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Populations and genetic diversities (Nei, 1987) of Pleurozium schreberi and Racomitrium laguninosum from Hokkaido, Japan surveyed using microsatellite markers
Citations
... There are little-known medical and ethnopharmacological reports on these particular usages for this species, and so further assessment is required in this area of study [22]. The genetic studies on this species are limited or even absent [23,24]. Because of the lack of any data about the genetic structure of P. schreberi in Poland, we decided to carry out for the first time this type of research based on the atpB-rbcL spacer sequences of chloroplast DNA. ...
Pleurozium schreberi is a common and widespread species that has been the object of many studies, and its biology and ecology are well known. However, genetic studies on this species are limited or even absent. Because of the lack of any data about the genetic diversity of the moss species P. schreberi in Poland, the present paper describes the results of the studies carrying out for the first time this kind of research based on the atpB-rbcL spacer sequences of chloroplast DNA. A total of 35 specimens of P. schreberi from 19 locations in Poland were sampled. Total genomic DNA was extracted, amplified, and sequenced, and all obtained sequences were analyzed. Our findings suggest the low genetic diversity of P. schreberi in Poland. We detected four different haplotypes, shared between different populations.
... Mountainous environments are unique, as the physical distances between high and low elevation sites are short, whereas differences in environmental conditions and topography are large (Korpelainen, Jägerbrand, & von Cräutlein, 2012). High elevation environments are characterized by low temperature and long duration of snow cover (e.g., Ortiz, Arista, & Talavera, 2002), as well as increased radiation and wind speed (Körner, 2007). ...
• Terrestrial plant populations located at the margins of species’ distributions often display reduced sexual reproduction and an increased reliance on asexual reproduction. One hypothesis to explain this phenomenon is that the decline is associated with environmental effects on the energetic costs to produce reproductive organs.
• In order to clarify the changing processes of sexual reproduction along an elevational gradient, we investigated the sexual reproductive parameters, such as the number of sporophytes and gametangia, in Racomitrium lanuginosum, a dioicous moss found on Mt. Fuji.
• Matured sporophytes were present only below 3,000 m, and the number of sporophytes per shoot tended to be lower at higher elevation habitats. The numbers of male inflorescences per shoot and antheridia per inflorescence and shoot significantly decreased with increasing elevation. In contrast, the numbers of female inflorescences per shoot and archegonia per inflorescence and shoot varied little across elevations.
• Synthesis. Our results suggest that the reasons for this limitation are assumed to be limitations in sporophyte development that result in abortion, and the spatial segregation between males and females. Possible reasons for the abortion of sporophytes are the inhibitory effects of low air temperature, a shortened growth period, and winter environmental conditions at higher elevations. Remarkable differences between male and female on various reproductive parameters found in this study are thought to affect the mode of sexual reproduction under the harsh environment. These differences between males and females may be caused by differences in the costs of production and development of gametangia, sensitivity to environmental stressors, and phenological patterns.
... Populations displayed a range of tolerances to these watering treatments, perhaps due to adaptation to sitespecific precipitation regimes (Doherty et al. 2017). Similar adaptive processes are inferred to be at work in other moss species, in which genetic variation is commonly structured across altitudinal gradients that are strongly correlated with temperature and precipitation (Korpelainen et al. 2012;Pisa et al. 2013;Magdy et al. 2016). ...
Syntrichia ruralis is a cosmopolitan moss that occupies steep environmental gradients. In arid to semi-arid regions of the world it is a key component of biological soil crusts, which are fundamental to healthy dryland ecosystem processes. As such, S. ruralis has attracted the attention of conservationists seeking to restore degraded biological soil crust communities and their associated vascular flora. Here, we generate genomic data for S. ruralis populations that span climatic gradients across the Colorado Plateau of the southwestern USA to investigate the contributions of neutral and deterministic processes to the partitioning of genomic structure. Although S. ruralis appears to be highly dispersible, geographic proximity significantly predicts genomic similarity. In addition, even when taking into account apparently high migration rates among populations and spatial autocorrelation of allele frequencies, some genomic variation is explained by environmental gradients correlated with elevation and latitude. Consequently, efforts to restore dryland ecosystems by establishing S. ruralis as a foundation should include strategies to ensure that propagule sources of this moss are environmentally stratified and targeted to the current/future climates of restoration sites.
