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This study explores the cognitive profiles of different types of expert musician adults, and suggests a frame of separation to categorize them according to the musical instrument they play. These differences would be based on the core elements of music (rhythm, melody and harmony), which activate the nervous system differently in expert adult music...
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Purpose
Atrial fibrillation is associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment. It is unclear whether the restoration of sinus rhythm with catheter ablation may modify this risk. We conducted a systematic review of studies comparing cognitive outcomes following catheter ablation with medical therapy (rate and/or rhythm control) in atrial...
Citations
... In this widely accepted framework cognitive flexibility indicates the adaptability of the cognitive system to immediate changes in information that is being processed during task performance (Botwinick et al., 2001). A number of studies investigated the factors that contribute to cognitive flexibility (aging, socioeconomic status, occupation, life experience), among these are musical activities that have been in the focus of a growing number of studies in recent years (Thaut, 2010;Siepsiak & Krejtz, 2016;Jaschke et al., 2018;Porflitt & Rosas, 2020;Chen et al., 2021). ...
... This is because there is a sensitive period for music learning, hence music training with early onset has a long-term effect on cognitive control performance (Chen et al., 2020). Relying on recent studies, we also assume, that subjects in the musician group have different cognitive control performance profile according to the instrument they play (Porflitt & Rosas, 2020) and the groups instrument distribution can also influence the groups working memory performance. ...
The path to inclusion is a major challenge for educators. They can only meet
societal expectations if we help them through everyday ordeal with the right
methodology and good practices. Sensitization programmes contribute greatly
to their ability to perform the special tasks they face, without failure.
Several innovative initiatives support the practice of accepting behaviour
and the realization of pedagogical aspirations.
Last but not least, research whose results open up new avenues for acquiring
an integrative approach, also contributes to the mechanisms of integration and
inclusion.
Our volume provides guidance for this with research in organizational
and children’s groups and sensitization events that present the disadvantages,
solutions and special areas of different development of the different
socioeconomic status.
Each special subject area is represented by faculty and researchers from
ELTE BGGYK, ELTE TÓK, Apor Vilmos Catholic College, and Semmelweis
University.
The importance of early intervention should be emphasized not only in
the case of different development, but also in the case of disadvantaged and
non-Hungarian-speaking children. The authors discuss the effects of neonatal
factors and early neurological injuries on children’s later development. If the
institution and all its staff recognize and take into account the individual needs
of children in time, children’s development will move in the right direction and
they will manage to overcome difficulties at school.
We also report on success stories where Roma students are about to obtain
a university degree, and the issue of secondary socialization is a key aspect
of analysis. The accelerating change in infocommunication technology has an
extremely great impact on the socio-intellectual functioning of mankind.
... In this widely accepted framework cognitive flexibility indicates the adaptability of the cognitive system to immediate changes in information that is being processed during task performance (Botwinick et al., 2001). A number of studies investigated the factors that contribute to cognitive flexibility (aging, socioeconomic status, occupation, life experience), among these are musical activities that have been in the focus of a growing number of studies in recent years (Thaut, 2010;Siepsiak & Krejtz, 2016;Jaschke et al., 2018;Porflitt & Rosas, 2020;Chen et al., 2021). ...
... This is because there is a sensitive period for music learning, hence music training with early onset has a long-term effect on cognitive control performance (Chen et al., 2020). Relying on recent studies, we also assume, that subjects in the musician group have different cognitive control performance profile according to the instrument they play (Porflitt & Rosas, 2020) and the groups instrument distribution can also influence the groups working memory performance. ...
This study presents a comparative analysis of the HRQOL (health related quality of life) of
Hungarian children and adolescents with disabilities. This empirical research was carried
out during the academic years of 2016/2017, 2017/2018, and 2018/2019. Gathered via the
KIDSCREEN-27 questionnaire, the data provide information on the HRQOL of 2,631
children with typical development (TD) (1,411 boys and 1,220 girls, mean age 14.88±2.68
yrs) and 1,056 children with a disability (diagnosed with special educational needs –
SEN) (702 boys and 354 girls, mean age 15.72±2.6 yrs). QOL was examined from various
aspects. Results in the various subsamples were first compared to Hungarian reference
data. Then, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to detect differences between
the subsamples in the five dimensions of QOL. When comparing the QOL of Hungarian
children with SEN to Hungarian reference data, we found that only children within an autism
spectrum disorder (ASD) had low HRQOL in the dimension of social support and peers.
