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Position of Neobulgaria koningiana (MUCL 9775) within Neobulgaria based on ML analysis of ITS sequences. Details as in FIG. 1.
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The Pleuroascaceae (Leotiomycetes) is introduced for Phialophora hyalina (section Catenulatae) and its closest relatives based on analyses of DNA sequences of five gene regions and the comparison of cultural and micromorphological characters. The family is resolved as a strongly supported clade that encompasses Pleuroascus and the new anamorph gene...
Citations
... There is no other published information on the habitat and effect of N. alba, and little more is readily available for the genus. Another species Neobulgaria koningiana has been variously isolated from soil, healthy and decaying wood, and decomposing roots (Untereiner et al. 2019). Another related species, N. pura, was considered to be a potential endophytic, latent invader of healthy beech by Heilmann-Clausen (2000), who noted that it typically forms extensive fruiting bodies on recently dead logs. ...
... Another related species, N. pura, was considered to be a potential endophytic, latent invader of healthy beech by Heilmann-Clausen (2000), who noted that it typically forms extensive fruiting bodies on recently dead logs. It appears that the genus is not phylogenetically well resolved and the relationship of N. alba to other species within the genus is uncertain (Untereiner et al. 2019). ...
Vine decline and trunk diseases have been observed in New Zealand kiwifruit orchards since the year 2000. In 2019, a block of Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa ‘Hayward’ vines that were being re-grafted was noted to have differences in colouration of the internal wood of the cut trunks, with dark cores often corresponding with less vigorous vines and/or vines with trunk disorders. Cross-sections of 10 symptomatic and 10 externally asymptomatic trunks were taken from 1–1.5 m above the soil and fungal isolations made across the width of the trunks. Fungi found within the symptomatic vines included Neobulgaria alba, Ilyonectria spp., Neonectria microconidia, Gliomastix murorum, Clonostachys sp. and Penicillium sp. There was a wide variety of symptoms and fungal profiles seen. However, Neobulgaria alba often closely matched the stained areas seen in the wood and was not recovered from the asymptomatic vines. The most common fungus in the asymptomatic vines was Chaetomium sp. These isolations revealed a group of fungal genera that were associated with diseased trunks of kiwifruit at this site. Pathogenicity testing is needed to confirm which of these fungi are secondary invaders and which are primary pathogens of this host.
... As in past studies (Alexiev et al., 2021;Kearns et al., 2017;Medina et al., 2019), we found that most of the fungi we tested have not been previously studied as host-associated organisms, despite being repeatedly found living on amphibians. Both Neobulgaria and Pseudeurotium include cold-tolerant fungal species (Untereiner et al., 2019;Wang et al., 2015), which makes sense considering boreal toads live at high elevation and overwinter in burrows beneath the snow (Hammerson, 1999). This gives us reason to explore a new possible niche for study and targeted isolation for many fungi. ...
... Cleistothecial-like ascomata appear in apothecial-dominated families of Leotiomycetes such as in Rutstroemiaceae (Bicornispora) and Helotiaceae (Amylocarpus). There are species with apothecia in cleistothecial-dominant orders, such as Thelebolales, whereas some families are comprised only of cleistothecial species, e.g., Amorphothecaceae, Erysiphaceae, Myxotrichaceae, Pleuroascaceae, and Pseudeurotiaceae [14,25,57]. ...
