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Pooled prevalence of bovine fasciolosis across four decades
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Bovine fasciolosis is a zoonotic infection transmitted by infected freshwater snail—Lymnaea (Radix) natalensis—in tropical regions. The prevalence of bovine fasciolosis in Nigeria is overwhelming with huge financial cost. In the chronic form of the disease, hyperplastic cholangitis and calcification of bile ducts occur with severe liver damage. The...
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Citations
... In addition, the World Health Organization declared that 180 million people are at risk of infection and 2.4 million people are infected with fasciolosis (Cwiklinski et al., 2016) with several cases occurring in all continents including temperate and tropical climates (Mehmood et al., 2017). The economic impact of the liver fluke is mainly because of antihelmintic control (Odeniran et al., 2020), condemned livers (Opio et al., 2021), and failure to achieve efficient production (Rashid et al., 2019). A previous study reported that resistance in antihelmintic, commonly used to control fasciolosis, is frequent and has continued to increase (Brennan et al., 2007;Olaechea et al., 2011;Brockwell et al., 2014). ...
Background:
Fasciolosis is a parasitic disease affecting the hepatobiliary system of livestock worldwide. The control of the fluke is important to be performed in endemic regions.
Aim:
This study aims to evaluate the effect of Etlingera elatior ethanolic extract on egg and adult stadia of Fasciola gigantica.
Methods:
Fasciola gigantica in different stages were incubated with E. elatior ethanolic extract in different concentrations and time points.
Results:
The number of developed eggs with different concentrations of 1.25%, 2.5%, and 5% was significantly decreased by 36.67%, 56.67%, and 56.67% on day 11 post-incubation, which showed an ovicidal effect of the herb. The developed eggs on day 14, which were represented by hatched larvae, were also decreased by 70%, 50%, and 13.33%, respectively. Significant flukicidal effects were observed in the incubation time of 80 minutes for the concentration of 20% (p = 0.007) and 640 minutes for 10% concentration (p = 0.003). Surface microscopy of adult F. gigantica showed damaged skin and spina with the erosion of the inner membrane and detached syncytium from the tegument.
Conclusion:
Overall, the results indicate that E. elatior has a promising anthelmintic property against F. gigantica in both ova and adult stages.
... Selain Surra, infeksi kecacingan juga merupakan salah satu faktor yang turut berperan dalam menurunkan populasi kerbau di Sumba Timur. Trematodosis dilaporkan dapat menyebabkan angka kematian dan kesakitan pada pedet dan kerbau yang mencapai 1,5-24% (Jyothimol et al., 2013;Odeniran et al., 2020). Laporan mengenai jenis, prevalensi, dan intensitas infeksi Trematoda pada kerbau di Kabupaten Sumba Timur belum banyak dilaporkan. ...
Kerbau lumpur (Bubalus bubalis) merupakan ternak yang memegang peranan dalam kehidupan ekonomi dan sosial masyarakat Kabupaten Sumba Timur. Salah satu penyakit yang hingga kini masih menjadi masalah kesehatan pada ternak, termasuk kerbau, adalah infeksi Trematoda. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi jenis cacing Trematoda yang menginfeksi serta mengukur prevalensi dan intensitas infeksinya. Metode filtrasi bertingkat digunakan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan Trematoda pada penelitian ini. Hasil pemeriksaan 105 sampel tinja kerbau asal Kabupaten Sumba Timur menunjukkan sebanyak 17/105 (16,19%) kerbau mengalami Trematodosis yang disebabkan oleh infeksi tunggal Fasciola gigantica (0,95%; rataan telur tiap gram tinja [TTGT] 1,00) dan Paramphistomum sp. (14,29%; rataan TTGT 2,26), serta infeksi campuran (koinfeksi) kedua Trematoda tersebut (0,95%; rataan TTGT 2,45). Prevalensi infeksi Trematoda kerbau betina (17,33%) ditemukan jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kerbau jantan (13,33%). Umur dan jenis kelamin diketahui tidak berasosiasi nyata (p > 0,05) dengan kejadian dalam penelitian ini. Intensitas infeksi Trematoda pada penelitian ini dikategorikan ringan, dengan rataan geometrik 2,18 TTGT. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa kerbau lumpur di Kabupaten Sumba Timur terinfeksi oleh cacing Trematoda, sehingga diperlukan upaya pengendalian untuk mencegah kerugian akibat infeksi tersebut.
... In the case of animal health, diseases caused by helminths produce economic losses equivalent to several billion dollars worldwide, whether due to the death of animals, decrease in production parameters, seizure of organs, treatments, etc. To cite a few examples, in Mexico it has been estimated that the economic losses caused by swine cysticercosis can reach US$19.5 million annually (Bhattarai et al. 2019), while the cost of treating bovine fasciolosis is around an estimated US$26.02 million annually in Nigeria alone (Odeniran, Omolabi, and Ademola 2020). Both, very important diseases because they are considered zoonotic in nature. ...
