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Despite various benefits that the natural gas mobility can provide, CNG (hereinafter – compressed natural gas) and LNG (hereinafter – liquified natural gas) filling infrastructure both in Latvia and the Baltic States as a whole is still at the stage of active development. As a result, the natural gas fuelled vehicle fleet comprises less than 1 % of...
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... on Eq. (3) and data from Tables 1 and 3, a possible mileage for EUR 10 equivalent of fuel was calculated (see Fig. 5). Results indicate that, from the perspective of fuel choice, the best value for money is ensured by CNG, which provides by far the longest driven distance of 292 kilometres. At the same time, with diesel it is possible to drive 235 kilometres and with petrol -only 176 kilometres. This again proves clear benefits of CNG usage at a ...
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The significance and importance of road freight transport in society are certainly unquestionable. As in most sectors of the economy, road freight transport has an impact on the environment. The EU seeks to eliminate, as far as possible, the negative environmental impacts of various sectors. For these reasons, several EU commitments have been made...
Due to ecological and economic advantages, natural gas is used as an alternative fuel in the transportation sector in the form of compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG). Development of infrastructure is necessary to popularize vehicles that use alternative fuels. Selected positive factors from EU countries supporting the devel...
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... Jobbágy (2013) [26] found that the payback of new CNG-powered light-duty vehicles (Opel Zafira 1.6 CNG Turbo Essentia 150 HP and Volkswagen Touran 1.4 TSI EcoFuel Trendline 150 HP) in Hungarian road conditions could be 2 to 7 years. Savickis et al., (2021) [27] revealed that the light-duty vehicle-SEAT LEON 1.5 TGI MAN-6 fueled by CNG-could start to pay off at 57,650 km as an alternative to petrol. For the diesel trucks with dual fuel, the maximum PBd and PBp are 29,304 km and 2.5 months, respectively. ...
... Additionally, the medium-duty dual fuel NGV pays off at 7 months. Savickis et al., (2021) [27] found that SEAT LEON 1.5 TGI MAN-6 fueled by CNG pays off at 71,531 km as an alternative to diesel. ...
This paper presents the implementation of natural gas vehicles (NGVs) in Tanzania's road transportation sector. The peculiarity of this analysis is the evaluation of the technical and economic performance of the converted gasoline and diesel engines to use compressed natural gas (CNG) as the cleanest-burning hydrocarbon. The technical performance involved vehicle mileage (MiCNG), fuel consumption (Fcons), speed drop, engine fuel enhancement (Fenh), and fuel saving, while the economic performance involved conversion cost (Cc), fuel cost saving (FCsaving), and payback (PB). Considering the conversion of gasoline vehicles, the MiCNG could reach an average of 100 to 500 km per filling, depending on the CNG cylinder size. The Fenh and fuel saving were ranging between 1.9 and 3.9 and 71 and 78%. With a proportion of 30:70 diesel-CNG fuel, the heavy-duty truck with 180 kg of CNG could reach 1300 km, saving about 440 L, which is 78.6% per roundtrip, while the medium passenger car with 15 kg of CNG could reach 350 km, presenting a fuel saving of about 75%. From an economic point of view, gasoline retrofitted NGVs cost about 50 to 200 TZS/km, yielding a fuel cost saving of up to 79% and starting to pay off between 2 and 7 months or 10,000 and 40,000 km, depending on the engine capacity. Considering dual fuel, the heavy-duty truck consumes about 496 TZS/km, saving about 62.3% of diesel fuel and starting to pay off after 2.5 months or 29,304 km. To conclude, NGV technologies have been successfully implemented in Tanzania's road transportation sector, presenting significant fuel savings and reducing reliance on imported oil. While taking measures, this study paves a way for Tanzania and other sub-Saharan countries to promote NGV growth.
... "The Natural Gas as a Sustainable Fuel Alternative in Latvia" by J. Savickis, A. Ansone, L. Zemite, I. Bode, L. Jansons, N. Zeltins, A. Koposovs, L. Vempere and E. Dzelzitis [12] states that compressed natural gas and biomethane as well as liquid natural gas may be more suitable alternatives to conventional fuels for the decarbonisation of the transport sector in cities and other densely populated areas. On the basis of this mobility implementation experience in other European countries, the article provides an analytical insight into three basic development strategies of mobility in Latvia in this decade, with a particular focus on the prospects of simultaneous use of natural gas and biomethane as sources of compressed and liquid natural gas. ...
