial challenges. Within their efforts to diminish such risks, organizations strive for developing and training their workforce; a sustainable workforce can only be achieved through cultivating aptitudes and positive attitudes that will lead to organizational but also personal growth. Considered to be an important measuring instrument for social sustainability, workforce sustainability enhances organizational leadership projections and trajectories, along with digitalization initiatives. The aim of the current study is the development of an assessment tool for state and private organizational workforce sustainability, and to study it in relation to leadership and digitalization components. Through a quantitative approach, data was gathered by issuing an online survey that delivered 463 responses. By using structural equation modelling, the authors examined the aims and found that the designed workforce sustainability tool is reliable and valid; as predicted, all the leadership components contribute to organizational stability and a more favorable workforce sustainability development, along with enhancing digital learning. This study stresses the importance for state and private organizations to achieve workforce sustainability, while nurturing and providing the necessary tools for the development of leadership and digital learning.
... Then, it was translated and back-translated to Farsi [65]. Close collaboration with a local researcher allowed conceptual, functional and categorical equivalence in the translation [66]. The questionnaire included socio-demographic data, health conditions, shopping behaviour, awareness of food-related diseases and the DCE. ...
A healthy society is the foundation of development in every country, and one way to achieve a healthy society is to promote healthy nutrition. An unbalanced diet is one of the leading causes of noncommunicable diseases globally. If food was correctly selected and correctly consumed, both the problems of overeating and lack of nutrition could be largely solved while also decreasing public health costs. Interventions such as presenting necessary information and warning labels would help consumers make better food choices. Hence, providing nutritional information to consumers becomes essential. The present study investigates the importance of nutrition information labels on consumers’ preferences by estimating their willingness to pay for features and information provided by a dietary software program (app). An application can easily display the information to the consumers and help them make informed food choices. A discrete choice experiment investigated consumers’ preferences and willingness to pay to receive nutritional information. Mixed multinomial logit and latent class analysis were applied. The results showed the existence of heterogeneity in consumer preferences for different nutritional information provided by the application. Consumers are willing to pay more for salt and fat alerts. The results of this study allow for the analysis of consumers’ interest in nutritional information. Such results are essential for the industry for future investments in similar applications that potentially could help consumers make better informed choices.
... As for avoiding sampling bias, the wording of the questionnaire was thoroughly analyzed to make it for the selected population to be understandable, concise, and straightforward. In order to ensure the equivalency of the meaning in regard to the items [88] the literature recommendations were sought, therefore a translation back conversion process was performed. The current research was preceded by a pilot study and was developed within one of the entrepreneurship trainings group; testing the instrument involved data gathering and interpretation; 18 answers to the selected translated research instrument were considered. ...
There is rising awareness regarding the entrepreneurship evolution within underdeveloped regions across the world and how it is affected by leadership initiatives regarding the work engagement of young entrepreneurs; an underlining series of studies should be performed, considering the job performance attributes specific to each given area. Entrepreneurship is a source of economic vitality that must be subject to correctly performed leadership initiatives that need to strive for training young entrepreneurs to understand and assess the strong and weak points of their business (idea) in order to successfully compete with larger organizations. The current study aims for explaining the relationship between leadership behavior (as transformational and transactional) and the underlying mechanism of work engagement (with a special focus on job resources). The current research used a convenience sample based on a voluntary response sampling method, engaging 508 young entrepreneurs from the NE region of Romania. Results prove that transformational leadership and work engagement are active contributors to the job performance. The current study is one of the few in the literature that enhances simultaneously both transformational and transactional leadership, along with work engagement as predictors of job performance, since previous research has only considered transformational leadership and disregarded the role of transactional leadership in followers’ job performance.
... Furthermore, consumer behavior is highly dynamic and cultural difference is one of the biggest sources of such dynamism. Thus, collection and analysis of a cross-cultural sample allows understanding of behavior which is mired by dynamism (Cavusgil and Das 1997). The literature shows an increasing amount of researcher in marketing, and other related fields prefer cross-cultural samples as these broaden the research objective and provide a better understanding of phenomena (Chen et al. 2015;Zhao et al. 2021). ...
