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Water pollution by organic dyes, and its remediation, is an important environmental issue associated with ever-increasing scientific interest. Conducting polymers have recently come to the forefront as advanced agents for removing dye. The present review reports on the progress represented by the literature published in 2020-2022 on the application...
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... [5] (Figure 1), probably the most common conducting polymer, is typically prepared by the oxidation of aniline in an acidic aqueous medium with ammonium peroxydisulfate [6]. The polymerization starts with common chemicals and proceeds easily at room temperature, in the open air, within tens of minutes, and at a stoichiometric yield. ...
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... polymerization starts with common chemicals and proceeds easily at room temperature, in the open air, within tens of minutes, and at a stoichiometric yield. The conducting polyaniline salt (Figure 1) has an electronic conductivity in the units of S cm −1 . The ease of preparation at an economic cost makes polyaniline an attractive object of application. ...
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... [5] (Figure 1), probably the most common conducting polymer, is typ cally prepared by the oxidation of aniline in an acidic aqueous medium with ammonium peroxydisulfate [6]. The polymerization starts with common chemicals and proceeds ea ily at room temperature, in the open air, within tens of minutes, and at a stoichiometr yield. ...
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... polymerization starts with common chemicals and proceeds ea ily at room temperature, in the open air, within tens of minutes, and at a stoichiometr yield. The conducting polyaniline salt (Figure 1) has an electronic conductivity in the uni of S cm −1 . The ease of preparation at an economic cost makes polyaniline an attractiv object of application. ...
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... hydrogen bonding of hydrogen atoms in conducting polymers to nitrogen atoms in dyes or vice versa is probably one of the strongest interactions to account for. Finally, the hydrophobic interactions, when the non-ionic parts of conducting polymers (Figure 1) and dyes prefer to contact each other instead of with water, are analogous to the formation of surfactant micelles. Indeed, water-soluble dye molecules composed of a hydrophobic body and ionic group conform to the definition of surfactants. ...
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... adsorption is thus likely to depend on the pH [12]. Under neutral pHs, most often met in practice, polypyrrole maintains its conducting form, whereas polyaniline may start to lose its conductivity due to deprotonation (Figure 1). ...
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... polypyrrole maintains its conducting form, whereas polyaniline may sta its conductivity due to deprotonation (Figure 1). Polyaniline and polypyrrole have a typical globular morphology ( Figure 5) trast to polyaniline, polypyrrole converts its morphology from a globular to a nano state ( Figure 5) when its preparation occurs in the presence of methyl orange dye Polyaniline and polypyrrole have a typical globular morphology ( Figure 5). ...
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... Among them, polypyrrole (PPy) is one of the most studied and is gaining widespread attention because of its advantages, such as ease of preparation, great functionalization potential, high stability, and excellent biocompatibility [2][3][4]. PPy has been broadly utilized in many applications, such as in adsorbents, heating elements, energy storage, and sensors [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. The conjugated molecular structure and the presence of nitrogen atoms in PPy allow it to remove harmful heavy metal ions via adsorption [13][14][15]. ...
Owing to their excellent properties, such as good conductivities and chemical stabilities, conductive polymers have been extensively studied for use in various applications. Three-dimensional (3D) conductive polymers, which contain interconnected and continuous networks with high specific surface areas, are encouraging platforms with superior performance. Despite rapid advances in nanofabrication technology, achieving ordered conductive polymer superstructures such as those in aligned nanochannels, remains challenging. Herein, we report a facile and efficient template synthetic method to fabricate 3D polypyrrole membrane structures. With flexible, track-etched polycarbonate membranes used as templates, polypyrrole nanotube arrays with tunable lengths and diameters were synthesized via chemical polymerization. Free-standing, 3D nanotube array membranes with vertically aligned channels and continuous connecting layers were obtained simply by template removal. This “getting membrane with membrane” approach is also scalable and low-cost. We further demonstrated that delicate membrane structures could be used as adsorbents, solar steaming materials, and gas sensors. They exhibited quick and excellent adsorption of Cr(VI) ions, served directly as a solar interfacial evaporator without surface modification or substrate support, and showed an extraordinary sensing response to NH3. Our work provides a feasible way to fabricate polypyrrole superstructures and expands the applications of 3D conductive polymer materials.