Closed cleistothecia-like ascomata have repeatedly evolved in non-related perithecioid and apothecioid lineages of lichenized and non-lichenized Ascomycota. The evolution of a closed, darkly pigmented ascoma that protects asci and ascospores is conceived as either an adaptation to harsh environmental conditions or a specialized dispersal strategy. Species with closed ascomata have mostly lost sterile hymenial elements (paraphyses) and the capacity to actively discharge ascospores. The class Leotiomycetes, one of the most speciose classes of Ascomycota, is mainly apothecioid, paraphysate, and possesses active ascospore discharge. Lineages with closed ascomata, and their morphological variants, have evolved independently in several families, such as Erysiphaceae, Myxotrichaceae, Rutstroemiaceae, etc. Thelebolales is a distinctive order in the Leotiomycetes class. It has two widespread families (Thelebolaceae, Pseudeurotiaceae) with mostly closed ascomata, evanescent asci, and thus passively dispersed ascospores. Within the order, closed ascomata dominate and a great diversity of peridia have evolved as adaptations to different dispersal strategies. The type genus, Thelebolus, is an exceptional case of ascomatal evolution within the order. Its species are the most diverse in functional traits, encompassing species with closed ascomata and evanescent asci, and species with open ascomata, active ascospore discharge, and paraphyses. Open ascomata were previously suggested as the ancestral state in the genus, these ascomata depend on mammals and birds as dispersal agents. In this scheme, species with closed ascomata, a lack of paraphyses, and passive ascospore discharge exhibit derived traits that evolved in adaptation to cold ecosystems. Here, we used morphological and phylogenetic methods, as well as the reconstruction of ancestral traits for ascomatal type, asci dehiscence, the presence or absence of paraphyses, and ascospore features to explore evolution within Thelebolales. We demonstrate the apothecial ancestry in Thelebolales and propose a new hypothesis about the evolution of the open ascomata in Thelebolus, involving a process of re-evolution where the active dispersal of ascospores appears independently twice within the order. We propose a new family, Holwayaceae, within Thelebolales, that retains the phenotypic features exhibited by species of Thelebolus, i.e., pigmented capitate paraphyses and active asci discharge with an opening limitation ring.
... Solenopeziaceae sensu Ekanayaka et al. (2019) was shown to be polyphyletic, the core genera Trichopeziza, Trichopezizella and Lasiobelonium forming a monophyletic clade basal to Lachnaceae sensu Johnston et al. (2019) and the taxa here accepted as Tricladiaceae forming a monophyletic clade basal to Helotiaceae sensu Johnston et al. (2019). Note that a second monophyletic basal clade within Helotiaceae sensu Johnston et al. (2019) was formally named Pleuroascaceae by Untereiner et al. (2019). ...
... The core clade included several genera treated by Baral (in Jaklitsch et al. 2019) as Helotiaceae -Bryoscyphus, Dicephalospora, Glarea (represented by ex-type specimen of the type species), Hymenoscyphus, and Phaeohelotium. One of the basal subclades contained the morphologically divergent genera Connersia and Pleuroascus (traditionally placed in Pseudeurotiaceae because of their cleistothecial ascomata), and this clade has since been formally named Pleuroascaceae (Untereiner et al. 2019). A second basal subclade contained fungi with aquatic hyphomycete-like asexual spores in genera such as Tricladium and Mycofalcella, and it is this clade that is here formally named as Tricladiaceae. ...
To resolve the polyphyletic nature of Solenopeziaceae as it was originally circumscribed, we establish a new family Tricladiaceae for those genera originally placed in Solenopeziaceae that have aquatic hyphomycete-like asexual morphs and/or a sexual morph with glabrous apothecia. These include Cudoniella , Geniculospora , Graddonia , Halenospora , Mycofalcella , Spirosphaera , and Tricladium . Solenopeziaceae is confined to the genera Lasiobelonium , Solenopezia , Trichopeziza , and Trichopezizella , all of which have a sexual morph having apothecia with smooth-walled hairs. This taxonomy is supported by a multi-gene analysis using up to 15 genes, with a few of the taxa placed on the basis of a separate ITS phylogeny. Tricladiaceae forms a monophyletic clade with a basal sister relationship to Pleuroascaceae plus Helotiaceae ; Solenopeziaceae forms a monophyletic clade with a basal sister relationship to Lachnaceae .
... GenBank accession numbers for ITS, SSU, LSU, rpb2 and tef1-α sequences generated in this study and previously published homologous sequences of members of the Conioscyphales, Fuscosporellales, Pleurotheciales and Savoryellales (Hypocreomycetidae) retrieved from GenBank (Sayers et al. 2019) are listed in Table 2. The LSU, SSU, the mitochondrial small subunit (mitSSU) 18S rRNA gene and rpb2 sequences of representative species belonging to the Helotiales were obtained from our study (Untereiner et al. 2019) and selected according to Johnston et al. (2019). The closest relatives of B. gabretae (ex-type strain ZK171, LSU: FN561755, Koukol & Kol a rov a 2010), i.e. ...
