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Co-polymer poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanotechnology has been developed for many years and has been approved by the US FDA for the use of drug delivery, diagnostics and other applications of clinical and basic science research, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, vaccine and tissue engineering. This article presents the more recent...
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Context 1
... acid) is a copolymer synthesized by means of random ring-opening copolymerization of two different monomers, the cyclic dimers (1,4-dioxane-2,5-diones) of glycolic acid and lactic acid ( Figure 1a). Common catalysts used in the preparation of this copolymer include tin (II) 2-ethylhexanoate, tin (II) alkoxides or aluminum isopropoxide. ...
Context 2
... are then dried under appropriate conditions or are lyophilized to give the final free-flowing injectable nanosphere product [16,[20][21][22][23]. We have used this method to produce PLGA NPs approximately 100 nm in size (Figure 1b). PLGA NPs are colloidal systems that typically range from 10 to 1000 nm in diameter, with the therapeutic agent either entrapped into or adsorbed or chemically coupled onto the polymer matrix [15]. ...
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Biodegradable and bioresorbable polyesters (BBPEs) are a widespread class of aliphatic polymers with a plethora of applications in the medical field. Some reports speculate that these polymers have intrinsic antibacterial activity as a consequence of their acidic degradation by-products. The release of organic acids as a result of the hydrolytic de...
Citations
... A well-established FDA-approved material, poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), offers a versatile platform for developing drug delivery devices and tissue engineering applications due to its lauded biocompatibility, biodegradability, and robust physical properties [44,45]. PLGA provides a controlled and favorable degradation mechanism and has been used in sustained drug delivery systems for various therapeutic agents [46,47]. ...
This research presents the efficacy of polymeric microneedles in improving the transdermal permeation of methotrexate across human skin. These microneedles were fabricated from PLGA Expansorb® 50-2A and 50-8A and subjected to comprehensive characterization via scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and mechanical analysis. We developed and assessed a methotrexate hydrogel for physicochemical and rheological properties. Dye binding, histological examinations, and assessments of skin integrity demonstrated the effective microporation of the skin by PLGA microneedles. We measured the dimensions of microchannels in the skin using scanning electron microscopy, pore uniformity analysis, and confocal microscopy. The skin permeation and disposition of methotrexate were researched in vitro. PLGA 50-8A microneedles appeared significantly longer, sharper, and more mechanically uniform than PLGA 50-2A needles. PLGA 50-8A needles generated substantially more microchannels, as well as deeper, larger, and more uniform channels in the skin than PLGA 50-2A needles. Microneedle insertion substantially reduced skin electrical resistance, accompanied by an elevation in transepidermal water loss values. PLGA 50-8A microneedle treatment provided a significantly higher cumulative delivery, flux, diffusion coefficient, permeability coefficient, and predicted steady-state plasma concentration; however, there was a shorter lag time than for PLGA 50-2A needles, base-treated, and untreated groups (p < 0.05). Conclusively, skin microporation using polymeric microneedles significantly improved the transdermal delivery of methotrexate.
... The FDA has given its approval. As a result, numerous researchers have looked at whether using PLGA as a drug carter is feasible [84,85]. In a recent study, Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)-(PLGA)-NPs were loaded with the anti-bacterial medication rifampicin and then injected into zebra fish embryos. ...
The unique properties of nanoparticles (NPs) have driven the rapid growth of nanotechnology as a field of study. In both human and animal healthcare, NPs find applications in diagnostics, vaccinations, drug delivery, and gene therapy. This systematic review investigates the cutting-edge advancements of nanotechnology in the fisheries industry, focusing on its diverse applications in food and medicine. NPs are emerging as transformative tools, offering distinct advantages in improving food production, preservation, and drug delivery for aquatic resources. This review provides an overview of NPs utilization, with a particular emphasis on their antimicrobial properties and their role as supplementary feed in the fishing sector. Research in fish vaccines and medications is extending to include NPs for
combating various bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. The aquaculture industry is increasingly exploring NPs as a targeted food source and reliable diagnostic tool for various ailments. Nevertheless, it is essential to acknowledge that there are numerous untapped nanotechnologies in the fisheries sector. This study underscores the vast potential of NPs in revolutionizing the fishery industry while
highlighting the need for further exploration and innovation in this promising field.
