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The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the largest nation in the Arabian Peninsula is divided into 13 regions, which are of different development levels in terms of both population and public utility infrastructure. More than the other regions, population is high in Al-Riyadh, Makkah Al-Mokarramah, and the Eastern Region, due to urbanization. The current ana...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... 2004 and 2010 censuses are comparable, where household tables have been consistently reported. Household Tables of Census 2010 offer data by regions and governorates for indicators namely type of house- hold (traditional, villa, floor in a villa, floor in a trad- itional house, apartment and others); built up material (concrete, block/brick, mud, stone and others); house ownership (owned, rented, provided by employer and others); source of electricity (public station, private sta- tion, private generator, others and no data); source of water (public inside the piple unit, catchment tank, well and others) and type of sewage faciltiy (public sewage, ditch, private sewage and others). Each category has the number of housing units, number of households and number persons in it. ...
Context 2
... per the Population and Household Census 2010's re- sults, Saudi Arabia has a population of 26,090,555. Three-fourths of them are Saudi natives and the rest are non-Saudi immigrants (Table 1) from various parts of the world. Immigrants hail mostly from Southeast Asia and Africa (Khraif 2009;Khraif 2000;Clarke and Murray 1973). ...
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Citations
... [13] In the United States, sickle cell disease readmissions have been identified as the highest among condition-specific readmissions for the same index admission diagnosis. [14] Further, the larger family size in Saudi Arabia than the average Western families [15] may impose an additional burden on families with CMC, contributing to high readmission rates. ...
Background
Children with medical complexity (CMC) account for a substantial proportion of healthcare spending, and one-third of their expenditures are due to readmissions. However, knowledge regarding the healthcare-resource utilization and characteristics of CMC in Saudi Arabia is limited.
Objectives
To describe hospitalization patterns and characteristics of Saudi CMC with an unplanned 30-day readmission.
Methodology
This retrospective study included Saudi CMC (aged 0–14 years) who had an unplanned 30-day readmission at six tertiary centers in Riyadh, Jeddah, Dammam, Alahsa, and Almadina between January 2016 and December 2020. Hospital-based inclusion criteria focused on CMC with multiple complex chronic conditions (CCCs) and technology assistance (TA) device use. CMC were compared across demographics, clinical characteristics, and hospital-resource utilization.
Results
A total of 9139 pediatric patients had unplanned 30-day readmission during the study period, of which 680 (7.4%) met the inclusion criteria. Genetic conditions were the most predominant primary pathology (66.3%), with one-third of cases (33.7%) involving the neuromuscular system. During the index admission, pneumonia was the most common diagnosis (33.1%). Approximately 35.1% of the readmissions were after 2 weeks. Pneumonia accounted for 32.5% of the readmissions. After readmission, 16.9% of patients were diagnosed with another CCC or received a new TA device, and the in-hospital mortality rate was 6.6%.
Conclusion
The rate of unplanned 30-day readmissions in children with medical complexity in Saudi Arabia is 7.4%, which is lower than those reported from developed countries. Saudi children with CCCs and TA devices were readmitted approximately within similar post-discharge time and showed distinct hospitalization patterns associated with specific diagnoses. To effectively reduce the risk of 30-day readmissions, targeted measures must be introduced both during the hospitalization period and after discharge.
... The KSA's terrain encompasses deserts, mountain ranges, and grasslands, resulting in diverse climates across different regions. As of 2021, the estimated population of the KSA is around 32.1 million people, with 58.4% being Saudi nationals and 41.6% foreigners, with approximately three-fifths of the population in the KSA residing in major cities in the country [14,15]. ...