Helminthosis not only affect a large number of people in the world (more than 1.5 billion people are estimated to be infected by these parasites), they also affect a large number of animal species, and many of them are zoonotic. This implies great economic losses, not only in the cost of the different treatments, but also due to the decrease in the different productive and reproductive parameters in other animal species. Although many of them are asymptomatic infections, in some cases serious health problems can occur, as well as a predisposition to different comorbidities or co-infections. In controlling a helminth infection, the immune response plays an important role. In particular, the innate response is one of the first and main defense mechanisms of the organism that are activated when coming into contact with these parasites. It has long been known that different cells of the innate immune response participate through different mechanisms, in the control and elimination of helminths. However, both new cells and new strategies implemented by the innate immune system to combat these infections have recently been described. In this chapter, we will discuss the participation of cells of the innate immune response, as well as the different effector mechanisms that are activated during helminth infections, and how they can act, either directly on parasites or by modulating the future adaptive immune response.
... The low prevalence of fasciolosis in this study is similar to report from an abattoir in the north-eastern part of Nigeria (Bakari et al., 2015) but higher than 0.09% recorded from a ten-year retrospective study conducted in major abattoirs in Botswana (Mochankana and Robertson, 2016 (Abdullah et al., 2020), and Uganda (Opio, et al., 2021) higher prevalence of fasciolosis (10.27%, 23.54% and 65.7% respectively) were recorded in slaughtered cattle. Fasciolosis is endemic and the persistence in Nigeria is overwhelmed with huge financial cost and threat to food security (Odeniran et al., 2020;Benisheikh et al., 2020). The disease does not cause morbidity in cattle but economic loss through organ condemnation and reduced livestock productivity. ...
Introduction: The abattoir is a registered premise where food animals are hygienically processed and converted to meat through methodical inspection carried out by certified public health veterinarians. This study was conducted to assess the causes of organ condemnation in food animals slaughtered at the Bodija abattoir in Oyo state.
Methods: A retrospective abattoir-based survey was conducted for the year 2014. The data collected included: the throughput of food animals slaughtered, various disease conditions recorded, total number of suspected and laboratory based confirmed cases (where available) respectively, and total number of condemnations (partial or total condemnation) with organs involved. Data collected were analysed using descriptive and one-way Analysis of Variance test (ANOVA).
Results: A total of 9527 (433.0±144.4), 1488 (67.6±52.4), 4971(226.0±132.9), and 1195(54.3±18.6) cattle, sheep, goat and pigs were slaughtered respectively. Some of the slaughtered cattle, sheep and goat, 29.4% (n = 1822), 1.4 % (n = 1488) and 3.8% (n = 4971) respectively, had abnormal conditions that led to condemnations of organs respectively. For organ specific condemnations, 447 (21.7%) and 141 (6.8%) livers were condemned due to fasciolosis and hepatitis respectively. Pimply gut, pneumonia and nephritis accounted for 433 (21.0%) intestines, 141 (6.8%) lungs and 88(4.3%) kidneys condemnations respectively. Overall, tuberculosis accounted for 402 (19.5%) condemnations of lungs, liver, kidneys, and spleens.
Significance: Organ condemnations constitute a huge meat loss and reduction in per capita animal protein consumption. It is emphasized in this work that pathological conditions encountered at the abattoir are preventable if adequate disease surveillance and control programs are implemented at critical control points of the red meat value chain.
... Apart from small ruminants, fasciolosis affects cattle, wild ruminants and humans. Induced pathological lesions are mostly observed in the liver, and these include hepatomegaly, cirrhosis and caseous granulomas (Ajanusi et al., 1988;Spithill et al., 1999;Odeniran et al., 2020). ...
... World Health Organisation (WHO) data showed that at least 180 million are at risk of infection and an estimated 2.4 million people are infected with fasciolosis (WHO, 2007). Most importantly, there are few reports on economic losses due to fasciolosis in cattle in Africa (Ogunrinade and Ogunrinade, 1980;Nwanta et al., 2008;Nyirenda et al., 2019;Odeniran et al., 2020), while the only economic evaluations on SRF in Nigeria have regional limitations (Mbaya et al., 2010;Liba et al., 2017). ...
Small ruminant fasciolosis (SRF) is a snail – borne disease, transmitted by tropical freshwater snail, Lymnaea (Radix) natalensis in Nigeria. Fasciolosis in small ruminants is often neglected and information on the prevalence and economic losses are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of SRF and provide estimated annual economic losses associated with the disease. Meta-analysis revealed pooled prevalence of 2.1% (95%CI: 0.0–5.8) in studies across Nigeria, while the distribution of L. natalensis was 13.2% (95%CI: 11.6–14.1) among collected snails. Approximately 29.4% livestock owners disagree with veterinary inspectors on the liver condemnation of their slaughtered animals in the abattoir during meat inspection. No significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed between SRF in sheep and goats. Mortality cost was estimated at US$ 55,671,620, while total liver condemnation was US$ 552,448. Direct losses were estimated at US$ 60,132,318 and indirect losses at US$ 17,807,706. The overall economic losses attributable to SRF in Nigeria was estimated at US$ 77,940,024 / annum (equivalent to 28.06 billion naira). Fasciolosis in small ruminant remains a major concern for Nigerian livestock industry. The present and future impact of the disease was further discussed. Considering the high economic burden of fasciolosis in small ruminants, improved disease surveillance and meat inspection, regular treatment and control campaigns are important to reduce infection rates and economic losses.