The comparison of the T-values characterising the HRQOL of the subsamples showed that
children with other psychological developmental disorders (OPDD), those with ASD, and
children with hearing impairment (HI) experience significantly poorer HRQOL T-values in
several dimensions compared to children with TD or other disabilities. The physical wellbeing of children with OPDD is lower than that of students with TD or a mild intellectual
disability (MID). In addition, children with OPDD show significantly lower levels of QOL in
the school environment dimension compared to other subsamples (children with physical
disabilities /PD/, with MID, or with low vision /LV/). Students with HI or ASD showed
lower rates of QOL compared to other subsamples in the dimensions of autonomy and
parent relations, social support and peers, and school environment. The lower QOL found
in the different dimensions will help experts plan and determine the foci of intervention.
... Prior research has found that the neural response magnitude is limited for familiar as compared to unfamiliar, absurd music [1,2]. Neural responses and cognitive performance of expert adult musical performers and non-experts differ significantly [3,4,5]. ...
... In this widely accepted framework cognitive flexibility indicates the adaptability of the cognitive system to immediate changes in information that is being processed during task performance (Botwinick et al., 2001). A number of studies investigated the factors that contribute to cognitive flexibility (aging, socioeconomic status, occupation, life experience), among these are musical activities that have been in the focus of a growing number of studies in recent years (Thaut, 2010;Siepsiak & Krejtz, 2016;Jaschke et al., 2018;Porflitt & Rosas, 2020;Chen et al., 2021). ...
... This is because there is a sensitive period for music learning, hence music training with early onset has a long-term effect on cognitive control performance (Chen et al., 2020). Relying on recent studies, we also assume, that subjects in the musician group have different cognitive control performance profile according to the instrument they play (Porflitt & Rosas, 2020) and the groups instrument distribution can also influence the groups working memory performance. ...
This article provides an overview of the ways music therapy may contribute to the improvement of cognitive control mechanisms, which play a central role in managing our goal-directed behaviors. First, we introduce the cognitive control model of Cohen (2017) and we summarize the main findings of the literature about the near and far transfer effects of music therapy. The integration of these two theoretical frameworks will allow us to describe the associations between higher-level cognitive control functions and music processing. In the second part of this paper, we present the preliminary findings of our recent study. We examined the relationship between formal regular music training and cognitive control in young adults by focusing on working memory updating and cognitive flexibility. We used the N-back paradigm with manipulations in task complexity and modality (visual (letters and shapes); auditory (pitches and timbres)) to examine whether long-term musical experiences affect working memory updating and cognitive flexibility. Our results revealed that the musicians were more accurate in working memory updating than their non-musician peers. Further, the musicians’ performance was significantly better in the pitch N-back task than in the timbre N-back. In contrast to accuracy, the groups did not differ in reaction time. Our first results support the notion that musical training may promote the development of certain cognitive control skills, but further research is needed to better understand this relationship.
... As for latencies, musicians are significantly slower than non-musicians. This result, which at first sight may appear counterintuitive, could be explained by the hypothesis that, while listening to the excerpts, musicians adopt a more analytic modality of judgment, due to their musical training, compared to the more global one used for an esthetic judgment by non-musicians [7,10,63]. In line with this view, a more analytic analysis may require a major cognitive effort, resulting in an increase of response latencies. ...
Humans are the only species capable of experiencing pleasure from esthetic stimuli, such as art and music. Neuroimaging evidence suggests that the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) plays a critical role in esthetic judgments, both in music and in visual art. In the last decade, non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) has been increasingly employed to shed light on the causal role of different brain regions contributing to esthetic appreciation. In Experiment #1, musician (N = 20) and non-musician (N = 20) participants were required to judge musical stimuli in terms of “liking” and “emotions”. No significant differences between groups were found, although musicians were slower than non-musicians in both tasks, likely indicating a more analytic judgment, due to musical expertise. Experiment #2 investigated the putative causal role of the left dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex (DLPFC) in the esthetic appreciation of music, by means of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Unlike previous findings in visual art, no significant effects of tDCS were found, suggesting that stimulating the left DLPFC is not enough to affect the esthetic appreciation of music, although this conclusion is based on negative evidence.
The skills required to appreciate music or play musical instruments are diverse. Some of them are simple, and others require development over time given their complexity, which generally responds to the perseverance of the study of music itself. From the point of view of the discipline, the value of music for humanity has not taken any doubt in any era. However, from other disciplines, the scope of music outside itself generates various types of questions. There is meta-analytical evidence that tends to show that the effects of music may be over-estimated in their transfer of skills (Sala & Gobet 2017), but it becomes contradictory when we thoroughly review what literature offers in recent years. Considering that problem, this article describes how research has been distributed inside and outside the music discipline during the 21st century. A detailed literature search shows that the number of articles that investigate for the transfer of near and far skills has been increasing in the last 20 years, with far skills being the ones that show the greatest growth and leaving aside some topics that would be interesting to investigate in future research.