... Rivera & Seifert 2011, Stielow et al. 2015, Wang et al. 2019. The mitSSU marker is an additional gene that has been used to resolve the relationships of members of the Helotiales (Han et al. 2014, Untereiner et al. 2019. ...
The newly discovered systematic placement of Bactrodesmium abruptum, the lectotype species of the genus, prompted a re-valuation of the traditionally broadly conceived genus Bactrodesmium. Fresh material, axenic cultures and new DNA sequence data of five gene regions of six species, i.e. B. abruptum, B. diversum, B. leptopus, B. obovatum, B. pallidum and B. spilomeum, were studied. Bactrodesmium is a strongly resolved lineage in the Savoryellales (Sordariomycetes), supported by Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood methods. The genus Bactrodesmium is emended and delimited to hyphomycetes characterised by sporodochial conidiomata, mononematous often fasciculate conidiophores, holoblastic conidiogenesis and acrogenous, solitary, dry, pigmented, transversely or rarely longitudinally septate conidia. The conidia are seceding rhexolytically, exhibiting multiple secession patterns. An identification key to 35 species accepted in Bactrodesmium is given, providing the most important diagnostic characters. Novel DNA sequence data of B. longisporum and B. stilboideum confirmed their placement in the Sclerococcales (Eurotiomycetes). For other Bactrodesmium, molecular data are available for B. cubense and B. gabretae, which position them in the Dothideomycetes and Leotiomycetes, respectively. All four species are excluded from Bactrodesmium and segregated into new genera, Aphanodesmium, Gamsomyces and Kaseifertia. Classification of other 20 species and varieties not recognised in the genus is discussed. Based on new collections of Dematiosporium aquaticum, the type species of Dematiosporium, the genus is emended to accommodate monodictys-like freshwater lignicolous fungi of the Savoryellales characterised by effuse colonies, holoblastic conidiogenous cells and dictyosporous, pigmented conidia with a pore in each cell. Study of additional new collections, cultures and DNA sequence data revealed several unknown species, which are proposed as taxonomic novelties in the Savoryellales and closely related Pleurotheciales. Ascotaiwania latericolla, Helicoascotaiwania lacustris and Pleurotheciella erumpens are described from terrestrial, lentic and lotic habitats from New Zealand and France, respectively. New combinations are proposed for Helicoascotaiwania farinosa and Neoascotaiwania fusiformis. Relationships and systematics of the Savoryellales are discussed in the light of recent phylogenies and morphological patterns newly linked with the order through cultural studies.
Humicolopsis cephalosporioides is a soil fungus that is associated with Nothofagus forests in South America. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of environmental factors such as temperature, light, and nutrition on chlamydospore differentiation as well as pigment biosynthesis. Temperature did not affect chlamydospore production; it rather altered pigmentation development that also was affected by light. The composition of culture media as well as light modulated chlamydospore differentiation. Microscope observations, spectroscopic analysis as well as culture assays, using melanin inhibitors, suggest that the main pigment of chlamydospores of H. cephalosporioides is 1,8 dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin–type compound. Furthermore, we found that the genome of H. cephalosporioides contains a sequence highly homologous to the pks sequences of other fungi that have been associated with the biosynthesis of 1,8 DHN-melanin. All this together suggests that melanization is among the most important features linked to survival of this fungus in the soils of Nothofagus forests in sub-Antarctica region and that the ITS, 18S, and 28S rDNA sequences did not provide enough information to delineate the phylogenetic relationships of the fungus within the class Leotiomycetes.
Sporobolomyces lactosus is a pink yeast-like fungus that is not congeneric with other members of Sporobolomyces (Basidiomycota, Microbotryomycetes, Sporidiobolales). During our ongoing studies of pink yeasts we determined that S. lactosus was most closely related to Pseudeurotium zonatum (Ascomycota, Leotiomycetes, Thelebolales). A molecular phylogenetic analysis using sequences of the ITS region and the small and large subunit (SSU, LSU) rRNA genes, indicated that four isolates of S. lactosus, including three ex-type isolates, were placed in Thelebolales with maximum support. A new genus is proposed to accommodate S. lactosus, Inopinatum. This is the first pink yeast reported in Leotiomycetes.