Background: Malaria is a significant public health concern in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). This study aimed to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of malaria in the KSA between 2017 and 2021. Methods: A spatial analysis was conducted using data for malaria cases stratified by Plasmodium species reported by the Ministry of Health for the period 2017–2021. Covariate data such as environmental, socioeconomic, and demographic factors were assembled from different publicly available sources. Results: A total of 13,852 cases were reported from 20 regions in the KSA during the study period. The study indicated a decline in the overall number of reported cases from 2715 in 2017 to 2616 in 2021, primarily driven by a decrease in Plasmodium falciparum infections. However, the number of Plasmodium vivax cases increased in 2021. Southern regions of the KSA remained at higher risk due to imported cases from neighboring Yemen. Socioeconomic and demographic factors, such as access to healthcare and education, were found to affect malaria transmission. Environmental factors, such as temperature and rainfall, were also identified as determinants of malaria risk. Conclusions: This study showed significant spatial variation in malaria cases in the KSA that was related to underlying socioeconomic status and environmental factors. The findings of this study highlight the need for continued efforts to control and eliminate malaria in the KSA, particularly in regions with higher risk of malaria.
... Water is precious and important in the Arabian Peninsula, and Saudi Arabia has changed its land use dramatically in recent decades. Rapid economic expansion, unprecedented levels of population increase, and urbanization have all contributed to these changes [11, 31,32]. According to Haipeng et al. [33], shallow groundwater in wetlands is highly susceptible to pollution by long-term residential sewage treatment. ...
In this study, a decentralized new sewage water treatment system is suggested and designed in Ar Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, to safeguard the environment and reuse treated water for irrigation purposes. The system consists of a primary treatment (septic tank), a subsurface horizontal flow constructed wetland (HSSF-CW), and a storage ground tank. The research methodology employed in this study is (i) to define the wastewater characteristics, where air temperature in winter is 18.6 °C, the wastewater flow per person (q) is 150 L/d, demonstrating an inlet design discharge of 300 m3/d, the influent pollutant concentrations for biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and fecal coliforms (FC) are 350, 1000, 700, 50, 12 mg/L, and 106 CFU/100 mL, respectively; (ii) to design the septic tank based on a retention time of two days and a surfacing load rate of 1.5 m/d; (iii) the P-k-C* model was used to determine the HSSF-CW surface area based on reed beds of Phragmites australis (common reed) and papyrus plants, where the removal rate was constant at 20 °C for BOD, TP, and FC in the effluent concentrations not exceeding 20 mg/L, 3.0 mg/L, and 2000 CFU/100 mL in order to satisfy Saudi Arabia’s wastewater reuse requirements; and (iv) to design the clean water tank for a hydraulic retention time of 10 h. The results demonstrate that the removing pollutants design area is 1872 m2 divided into nine cells, each of width 8 m and length 26 m, with a hydraulic loading rate (LR) of 0.16 m/d and a hydraulic resident time (RT) of 1.1 d. The effluent pollutant concentrations for the BOD, FC, TN, and TP were 245 mg/L, 103 CFU/100 mL, 35, and 8.5 mg/L, respectively. The wastewater treatment system total removal efficiencies for BOD, TN, TP, and FC were estimated to be 91.8, 70, 57, and 98.5%, respectively. Design curves were developed to ease the design steps. The HSSF-CW is a green wastewater treatment technology that offers greatly decreased investment costs, and service particularly for small-scale applications up to 6000 persons.
... As schools and universities in the Arab region have included environmental education in their curriculum [33], around half the participating residents have essential ecological protection and resource conservation knowledge. Figure A1d shows a family size of more than six persons for 97% of the respondents' families, which agrees with the average family size of 5.8 [34]. A past study found higher WTA in larger families with more water consumption and associated concerns about water and wastewater management [23]. ...
... Regarding population equivalent (pe), the monthly WTP was SAR 12.77 per pe (or USD 3.2 per pe), considering 8 persons per household for rural areas in KSA [34]. The annual WTP of USD 38.4 per pe for the study area is much higher than USD 5 per pe for operating and maintaining membrane bioreactor-type decentralized wastewater treatment plants in Northern India, as Singh and Kazmi [55] estimated. ...