... Some populations, like the Wrightwood site, both recruit and produce spores that contribute to subsequent generations, while other sites, like Phelan, permit growth but no sexual reproduction and become genotype sinks. Our sampling is insuffi cient to quantitatively evaluate the population structure of Mojave Desert populations of S. caninervis , but these inferences are consistent with studies in other mosses that report some population structure at the patch scale ( Hutsemékers et al., 2010 ;Leonardía et al., 2013 ;Rosengren et al., 2016 ) but limited structure at regional or larger spatial scales ( McDaniel and Shaw, 2005 ;Vanderpoorten et al., 2008 ;Korpelainen et al., 2012 ;Shaw et al., 2014 ;Désamoré et al., 2016 ). FIGURE 4 fastSTRUCTURE membership coeffi cients for K = 2. Vertical bars represent individual ramets; colors represent genetic clusters detected ( K = 2). ...
Premise of research:
Natural populations of many mosses appear highly female-biased based on the presence of reproductive structures. This bias could be caused by increased male mortality, lower male growth rate, or a higher threshold for achieving sexual maturity in males. Here we test these hypotheses using samples from two populations of the Mojave Desert moss Syntrichia caninervis.
Methods:
We used double-digest restriction-site associated DNA (RAD) sequencing to identify candidate sex-associated loci in a panel of sex-expressing plants. Next, we used putative sex-associated markers to identify the sex of individuals without sex structures.
Key results:
We found a 17:1 patch-level phenotypic female to male sex ratio in the higher elevation site (Wrightwood) and no sex expression at the low elevation site (Phelan). In contrast, on the basis of genetic data, we found a 2:1 female bias at the Wrightwood site and only females at the Phelan site. The relative area occupied by male and female genets was indistinguishable, but males were less genetically diverse.
Conclusions:
Our data suggest that both male-biased mortality and sexual dimorphism in thresholds for sex expression could explain genetic and phenotypic sex ratio biases and that phenotypic sex expression alone over-estimates the extent of actual sex ratio bias present in these two populations of S. caninervis.
... A previous study investigated the genetic structure of P. schreberi and R. lanuginosum from the study sites [15]. The two bryophytes used in this study are common and widely distributed species, e.g., P. schreberi is circumpolar and R. lanuginosum is cosmopolitan. ...
... Samples of P. schreberi were collected at 12 sites in three areas and samples of R. lanuginosum were collected at 11 sites in two areas, all in June 2007. For further details see Table 4, [15] or [2]. All samples were kept in dry, dark and cool conditions from collection until the first Fv/Fm measurements (prior to the experiment) and thereafter until the experiment started (on 5-6 July 2007). ...
There is limited knowledge available on the thermal acclimation processes for bryophytes, especially when considering variation between populations or sites. This study investigated whether short-term ex situ thermal acclimation of different populations showed patterns of site dependency and whether the maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) could be used as an indicator of adaptation or temperature stress in two bryophyte species: Pleurozium schreberi (Willd. ex Brid.) Mitt. and Racomitrium lanuginosum (Hedw.) Brid. We sought to test the hypothesis that differences in the ability to acclimate to short-term temperature treatment would be revealed as differences in photosystem II maximum yield (Fv/Fm). Thermal treatments were applied to samples from 12 and 11 populations during 12 or 13 days in growth chambers and comprised: (1) 10/5 °C; (2) 20/10 °C; (3) 25/15 °C; (4) 30/20 °C (12 hours day/night temperature). In Pleurozium schreberi, there were no significant site-dependent differences before or after the experiment, while site dependencies were clearly shown in Racomitrium lanuginosum throughout the study. Fv/Fm in Pleurozium schreberi decreased at the highest and lowest temperature treatments, which can be interpreted as a stress response, but no similar trends were shown by Racomitrium lanuginosum.
... are much more branched and grow more horizontally to produce dense 'wefts', somewhat like the prostrate form of H. splendens studied by Ross et al. (1998). The stands of P. schreberi consisted of several genotypes each and there was clear evidence of genetic differentiation between altitudes (Korpelainen et al., 2012). An ecophysiological study on thermal acclimation of photosynthesis and growth in the same species in the same zones on Mt. ...
... Just as in our study, much of the variation found was related to site rather than altitude, although length increment (under standard conditions) over a period of four weeks tended to increase in plants from higher altitudes. At all altitudes, populations consisted of several genotypes, with a positive relationship between genetic diversity and altitude (Korpelainen et al., 2012). This may indicate that differences in growth, physiology and biomechanical traits might partly be due to genetic variation. ...
... Populations that are not able to adapt properly to the temperature perturbations may show signs of decreased photosynthetic performance. The genetic structure of Pleurozium schreberi from the same sites has been investigated previously (Korpelainen et al., 2012). ...
