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Potassium clearance ratio variation with the use of furosemide (Lasix) at 5 mg/kg in normal sheep (# = significantly different (p < 0.05) from t = 0 h within each group; + = significantly different (p < 0.05) from the control sheep at comparable times). Time (hours) % Potassium clearance
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Diuretics, in particular furosemide, are generally recommended as a supportive treatment in the advanced stages of heartwater in ruminants. However, after what appeared to be possible adverse effects accompanying its use in field cases of heartwater, the effects of this drug on certain blood and urine parameters were investigated in normal sheep at...
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Heartwater, a tick-borne disease caused by Ehrlichia ruminantium, is considered to be a significant cause of mortality amongst domestic and wild ruminants in South Africa. The main vector is Amblyomma hebraeum and although previous epidemiological studies have outlined endemic areas based on mortalities, these have been limited by diagnostic method...
The 16S ribosomal DNA sequence of Cowdria ruminantium, the causative agent of heartwater disease in ruminants, was determined. An analysis of this sequence showed that C. ruminantium forms a tight phylogenetic cluster with the canine pathogen Ehrlichia canis and the human pathogen Ehrlichia chaffeensis. Although a close relationship between the gen...
Distribution of Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp., Theileria spp., and Ehrlichia ruminantium, was for the first time studied in Bié Province, central Angola. We examined 76 blood samples of cattle originated from seven farms, and 13 blood samples of goats from two farms employing molecular genetic tools (PCR). Most prevalent was A. ovis-infection in goa...
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Ehrlichia ruminantium (causative agent of heartwater disease) in ruminants in Al Gezirah State (central Sudan) using PCR technique. A total of 170 blood samples spotted on filter paper were collected, 100 from sheep, 40 from goats, 20 from cattle and 10 from camels. DNA was extracted an...
Ticks are the most important external parasites of cattle and are known to transmit more pathogens than any other group of arthropods worldwide. About 80% of the world cattle population is at risk of ticks and tick-borne diseases, causing a global annual loss of $US22-30 billion. In Africa, the impact of ticks is ranked high, and they transmit dise...
Citations
... Furosemide can be used in sheep for indications like other animals. In addition, furosemide has been reported to treat edema in heartwater (cowdriosis) (Shakespeare et al., 1998) and to reverse tissue hypoxia in septic acute kidney injury (Iguchi et al., 2019) and to prevent postoperative pulmonary edema in cardiovascular surgeries in sheep (DiVincenti et al., 2014). The pharmacokinetics of furosemide was determined in horses (Dyke et al., 1996;Johansson et al., 2004), dog (Hirai et al., 1992), camel (Ali et al., 1998), piglets (Miceli et al., 1990), and cats (Sleeper et al., 2019). ...
The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of furosemide were determined following intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC) administrations at 2.5 mg/kg dose in sheep. The study was conducted on six healthy sheep in a three‐way, three‐period, crossover pharmacokinetic design with a 15‐day washout period. In first period, furosemide was randomly administered via IV to 2 sheep, IM to 2 sheep and SC to 2 sheep. In second and third periods, each sheep received furosemide via different routes of administration with the 15‐day washout period. Plasma concentrations were determined using a high‐performance liquid chromatography assay and analyzed by noncompartmental method. The mean total clearance and volume of distribution at steady state following IV administration were 0.24 L h‐1 kg‐1 and 0.17 L/kg, respectively. The elimination half‐life was similar for all administration routes. The mean peak plasma concentrations of IM and SC administration were 10.33 and 3.18 μg/ml at 0.33 and 0.42 hr, respectively. The mean bioavailability of IM and SC administration was 97.91% and 37.98%, respectively. The IM injection of furosemide may be the alternative routes in addition to IV. However, further research is required to determine the effect of dose and route of administration on the clinical efficacy of furosemide in sheep.
... In the advanced stages of the disease, additional supportive therapy must be considered (Bath, Van Wyk & Pettey 2005), although this is not always successful. Supportive treatments include stabilisation of membranes and blocking the effect of vasoactive compounds released with cellular death (Van Amstel & Oberem 1987) and drugs active in reducing oedema (Shakespeare et al. 1998). Partial exsanguination may help alleviate the symptoms, presumably by reducing oedema by drawing extra-vascular fluid back into the circulatory system (Bath, Van Wyk & Pettey 2005). ...