Sustainable and alternative energy sources of biofuel and solar power panel have been revolutionizing the lives and economy of many countries. However, these changes mainly occur in the urban areas and the rural population section has long been ignored by policy makers and government in the provision of energy. It is only recently that solar and biofuel are finally making in road to provide cheap and clean energy sources to rural population. As a result, literatures on consumer behavior of rural population towards sustainable energy sources are still very scarce. The present research aims to fulfill this gap by developing a conceptual model to investigate the adoption of solar power and biofuel energy resources in the cross-cultural setting of Malaysia and Pakistan. The data was collected from the rural areas of Pakistan and Malaysia. The two-stage data analysis method of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and artificial neural network (ANN) have been applied to satisfy both linear and non-linear regression assumptions, respectively. The results show that consumer in rural areas of Pakistan are willing and possess intention to adopt both biofuel and solar power for commercial and domestic use. Additionally, the results confirm that branding, economic, and altruistic factors are important in yielding intention to use towards biofuel and solar power panel in Pakistan which are validated by the results obtained in Malaysia. Other factors such as climate change awareness, retailer services quality, and ease of use are also important. The results offer wide-ranging theoretical and managerial implications.
... The sample size was determined not only by the requirements of this study but also by the requirements of other unrelated questions embedded in the lengthy questionnaire. Accordingly, the final valid sample was 844 participants (495 females; M age = 29.22 years, SD = 8.37), which far outweighed the minimum sample size requirement and helped to increase estimation accuracy and reduce the confidence interval (CI) size (Cavusgil & Das, 1997). A sensitivity power analysis for the independent chi-square (χ 2 ) test based on the sample collected, assuming an α of 0.05 and power of 0.80, indicated that the minimum effect size we had the power to detect was a small effect of ϕ = 0.10. ...
A given spatial distance can be measured using either a length or a time unit. A spatial-choice problem with given distances represented in a space frame and in a time frame is logically equivalent. Different representations of the same choice problem should yield the same preferences according to the invariance principle. To test invariance in the context of spatial choice, we used a constant velocity to construct six spatial (intertemporal) choice problems with single-placed (single-dated) outcomes in a space (time) frame and investigated whether invariance-violating behavior could be detected under the two frames (Studies 1–3). If such behavior existed, we then aimed to determine whether two models——the attribute-comparison model, which predicts a framing effect occurs if framing shifts people’s judgment of the inequality relationship between the differences of two options in time/space dimension and that in outcome dimension, and the utility comparison model, which predicts that a framing effect occurs if framing shifts people’s judgment of the inequality relationship between two options’ overall utility——could account for it, and which of these two models is better supported by the data (Studies 2–3). The results indicate that a time–space framing effect existed, as people’s preference orders were significantly changed by the different descriptions of spatial-choice problems, and this new time–space framing effect could be satisfactorily explained by the attribute-comparison rather than the utility comparison model. Our findings could support the creation of new forms of choice architecture that improve decisions about health, wealth, and happiness.
... Although this method is commonly applied in cross-cultural studies and we took great care in developing the survey, we could not guarantee that the translated Korean version was linguistically and semantically equivalent to the English version. Reviews on the part of professional bilinguists and validation tests will help establish linguistic and semantic equivalence (Cavusgil & Das, 1997). ...
Effectively implementing leadership is critical for organizational success. In consideration of this issue, this study investigated
effective leadership in US- and Germany-based multinational companies (MNCs) operating in South Korea. Drawing on
transformational leadership (TL) theory and leadership contingency theory, the study clarified the contextual dependency
of TL effectiveness. A survey was administered to 258 employees of the target MNCs, during which the participants were
asked to rate their supervisors’ transformational leadership behaviors. The responses were empirically analyzed on the
basis of the research framework. The findings showed that a leader’s group-focused TL behaviors indirectly influenced
organizational commitment and that this relationship was mediated by psychological empowerment in the US-based MNCs.
Conversely, a leader’s individual-focused TL behaviors demonstrated a pronounced effect on organizational commitment
and that this association was also mediated by psychological empowerment in the Germany-based MNCs. The leadership
behaviors that effectively empowered employees and increased their organizational commitment differed depending on the
cultures prevalent in the organizations’ countries of origin. Adopting the two-dimensional model of TL, this study confirmed
the contextual dependency of TL behaviors and suggested the need to incorporate an organization’s cultural context into
predictions regarding the effects of certain leadership behaviors.