... Hence, PGA is not employed in its pure form and is used by combining PLA. The exceptional biodegradability, biocompatibility, and sustained release characteristics of PLGA have made it one of the most thoroughly explored polymers for sustained ocular drug delivery.92 Concerning safety considerations, PLGA has obtained approval from the US FDA for various DDSs. ...
Amid the escalating prevalence of eye diseases and the intricate nature of the eye as a crucial target organ for drug delivery, researchers face significant challenges in developing delivery systems tailored specifically for ocular complications. Addressing the gaps in the current conventional ocular drug delivery system (ODDS) is crucial and this can be achieved by incorporating polymers while designing newer ODDS. This review aims to offer a concise overview of the diverse polymers utilized in the development of ODDS, designed to address various eye conditions and disorders, enhance treatment outcomes, and ensure patient adherence. Introducing the anatomy of the eye and different ocular routes of administration, alongside the barriers encountered, this review presents polymer‐based ODDS, renowned for their unique properties facilitating the engineering of specialized devices for enhanced drug delivery. Further discussions delve into the applications of polymers in ophthalmology. Emphasis is placed on emerging polymer‐based technologies available in the market for treating ocular diseases, underscoring their potential for revolutionizing ocular healthcare. The review also addresses challenges in translating these advancements into clinical practice, while highlighting the versatility of polymers in treating diverse eye diseases and disorders through customizable properties and sustained drug delivery.
... Considering the composition of the first component (PC1), the taxa present seemed to be fairly representative of the plant growth promoter in the most represented phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. It can be suggested that Bacillus, Acinetobacter and unclassified Enterobactericeae were selected for their plants growth promoting traits to compensate for the lack of nutrients in the Kalahari soils (Lü et al., 2009;Romanens et al., 2019). These microbes are adapted to elastic environments as their cycle can survive between wet and dry season. ...
Tylosema esculentum is a nutritious drought-avoiding and climate change contender plant for future agriculture. It is endemic to the Kalahari Desert. This study assessed the density, diversity and distribution of endophytic microbial community structures associated with leaves, stems and tuberous roots of T. esculentum in Eastern Namibia using culture-dependent methods. Analysis of Variance with pairwise comparison revealed differences in bacterial density between below and above ground. Endophytic bacterial isolates were identified and grouped into 24 genera and three phyla. Proteobacteria were the most represented (67.4%) followed by Firmicutes (23.7%) and Actinobacte-ria (4.3%). Shannon diversity index revealed a significant difference between the tuberous roots and leaves (p = 0.005) and stems (p = 0.006) microbial communities. The PCA confirmed these findings. Our results suggested that the microbial community composition was mainly governed by the plant parts rather than the location or sampling time. The 16S rDNA based phylogenetic analysis showed that all these microbial communities fell into two clades distinct from known cultivated bacteria from NCBI. Our sequences have shown similarities with the ones occurring in water-stressed environments with plant growth promoting traits. In conclusion, T. esculentum bean lives in community with a large diversity of potentially plant growth-promoting bacteria.
... PLGA stands out as one of the most widely recognized biodegradable polymers. Notably, it has received approval from the FDA for applications in drug delivery, diagnostics, and various fields of clinical and basic science research, encompassing cardiovascular disease, cancer, vaccines, and tissue engineering [17]. An in vivo ocular anti-inflammatory study conducted in rabbit eyes confirmed the superior efficacy of drug-loaded nanoparticles in comparison to drug [18]. ...
Background
Corneal neovascularization (CoNV) threatens vision by disrupting corneal avascularity, however, current treatments, including pharmacotherapy and surgery, are hindered by limitations in efficacy and adverse effects. Minocycline, known for its anti-inflammatory properties, could suppress CoNV but faces challenges in effective delivery due to the cornea's unique structure. Therefore, in this study a novel drug delivery system using minocycline-loaded nano-hydroxyapatite/poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (nHAP/PLGA) nanoparticles was developed to improve treatment outcomes for CoNV.