... This adversely affects the availability of fresh water . Water pollution because of synthetic dyes and its remediation is a subject of continuously increasing scientific attention and has become a challenging area and essential environmental goal (Stejskal 2022). ...
The major source of water pollution is industrial wastewater containing dyes. In the current study, the adsorptive removal of Golden Yellow-XGL dye using green hybrid materials was optimized in the batch approach. The characterization study through SEM, TGA–DSC and XRD showed good porosity, enhanced thermal stability and successful formation of materials while FTIR study confirmed efficient adsorption of dye. The highest adsorption potential for RH (36.9 mg/g), RH–ZnO–PTh (48.9 mg/g), RH–ZnO–PANI (57.8 mg/g) and RH–ZnO–PPy (64.9 mg/g) was obtained at optimized conditions. The adsorption data showed better fitness to pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir sorption isotherm. Thermodynamic study showed exothermic nature of sorption. The mechanism of adsorption was proposed. Desorption and recycling study showed successful reusability of the material up to five cycles. All the results obtained proved these materials to be more efficient, cost effective, ecofriendly, stable and good alternative for dye removal.
... One of the application areas shared by microstructured carbons [39][40][41] and conducting polymers [42][43][44] is the adsorption of water pollutants. The removal of organic ...
... One of the application areas shared by microstructured carbons [39][40][41] and conducting polymers [42][43][44] is the adsorption of water pollutants. The removal of organic dyes from wastewater is based on the adsorption and/or the photocatalytic decomposition or by biodegradation [45,46]. ...
This paper reports the conversion of a waste to a conducting material, exploiting the ability to adsorb pollutant organic dyes. Leather waste was carbonized at 800 °C in an inert nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting biochar was used for in-situ deposition of polypyrrole nanotubes produced by the oxidative polymerization of pyrrole in the presence of methyl orange. The composites of carbonized leather with deposited polypyrrole nanotubes of various composition were compared with similar composites based on globular polypyrrole. Their molecular structure was characterized by infrared and Raman spectra. Both conducting components formed a bicontinuous structure. The resistivity was newly determined by a four-point van der Pauw method and monitored as a function of pressure applied up to 10 MPa. The typical conductivity of composites was of the order of 0.1 to 1 S cm−1 and it was always higher for polypyrrole nanotubes than for globular polypyrrole. The method also allows for the assessment of mechanical features, such as powder fluffiness. The conductivity decreased by 1–2 orders of magnitude after treatment with ammonia but still maintained a level acceptable for applications operating under non-acidic conditions. The composites were tested for dye adsorption, specifically cationic methylene blue and anionic methyl orange, using UV-vis spectroscopy. The composites were designed for future use as functional adsorbents controlled by the electrical potential or organic electrode materials.
... Polyaniline (PANI) is a traditional conductive polymer, which has been used as adsorbent for wastewater treatment because of its large number of amine and imine functional groups in the structure [1,2]. As an adsorbent, PANI has the advantages of easy preparation, low price, easy protonation, easy doping/dedoping and good thermal stability [3,4]. ...
It is still challenging to avoid polyaniline agglomeration and fabricate polyaniline-based adsorbents with stable structure, excellent adsorption performance. Herein, we synthesized montmorillonite/humic acid/polyvinyl alcohol@polyaniline (MMT/HA/PVA@PANI) composite porous hydrogel adsorbent by Pickering emulsion template-in situ chemical oxidative polymerization, and the enhancement effect of this design idea on the adsorption performance of PANI was studied with heavy metal ion hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) as the target adsorbate. The in-situ polymerization of aniline at the Pickering emulsion interface and the unique three-dimensional network structure of the hydrogel act as an effective “confinement” for the growth of the polyaniline. The porous structure of hydrogel can be used as water channel, which can accelerate the combination of adsorbate and adsorption site, and significantly improve the adsorption capacity and adsorption rate. Compared with the pure PANI (43.48 mg g⁻¹ PANI), MMT/HA/PVA@PANI (1753.60 mg g⁻¹ PANI) obviously had significantly higher removal efficiency, which increased the removal efficiency of Cr(VI) by about 40 times. Adsorption experiments suggest that solution pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time and initial concentration all have certain effects on adsorption performance. According to the FESEM, EDX, FTIR and XPS analysis of the materials before and after adsorption, the removal of Cr(VI) is mainly enhanced by ion exchange, electrostatic attraction and chemical reduction. In conclusion, MMT/HA/PVA@PANI adsorbent has novel design, good adsorption performance and strong stability, and it has great development prospects in removing heavy metal ions from wastewater.