The importance of the climate change problem is recognised by the governments of the overwhelming majority of the world’s countries. To bring additional attention and enable more concrete action, in a number of countries and municipalities the issue has been declared a climate emergency. The need to solve this problem predetermines the task of replacing fossil energy sources with renewable alternatives. The process of the ongoing transformation is called energy transition. It includes transformation of all the energy-intensive sectors of economic activity: power generation, supply and consumption, heat generation and supply, electrification of transport, agriculture and households.
The main goal of the energy transition is obvious – it is necessary to reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The main sources of energy used to achieve this goal in power generation are wind and solar energy. Even though the goal is unambiguously defined and the way to achieve it seems evident, it is already clear that a number of serious problems and obstacles have arisen. They are caused by the emergence of additional objectives that must be achieved and constraints that need to be satisfied in the process of the required transformations. Indeed, the transition should be carried out taking into account power system properties describing techno-economic efficiency, reliability, stability, adequacy, etc. This list can be expanded easily. It should be noted that the additional objectives are not less important than the overarching goal. Along with reducing emissions, it is also necessary to improve energy supply reliability, its availability and affordability for all the segments of the population as well as maintain the security of the energy supply infrastructure and processes.
Natural gas is relatively clean energy source, which emits less greenhouse gases (hereinafter – GHG), compared to other fossil fuels, such as hard and brown coal, and therefore it may be the most feasible resource to ensure smooth energy transition towards Europe’s climate neutrality by 2050. Traditional natural gas can be easily transported and used in liquefied (hereinafter – LNG) or compressed form. As for biomethane, in future it also can be used in liquefied (hereinafter – bioLNG) and compressed form, as well as transported by means of the current natural gas infrastructure. It can also significantly enhance regional and national energy security and independence, which has been challenging for the European Union (hereinafter – EU) over at least several decades.
Issue on energy independence, security of supply, alternative natural gas sources has been in a hotspot of the Baltic energy policy makers as well. Now, considering Russia’s invasion in Ukraine, since late February 2022, a problem of the EU natural gas dependency on the Russian Federation has escalated again and with force never before experienced. The European natural gas prices also hit records, as the natural gas prices in the Netherlands Title Transfer Facility reached 345 euros per megawatt-hour (hereinafter – EUR/MWh) in March 2022.
Therefore, LNG import terminal is the only viable option to reduce national dependency of the so-called pipe gas which in some cases, due to the insufficient interconnections, may be delivered from very limited number of sources. The European policy makers and relevant institutions are currently working towards radical EU natural gas supply diversification, where LNG deliveries coming from outside of Russia will certainly take a central stage.
In case of Latvia, the potential benefits of the LNG terminal development in Skulte were evaluated in order to reduce energy independence of the Russian natural gas deliveries in the Baltic region and to introduce new ways and sources of the natural gas flows to the Baltics. LNG terminal in Skulte could ensure significant capital investment cost reduction comparing to other projects proposed for Latvia in different periods, due to already existing natural gas transmission infrastructure and the relative closeness to the Incukalns underground gas storage (hereinafter – UGS). Various aspects, such as technical, political and economic ones, were analysed to assure that Skulte LNG terminal would be a real asset not only to customers of Latvia, but also to those of the whole Baltic region, where in future it would be possible to use biomethane for efficient utilisation of existing and developing natural gas infrastructure.
The aim of our paper is to evaluate the maximum Shannon (syntactic) information carried through a video lecture. To achieve the aim, we have considered a natural lecture delivered by a lecturer as a signal transmitted over the physical communication channel consisting of a sound sub-channel and light sub-channel. Receivers are eyes and ears of listeners whose physical characteristics are taken into account. The physiological, neurological and cognitive aspects of the problem are neglected in calculations. The method has been developed to calculate the absolute maximum values of Shannon information characteristics of a natural lecture basing on the capacity formula of continuous communication channel and physical considerations taken into account for the first time, to our knowledge. Maximum Shannon information characteristics (entropies of sound and light frames, amounts of total acoustical and optical information, capacities of sound and light sub-channels, total amount of information and total capacity) of a natural lecture perceived by the audience have been calculated. These values are the upper bounds of a video lecture. The obtained results are discussed in the paper. After some modification, the proposed method can be practically applied for the optimization of both natural and video lectures because there is some correlation between syntactic and semantic information characteristics.