Heartwater is a serious limiting factor for sheep and goat production in the major endemic area of sub-Saharan Africa and therefore most knowledge, research and control methods originate from this region. Whilst the usual or common clinical presentations can be used to make a presumptive diagnosis of heartwater with a good measure of confidence, this is not always the case, and animals suffering from heartwater may be misdiagnosed because their cases do not conform to the expected syndrome, signs and lesions. One aberrant form found occasionally in the Channel Island breeds of cattle and some goats is an afebrile heartwater-like syndrome. The most constant and characteristic features of this heartwater-like syndrome comprise normal temperature, clinical signs associated with generalised oedema, and nervous signs, especially hypersensitivity. The presumption that the disease under investigation is the afebrile heartwater-like syndrome entails a tentative diagnosis based on history and clinical signs and the response to presumed appropriate treatment (metadiagnosis). The afebrile heartwater-like syndrome presents similarly to peracute heartwater but without the febrile reaction. Peracute cases of heartwater have a high mortality rate, enabling confirmation of the disease on post-mortem examination. Recognition of the afebrile heartwater-like syndrome is important to prevent deaths and identify the need for appropriate control measures.
... [156] However, the drastic reduction in blood volume which occurs as a consequence of heartwater is exacerbated by the use of diuretics, and the administration of furosemide as a supportive treatment is no longer recommended. [211] Prophylactic Slow release treatment with doxycycline has also been advocated, in the form of a tablet implanted behind the ear. In practice this is most often used as part of an immunization-andtreatment regimen. ...
... DMSO has been reported by Appell et al (1992) On the grounds of macropathology , seen at necropsy of animals that had succumbed to heartwater, diuretics were considered necessary in an attempt to reduce the oedema 16 . Furosemide, a loop diuretic 50 , has been used in clinical cases of heartwater, although its effect has not been evaluated 16 . Shakespeare et al (1998) showed that although furosemide is an effective diuretic in sheep it causes major disruption to the electrolyte status of healthy sheep and they concluded that its use in sheep suffering from clinical heartwater may be contraindicated as it would exacerbate the electrolyte imbalances in these animals 69 . ...
Thesis (MMedVet. (Prod. Animal Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2002. Includes bibliographical references.
This datasheet on heartwater covers Identity, Overview, Associated Diseases, Pests or Pathogens, Distribution, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Pathology, Epidemiology, Impacts, Prevention/Control, Further Information.
The paper comprises an overview of important or unusual goat diseases occurring in southern Africa, with the emphasis on current effective disease control measures and recent developments in this field. The diseases are dealt with under four headings: (1) Infections; (2) Parasites; (3) Plants and nutrition; (4) Genetic and other conditions. In each section, the following are given more prominence: (1) Heartwater, certain clostridial diseases, pasteurellosis, abscessation and orf; (2) Haemonchosis, coccidiosis and certain ectoparasites; (3) Redgut and phytobezoars; (4) Abortions, postnatal mortality, exposure, predation and swelling disease. The major diseases of helminthosis and heartwater are dealt with at greater length. Helminth control currently concentrates on individual treatment of badly affected goats, rather than mass treatment. This lowers the selection rate for worms resistant to anthelmintics. A break with the old policy of “treat-all-and-move” is advocated for the same reason. The use of the FAMACHA© system (clinical anaemia evaluation) for haemonchosis control in goats is explained and the potential of body condition scoring for identifying animals heavily infected with other pathogenic helminths is highlighted. Replacement of highly resistant worm populations by a dilution method is outlined and several practical measures for managing worms in goats are given. The control of heartwater is determined by epidemiological and risk factors, comprising those affecting the vector (climate, season, vegetation, wild reservoir hosts, tick control), the organism (strain virulence, infection rate of vectors), and the host (species, age, breed, genetic resistance and immune status). In circumstances of very low infection risk, surveillance and treatment is recommended. In higher risk situations, strict tick control or zero grazing may be the best option. In endemic areas, immunity is the preferred and most reliable approach. This is achieved by exposure to infected ticks, vaccination and animal selection. Details of these options and their practical implementation are given.