... One of the application area is shared by microstructured carbons and conducting polymersthe adsorption of water pollutants. The removal of organic dyes from wastewater is based on the adsorption and/or the photocatalytic decomposition by reactive oxygen species [39][40][41] or by the biodegradation [42,43]. Electrocatalytic dye destruction employing conducting polymers is also possible [44,45]. ...
Leather waste was carbonized at 800 °C in inert atmosphere. The resulting biochar was coated in situ with polypyrrole nanotubes produced by the oxidation of pyrrole in the presence of methyl orange. The composites of carbonized leather with deposited polypyrrole nanotubes of various composition were compared with similar composites based on globular polypyrrole. Their molecular structure was characterized by infrared and Raman spectra. Both conducting components formed a bicontinuous structure. The resistivity determined by four-point van der Pauw method was monitored as a function of pressure applied up to 10 MPa. The typical conductivity of composites was of the order of tenths to units S cm−1 and it was always higher for polypyrrole nanotubes than for globular polypyrrole. The conductivity decreased by 1–2 orders of magnitude after treatment with ammonia but still maintained a level acceptable for applications operating under non-acidic conditions. The composites were tested for dye adsorption, viz. cationic methylene blue and anionic methyl orange, using UV-spectroscopy. The composites are designed for the future use as functional adsorbents controlled by the electrical potential.
... Their application potential consists in their specific ability to produce submicrometer conducting coatings [8][9][10][11] on any substrate immersed in the reaction mixture. Conducting polymers have been used in supercapacitor and battery electrodes [2,12], and they are also efficient adsorbents of organic dyes or photocatalysts of their decomposition in water-pollution treatment [13,14]. Conducting polymers are rated among functional materials as they participate in redox conversions and salt/base transformations. ...
... The remediation of wastewater containing organic dyes is typically based on adsorption at various substrates, the photocatalytic decomposition by reactive oxygen species [13,14] or biodegradation [15,16]. There are two reasons for introducing conducting polymers as a component to hybrid composites for dye adsorption. ...
... Due to the responsivity of polyaniline to external stimuli, the bicontinuous composites could be used in sensing, as heating elements or in electromagnetic interference shielding. Their application as dye adsorbents in treating polluted water is Conducting polymers, such as polyaniline and polypyrrole, have been extensively used in the removal of organic dyes from the aqueous media by adsorption or photocatalytic decomposition as demonstrated by recent reviews [13,14]. The combination of carbonaceous materials with conducting polymers is thus of potential interest in the design of tunable functional adsorbents. ...
Leather waste carbonized at 800 °C in an inert atmosphere was coated in situ with the conducting polymer polyaniline. The composition of composites varied from neat carbonaceous to polyaniline. Due to the fibrous collagen structure of the original leather after carbonization, the composites had a bicontinuous conducting morphology. The resistivity of composites determined as a function of applied pressure from 0.1 to 10 MPa fell mainly into the range of units to tens of Ω cm. In contrast to neat polyaniline, the composites maintained a good level of conductivity even under alkaline conditions. The application of a composite as an adsorbent of organic-dye pollutants in water treatment was illustrated using methylene blue and methyl orange with an eye to future functional adsorbents controllable by applied electrical potential.
... Використання PP як електропровідної матриці композитів дає можливість отримувати матеріали з регульованою шляхом зміни ступеня окиснення PP електропровідністю. PP використовують як основу електроактивних матеріалів для джерел струму [8], ____________________ Ковалишин Я., Борняк М., Ловчицька В. та ін., 2023 суперконденсаторів [9], напівпровідникових матеріалів у фотокаталізі [10], адсорбентів для поглинання органічних барвників [11], під час конструювання платформ сенсорів [12] та ін. ...