Small communities and most rural settlements in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) store domestic wastewater in residential septic tanks and transport it to the nearest centralized wastewater treatment plant. Without a sanitary sewerage system, the residents encounter various socioeconomic and environmental challenges related to sewage collection vehicles, the production of objectionable gases, and leaking septic tanks. The present study developed a resident perception-based methodology to appraise the sustainability of a low-cost ceramic filter bioreactor-type decentralized wastewater treatment system (DWWTS) for a small community of 1300 residents (160 households) in Qassim (KSA). In addition to six demographic factors, nine indicators assessed residents’ perceptions about existing and proposed wastewater management systems. A hierarchical-based system of sub-indices evaluated the three dimensions of sustainability using four environmental, nine social, and three economic indicators. The indicators translated into dichotomous questions posed to 34 respondents in the study area. The statistical analysis assessed the association of responses with the willingness to accept (WTA) the proposed DWWTS. A subjective rating scheme translated the responses into performance scores, and a fuzzy-based method aggregated the scores into sub- and top-level indices. The top of the hierarchy showed a close agreement between the resident’s perception and DWWTS’ sustainability. The study found that residents’ knowledge about environment and resource conservation resulted in a moderately high willingness to reuse treated effluent and WTA the decentralized system. The study also showed that the economic viability of a DWWTS remained at a moderate performance level due to a low monthly waste disposal cost. The study’s findings present a high potential for sustainable community-maintained DWWTS initially supported by the government. The proposed approach facilitates decision-makers working in ministries concerning water resources, environmental protection, and agricultural production in evaluating the sustainability of DWWTS for small communities in arid regions.
... Collecting environmental data is a crucial component of environmental management and holds significant importance in Saudi Arabia, which is confronted with various environmental problems. The nation has been facing noteworthy air pollution challenges due to industrialization and urbanization, which have led to increased health and environmental concerns [2]. Furthermore, the nation depends mostly on wells in water supply [3]. ...
The advancement of the Internet of Things applications (technologies and enabling platforms), consisting of software and hardware (e.g., sensors, actuators, etc.), allows healthcare providers and users to analyze and measure physical environments at home or hospital. The measured physical environment parameters contribute to improving healthcare in real time. Researchers in this domain require existing representative datasets to develop machine-learning techniques to learn physical variables from the surrounding environments. The available environmental datasets are rare and need too much effort to be generated. To our knowledge, it has been noticed that no datasets are available for some countries, including Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this paper presents one of the first environmental data generated in Saudi Arabia’s environment. The advantage of this dataset is to encourage researchers to investigate the effectiveness of machine learning in such an environment. The collected data will also help utilize the machine learning and deep learning algorithms in smart home and health care applications based on the Saudi Arabia environment. Saudi Arabia has a special environment in each session, especially in the northern area where we work, where it is too hot in the summer and cold in the winter. Therefore, environmental data measurements in both sessions are important for the research community, especially those working in smart and healthcare environments. The dataset is generated based on the indoor environment from six sensors (timestamps, light, temperature, humidity, pressure, and altitude sensors). The room data were collected for 31 days in July 2022, acquiring 8910 records. The datasets include six columns of different data types that represent sensor values. During the experiment, the sensors captured the data every 5 min, storing them in a comma-separated value file. The data are already validated and publicly available at PLOMS Press and can be applied for training, testing, and validating machine learning algorithms. This is the first dataset developed by the authors for the research community for such an environment, and other datasets will follow it in different environments and places.
... However, national surveys and national-level research, especially of maternal and child health, were conducted during the 1980 and 1990 s in Saudi Arabia (Al-Mazrou & Farid, 1993;Sebai, 1985;Courbage, 1999), and there is still ample evidence of information-based decision making, as referred in the health system profiling (UNDP, 2016;Alhowaish & Alshihri, 2018). Thus, the promotion of research based on national statistics (censuses and surveys), international databases, and local (grassroots) micro-level analyses are essential to contribute enthusiastically to the academics, in addition to planning and executing large-scale national surveys, such as demographic health surveys, MCH surveys, and family health surveys (General Authority for Statistics, various years; Al-Mazrou & Farid, 1993;Salam et al., 2015;Salam et al., 2014;El-Zein et al., 2016). The dissemination of national-level data and further research could facilitate appraisals, monitoring, and evaluations, which could be used to evaluate program performance and inform infrastructure investment, especially while considering the core population along with developmental stages, growth patterns, and future population scenarios. ...