Results
Ultra-small nHAP was synthesized using high gravity technology, then encapsulated in PLGA by a double emulsion method to form nHAP/PLGA microspheres, attenuating the acidic by-products of PLGA degradation. The MINO@PLGA nanocomplex, featuring sustained release and permeation properties, demonstrated an efficient delivery system for minocycline that significantly inhibited the CoNV area in an alkali-burn model without exhibiting apparent cytotoxicity. On day 14, the in vivo microscope examination and ex vivo CD31 staining corroborated the inhibition of neovascularization, with the significantly smaller CoNV area (29.40% ± 6.55%) in the MINO@PLGA Tid group (three times daily) than that of the control group (86.81% ± 15.71%), the MINO group (72.42% ± 30.15%), and the PLGA group (86.87% ± 14.94%) (p < 0.05). Fluorescein sodium staining show MINO@PLGA treatments, administered once daily (Qd) and three times daily (Tid) demonstrated rapid corneal epithelial healing while the Alkali injury group and the DEX group showed longer healing times (p < 0.05). Additionally, compared to the control group, treatments with dexamethasone, MINO, and MINO@PLGA were associated with an increased expression of TGF-β as evidenced by immunofluorescence, while the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α demonstrated a significant decrease following alkali burn. Safety evaluations, including assessments of renal and hepatic biomarkers, along with H&E staining of major organs, revealed no significant cytotoxicity of the MINO@PLGA nanocomplex in vivo.
Conclusions
The novel MINO@PLGA nanocomplex, comprising minocycline-loaded nHAP/PLGA microspheres, has shown a substantial capacity for preventing CoNV. This study confirms the complex's ability to downregulate inflammatory pathways, significantly reducing CoNV with minimal cytotoxicity and high biosafety in vivo. Given these findings, MINO@PLGA stands as a highly promising candidate for ocular conditions characterized by CoNV.
Graphical Abstract
... Polylactic acid-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) is a multifunctional copolymer composed of synthetic lactic acid and glycolic acid monomers. It has good biocompatibility, biodegradability, sustained release, easy surface modi cation, and non-toxic side effects and protects the entrapped vaccine from proteases mediated degradation at mucosal surfaces [20][21][22]. It can be used to make drug sustained-release carriers, which is mainly the delivery of antigens, such as proteins, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and peptides [23]. ...
Background
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) can cause diarrhea, dehydration and death in suckling piglets, which seriously affects the economic benefits of the production line. Therefore, it is urgent to find an economical and effective treatment to prevent and control PEDV.
Methods
peptide (P6), which could specifically target the S1 C-terminal domain (CTD) protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), was subsequently conjugated to poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) by dehydration synthesis generating P6-PLGA nanoparticles and used cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence to further study the inhibitory effect of different concentrations of P6-PLGA nanoparticles on PEDV.
Results
The results showed that cell viability was > 95% when treated with P6-PLGA nanoparticles at concentrations not exceeding 1000 µg/ml. Results of the absolute quantitative PCR revealed that the concentration of P6-PLGA nanoparticles at 400 µg/ml could significantly reduce the viral load of PEDV compared with the virus group (p < 0.05 or p < 0.001). Similarly, results of Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence also suggested that the antiviral effect of P6-PLGA nanoparticles at 400 µg/ml is still significant. Based on the above research, high affinity peptide (P6) was covalently coupled with PLGA particles to obtain P6-PLGA nanoparticles.
Conclusions
PLGA as a drug delivery carrier combined with peptide (P6) can overcome the problems of poor stability, easy degradation or low bioavailability of peptide after entering the body, and provide a new strategy for the development of PEDV antiviral drugs.
... In case of chronic, long-lasting infections, a sustained release will determine the efficacy of the therapy. To date, PLGA 50:50 is the most commonly used PLA:PGA ratio in nanoformulations due to its favorable physiochemical properties and release kinetics [72]. ...
Gentamicin is an essential broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic that is used in over 40 clinical conditions and has shown activity against a wide range of nosocomial, biofilm-forming, multi-drug resistant bacteria. Nevertheless, the low cellular penetration and serious side effects of gentamicin, as well as the fear of the development of antibacterial resistance, has led to a search for ways to circumvent these obstacles. This review provides an overview of the chemical and pharmacological properties of gentamicin and offers six different strategies (the isolation of specific types of gentamicin, encapsulation in polymeric nanoparticles, hydrophobization of the gentamicin molecule, and combinations of gentamicin with other antibiotics, polyphenols, and natural products) that aim to enhance the drug delivery and antibacterial activity of gentamicin. In addition, factors influencing the synthesis of gentamicin-loaded polymeric (poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and chitosan) nanoparticles and the methods used in drug release studies are discussed. Potential research directions and future perspectives for gentamicin-loaded drug delivery systems are given.