Методом циклічної вольтамперометрії досліджено синтез композитів поліпіролу з вуглецевими нанотрубками з 0,1 М водного розчину піролу в 2 М KCl за додавання карбонових нанотрубок (CNT). У вихідних розчинах масова частка CNT становила 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 7,5; 10; 20 % від сумарної маси піролу та нанотрубок. Потенціостатично виконано електрохімічний синтез композитів поліпірол−CNT з водних розчинів за різного співвідношення вихідних компонентів, досліджено вплив складу вихідної суміші та часу синтезу на величину струму окиснення піролу. Ключові слова: поліпірол, карбонові нанотрубки, циклічна вольтамперометрія, потенціостатичний синтез.
... A band for C-C double bonds common to both pyrrole and GO is centered at 1620 cm − 1 [9]. These OH groups are helpful to bonded with RhB and also NH groups are bonded with MeO in the dye adsorption studies [52]. Fig. 3 depicts the XRD patterns of three materials namely, GO, PP, and GO/PP composite. ...
... The mechanism of the transfer of the elections, the generation of hole pairs, the formation of oxidative radials, and the degradation of pollutants are summarized in Fig. 1. Previous reviews reported CPbased catalysts in many aspects of the AOP-related strategies Shahabuddin et al., 2022;Stejskal, 2022;Tran et al., 2021;. CP-based EAOPs have also been mentioned in a recent review (Pan et al., 2019). ...
Water pollution has emerged as a serious problem worldwide in recent years. Aquatic ecosystem disruption damages ecological homeostasis and leads to disturbances in living beings. Conventional water treatment methods entail new implementations to eliminate pollutants due to excessive anthropogenic activities and the increasing requirements for treating industrial effluents. Recently, developments in conducting polymer-based catalytic materials have brought important achievements in water treatment and provide a perspective for enhancing conventional materials and processes. The advanced oxidation process is a state-of-the-art method that led to being used in this area depending on generating highly active radical species. The interaction between the conducting polymer and their composites was emphasized offering unique properties such as photosensitivity with low band gap energy levels, suitable processing, electrical conductivity, environmental stability, corrosion resistance, and most significantly low cost, low energy requirement, and reusability performance. Thus, high-quality elimination of pollutants in the water was associated with promising potential owing to developing catalytic properties gained by combining nanoparticles with conducting polymers. This review presents a brief overview of the recent updates of polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(phenylene) poly(o-phenylenediamine), and poly(1-naphthylamine), their derivatives, nanocomposites, and their advanced oxidation process applications in water treatment.
... The use of functionalized polyester polymers for dye or other toxic materials removal is also increasing nowadays due to their characteristics, wide limitations and effective properties (Qiu et al. 2018;Stejskal 2022). Bio-based itaconic acid has received interest in recent years for many different studies. ...
In this study, firstly, the syntheses and characterizations of biobased polyesters with different acid values obtained from the condensation reaction of biobased itaconic acid and polyethylene glycol were investigated. Then, UV curing was applied to form polymeric networks as adsorbent material from these polyesters containing different acids. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used for the characterization of polymeric networks. The effects of the parameters of contact time, initial dye concentration, pH, temperature, amount of adsorbent on adsorption were investigated by batch method. In addition, adsorption equilibrium data were analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich, Tempkin, Elovich, Redlich-Peterson, Harkin-Jura and Jossens adsorption models. Kinetic and thermodynamic studies were performed at 298, 308, 318 and 328 K and desorption studies were also examined. Comparison studies for the effects of the acid values of the adsorbent materials on the removal of methyl violet (MV) organic pollutant from aqueous solutions were analyzed. According to the pseudo-second-order model, the adsorption capacities were found to be ≥ 357.14 mg/g for the adsorbents. From the thermodynamic data, it was determined that the mechanism was exothermic and spontaneous. As a result of the third reuse, it was found that the adsorbents had a removal efficiency of ≥ 72.36%. According to the results observed the increase in the acidities in the chemical structure of bio-based polymeric networks enhances the adsoption properties.
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