Abstract
Background: Countries in the Arabian Gulf, especially Saudi Arabia, deserve special attention due to the scarcity of information
researched and discussed on Maternal and Child Health (MCH). This report focuses on trends in women of reproductive
age, children ever born, live births, child mortality, contraception, age at marriage, and fertility rates.
Method: Data from various censuses conducted from 1992 to 2010 and demographic surveys conducted from 2000 to 2017
were used in this analysis.
Results and discussion: Over time period, the female population increased in Saudi Arabia. However, the proportion of children,
ever-married women, children ever-born, and live births decreased as did child mortality. These changes in maternal
and child health dimensions are owing to reforms in the health sector, including health infrastructure, in accordance with the
achievements of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Conclusions: A comparatively higher quality of MCH was reported. However, demands and challenges of obstetric, gynecologic,
and pediatric care are increasing, thus, strengthening and streamlining in accordance with fertility trends, marital
patterns, and child health care is essential, for which primary data collection at regular intervals is a prerequisite.
Significance
Empirical demographic analyses of maternal and child health situations in Saudi Arabia are rare despite the ongoing late
demographic transition stage characterized by the adult boom and demographic dividend. Such studies and research contribute
to deliberations and discussions leading to policies and interventions to address the increasing needs of maternal
and child health; control morbidity and mortality of mothers, infants, and children; and enable gynecologic and obstetric
interventions toward reproductive health and thereby building healthier generations.
... Although population of the country could be distinguished into native and foreign in terms of size and characteristics, comparisons are impractical and misleading. It is because foreigners in the country are on labor contract, a majority are without family provisions, thus having a skewed age distribution 2,4,24,35,36 . The transition that the country has gone through, despite demographic lag and resistance to fertility decline (pronatalist policy), characterizes a sharp decline in mortality from 1950 to 1978 (crude death rate of 24.4-9.8); ...
Ageing process of population passing through demographic dividend in many of the Arab countries, including Saudi Arabia, where the demographic transition process entered a progressive stage. This process has been accelerated with rapid reductions in fertility caused by various changes in the socio-economic and life style dimensions. Researches on population ageing in the country are rare and thus this analytic research aims at exploring population ageing trends at the backdrop of demographic transition to help build up demanded strategies and policies. This analysis explains a rapid native population ageing especially on absolute size: an increase in line with theoretical demographic transition process. Consequently, structural changes in age distribution accompanied a change in age pyramid from an expansive shape of the late 1990s to a constrictive shape in 2010 and further shrinking by 2016. Obviously, various age related indices—age dependency, index of ageing, and median age—exemplify this trend. Still, the old aged population remain static in terms of percentages or indices, exemplifying that the movement of age cohorts continue in the early ages shall reach old age, soon, in this decade: hence, characterizes retirement boom and multiple pathologies compressed to last years of life. Thus, this is an ideal time to prepare for challenges of ageing, learning from the experiences of nations confronted with similar demographic trends. Old aged population deserves care, concern and compassion to ‘add life to years’ with dignity and independence. Informal care mechanisms, especially families, play a vital role on this behalf, and so, deserve to be strengthened and empowered through welfare measures, rather than turning to improving formal care system.
... Globally, there is an increasing consideration of the assessment methods for monitoring health services and the quality of health care provision in health institutions (Salam et al. 2014). In the Saudi vision of 2030, the significance of HP is a national priority. ...
Health education (HE) is important in improving public health. Globally, the evaluation HE quality is an important obstacle to better interventions, and wider acknowledgment of As a result, the purpose of this research is to improve the quality of health education services by providing a current perspective on current evidence on the effect of the HE national program in primary health care centres (PHCCs) through the following objectives: To calculate the frequency of receiving HE To measure patient satisfaction with the provided HE service. To assess patient self-control and its determinants in chronic diseases. An analytical cross section study targeted randomly selected 1590 Saudi PHCCs visitors from the main five regions in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Through exit interview using a pretested, well-structured questionnaire composed of four parts. The majority of participants were females (73.5%) and married (69.1). Of those, 64.9% had chronic diseases. The frequency of receiving HE was 51.1%. The health-educated patients significantly had better self-chronic disease control and an improvement in health status. The HECs shows a significant self-patient control of chronic diseases and patient satisfaction than HE services. HE interventions must be multidimensional to be effective in improving patients’ clinical outcomes through the increase and maintenance of healthy behaviours. Keywords: health education, Saudi patients, primary health care centres, Saudi Arabia
... The typical living situation is families living together, often in multi-generational households, with unmarried members often not moving out until marriage. The average size of a Saudi household is 6.4 family members and 4.1 for a non-Saudi household (5). With the average number of members living together in a household in Saudi Arabia being so much higher and therefore more people living in close proximity, the chance of catching a communicable disease, such as COVID-19 can be expected to be comparatively higher than, for example, the United Kingdom where the 2021 average household size was only 2.36 (6). ...