... Studies on the genetic structure of Pleurozium schreberi from the same geographical sites (at Mt. Oakan) shows a significant correlation between genetic and vertical distances, thus revealing that altitude affects the genetic differentiation of this species (Korpelainen et al., 2012). If genetic differences in Pleurozium schreberi results in different response strategies in thermal acclimatisation this could explain some of the variation found in this study. ...
Thermal acclimatisations are important for the survival and growth of individuals and populations but seldom studied for different populations of bryophytes. The aims of this study were to (I) investigate if responses to temperature treatments were independent of the site sampled or if the intra- and inter-population variation in responses were larger than the responses to the temperature treatments (control, press, and pulse), and to (II) examine if experimental responses varied, depending on the sampled sites. We collected samples of the circumpolar bryophyte species, Pleurozium schreberi (Willd. ex Brid.) Mitt., originating from eight altitude sites on Mt. Oakan in Hokkaido, Japan, and exposed them to three different temperature treatments ex situ for four weeks. Thermal acclimatisation was estimated by measuring responses in growth length increase, biomass increase, number of branches, and the maximum quantum yield of PS II (Fv/Fm). We found that responses to temperature treatments were dependent of the site sampled, and that differences were most pronounced in the length increase. Results also shows that the responses to experimental treatments may differ between sites. Our results therefore raise important concerns regarding the general validity of both ex situ and in situ experiments when performed on a single or a limited number of sites.
... mountains) through adaptive genetic variation (e.g. Korpelainen et al. 2012). ...
The genetic variability in the common cord moss Funaria hygrometrica and its relation to climate change adaptation processes in Mediterranean high mountain of Sierra Nevada (Spain) were studied. Four DNA regions were sequenced (ITS1 and ITS2 nuclear spacers, rps3-rpl16 chloroplast DNA region, and rpl5-rpl16 mitochondrial intergenic spacer). Two fingerprinting techniques (microsatellites and AFLP) were used to complement the sequence data. A genome scan method was applied on the AFLP data in order to find loci under selection. New and/or modified primers were developed to improve the PCR amplification for the nuclear ITS spacer and the chloroplast rps3-rpl16 region. The results obtained showed a high genetic variability and revealed the existence of two divergent lineages of Funaria hygrometrica. Based on the statistical Mantel test, the significant levels of correlation suggested that Funaria hygrometrica possesses an adaptive variation along Sierra Nevada Mountains.
... Furthermore, evidence exists for phenotypic variation along elevation gradients in bryophytes on tropical islands (Vitt 1991). However, genetic structure of two mosses has recently been shown to be correlated with altitude in a temperate region (Korpelainen et al. 2012), suggesting that ecotypic variation as a result of shifting environments relative to elevational gradients should be expected in both tropical and temperate environments. Surprisingly, extremely few bryophyte studies have directly addressed the relationship between variation in phenotype, genetic structure and altitude. ...
Infra-specific variation in phenotypes of bryophytes is rarely shown to be spatially or ecologically structured. By using a morphometrics approach based on more than 2,300 measurements of nine gametophyte characters taken from 63 specimens across the global range of Syrrhopodon leprieurii Mont. (Calymperaceae), we demonstrate through partial and total Mantel analyses that phenotypes vary significantly over distance and elevation. Furthermore, S. leprieurii specimens of montane and spatially isolated (island) regions (such as the Andes and Cuba) exhibit disproportionately greater morphological differentiation over relatively shorter distances when compared to those from lowland rainforests of the greater Amazon basin. Structured morphological variation among bryophyte populations is uncommon and we suggest that, in light of results from studies of other Neotropical plant taxa, more pronounced differentiation in niche structure in this region may account for such variability.
Bryophytes with indeterminate growth rarely exhibit clearly identifiable modules or age segments, but can be vertically divided into different physiologically active zones, since physiological activity normally declines vertically along the shoot profile depth. The aim of this study was to investigate whether it is possible to use C:N ratios (C/N) and/or parameters from chlorophyll fluorescence measurements (e.g. Fv/Fm, Fm or qN) to determine if bryophyte tissue is alive, senescent or dead, and at what distance along the shoot segment profile the moss tissue cease to live. Variation in C:N ratios and chlorophyll fluorescence between sites was also examined. This study shows that it is possible to separate alive, senescing and dead parts of the moss shoots in Pleurozium schreberi, and that chlorophyll fluorescence is a good method to use, whereas C/N varies between sites and species (for Hylcomium splendens and Racomitrium lanuginosum) and does not seem to reflect physiological activity to the same degree.