... This method for producing NBs offers advantages such as controllable uniform particle size. PLGA is a polymeric agent that can be metabolized in the human body and the final decomposition products are water and carbon dioxide [25]. Therefore, PLGA possesses high biological safety and be widely used as drug delivery carriers in vivo [26][27][28]. ...
Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular disease that seriously endangers human health. Low shear stress (LSS) is recognized as a vital factor in causing chronic inflammatory and further inducing the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. Targeting imaging and treatment are of substantial significance for the diagnosis and therapy of atherosclerosis. On this ground, a kind of ultrasound (US) imaging-guided therapeutic polymer nanobubbles (NBs) with dual targeting of magnetism and antibody was rationally designed and constructed for the efficiently treating LSS-mediated atherosclerosis. Under the combined targeting effect of an external magnetic field and antibodies, the drug-loaded therapeutic NBs can be effectively accumulated in the inflammatory area caused by LSS. Upon US irradiation, the NBs can be selectively disrupted, leading to the rapid release of the loaded drugs at the targeted site. Notably, the US irradiation generates a cavitation effect that induces repairable micro gaps in nearby cells, thereby enhancing the uptake of released drugs and further improving the therapeutic effect. The prominent US imaging, efficient anti-inflammatory effect and treatment outcome of LSS-mediated atherosclerosis had been verified in vivo on a surgically constructed LSS-atherosclerosis animal model. This work showcased the potential of the designed NBs with multifunctionality for in vivo imaging, dual-targeting, and drug delivery in the treatment of atherosclerosis.
... Moreover, our results demonstrated that DNase-NZ treatment could relieve the physiological symptoms of acute colitis and attenuate both neutrophil recruitment and NETosis in the colon. Both PLGA [59] and DNase-I [60] are approved by the Food and Drug Administration, making the current nanoplatform a highly biocompatible and safe approach in inhibiting NET-induced inflammations in IBD. Unlike other medications used for the treatment of IBD, DNase-I is also often well-tolerated with few side effects [61], making it a noteworthy IBD drug candidate. ...
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, is a family of chronic disorders along the gastrointestinal tract. Because of its idiopathic nature, IBD does not have a fundamental cure; current available therapies for IBD are limited to prolonged doses of immunomodulatory agents. While these treatments may reduce inflammation, limited therapeutic efficacy, inconsistency across patients, and adverse side effects from aggressive medications remain as major drawbacks. Recently, excessive production and accumulation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) also known as NETosis have been identified to exacerbate inflammatory responses and induce further tissue damage in IBD. Such discovery invited many researchers to investigate NETs as a potential therapeutic target. DNase-I is a natural agent that can effectively destroy NETs and, therefore, potentially reduce NETs-induced inflammations even without the use of aggressive drugs. However, low stability and rapid clearance of DNase-I remain as major limitations for further therapeutic applications. In this research, polymeric nanozymes were fabricated to increase the delivery and therapeutic efficacy of DNase-I. DNase-I was immobilized on the surface of polymeric nanoparticles to maintain its enzymatic properties while extending its activity in the colon. Delivery of DNase-I using this platform allowed enhanced stability and prolonged activity of DNase-I with minimal toxicity. When administered to animal models of IBD, DNase-I nanozymes successfully alleviated various pathophysiological symptoms of IBD. More importantly, DNase-I nanozyme administration successfully attenuated neutrophil infiltration and NETosis in the colon compared to free DNase-I or mesalamine.
... There has been a significant surge in interest in utilizing PLGA nanoparticles for drug delivery recently. Which is driven by their approved status by the FDA and the associated benefits [95]. Nonetheless, a major uncertainty persists regarding the safety of PLGA nanoparticles when carrying cytotoxic therapeutic agents [96]. ...
7-Methyljuglone (7-MJ) is a pure compound isolated from the roots of Euclea natalensis A. DC., a shrub indigenous to South Africa. It exhibits significant promise as a potential treatment for the highly communicable disease tuberculosis (TB), owing to its effective antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Despite its potential therapeutic benefits, 7-MJ has demonstrated in vitro cytotoxicity against various cancerous and non-cancerous cell lines, raising concerns about its safety for consumption by TB patients. Therefore, this review focuses on exploring the potential of poly-(lactide-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles as a delivery system, which has been shown to decrease in vitro cytotoxicity, and 7-MJ as an effective antimycobacterial compound.