Background
Acceptance of vaccination is a multifactorial issue. The unprecedented speed at which the COVID-19 disease spread globally has meant that people have had to face the idea of receiving novel vaccines for a novel disease.
Purpose
Studies conducted earlier in the pandemic had shown high vaccine hesitancy in Saudi Arabia, therefore we wanted to understand the motivating factors for people living in Saudi Arabia with regards to accepting the COVID-19 vaccine, our survey was conducted when the government had already mandated vaccination to enter public spaces. Saudi society is not particularly outspoken and therefore it was of special importance to the authors to explore the motivation behind COVID-19 vaccines.
Methods
This is a cross-sectional survey of 802 participants living in Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire was distributed to staff, visitors, and patients in a hospital in Saudi Arabia and via electronic means to the general population.
Results
A total of 521 (65%) of the respondents were women, and 281 (35%) were men. A total of 710 (88.5%) were Saudi, and 55 (6.9%) were non-Saudi. The majority of participants (496, 65.7%) stated that they registered for the vaccine as soon as it was available, with 185 (24.5%) stating that they registered when they were mandated to do so and 74 (9.8%) registered only when they felt cases were increasing. Most participants (316, 41%) stated that the main reason for taking the vaccine was one of a self-protective nature, followed by indirect vaccination (240, 31.1%), paternalistic reasons (157, 20.4%) and altruistic reasons (58, 7.5%).
Conclusions
With the increased burden on healthcare that is being faced by COVID-19, other resources need to be carefully allocated. This paper may aid the Saudi government in understanding the motivation for the population to take the vaccine and therefore facilitate any future vaccination campaigns to ensure the best utilization of resources.
... The wider literature shows that social support helps to reduce CB in patient receiving dialysis [3,37]. In Saudi Arabia, family support is frequently available, as families are quite large, with a mean family size of 6.4 and a range of 5.5 to 8.4 family members [38]. A large family increases the opportunities for family members to collaborate and share the role of caring so that the CB does not fall entirely on one individual, which helps reduce CB [39]. ...
(1) Background: Long-term caregiving for patients receiving hemodialysis (HD), is associated with physical and psychological stress, which may impact on the well-being and quality of life of caregivers. Due to a lack of understanding of the experiences of informal caregivers of patients receiving HD, especially in Saudi Arabia, this study aimed to measure burden in informal caregivers of patients receiving HD, examine the factors that predict caregiver burden (CB), and explore the experience of burden in caregivers of patients receiving HD. (2) Methods: This study used a mixed-methods, sequential, explanatory design, which consisted of two phases. Phase 1 involved a cross-sectional study design, with a convenience sample of 61 caregivers of patients on maintenance HD for at least 3 months. All caregivers in the study completed the Arabic version of the Zarit Burden Interview to identify caregiver burden. Phase 2 of the study involved a qualitative descriptive design involving semi-structured interviews with nine caregivers. (3) Results: Study findings indicate that caregivers did not experience severe burden. Being older, a female caregiver and having comorbidities was positively associated with increased levels of caregiver burden. In the qualitative phase of the study, a number of important factors emerged that may contribute to a reduction in caregiver burden, including social support, cultural acceptance, and religious influences. (4) Conclusion and impact: CB was found to be low when a comparison was made with other studies using similar populations. Understanding the factors that influence caregiver burden will contribute to the accurate assessment of caregiver burden and help reduce burden in informal caregivers, patients with renal failure, and others with chronic illnesses worldwide.
