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This study addresses the problem of agricultural water use efficiency via optimization of cropping patterns, irrigation strategies and external trade of agricultural products in Iran. Towards this end, comparative advantages of some principal crops are first determined using Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) at three levels: farm, plain and basin. Due t...
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... definition generates the first identity of the accounting matrix. In the PAM, profitability is measured horizontally, across the columns of the matrix, as demonstrated in Table 1. Profits, shown in the right hand column, are found by subtracting costs, given in the two middle columns, from revenues, indicated in the left-hand columns. ...
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... to Table 1 the following definitions can be derived. With regards to Table 1, ratio indicators can be defined as follows for comparison of unlike outputs. ...
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... to Table 1 the following definitions can be derived. With regards to Table 1, ratio indicators can be defined as follows for comparison of unlike outputs. ...
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... data entered in the first row of Table 1, provide a measure of private profitability. The term private refers to observed revenues and costs reflecting actual market prices received or paid by farmers, merchants or producers in the agricultural system. ...
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... private or actual market prices thus incorporate the underlying economic costs and valuations plus the effects of all policies and market failures. The second row of Table 1 utilizes social prices. These valuations measure comparative advantage or efficiency in the agricultural commodity system. ...
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... to the importance of irrigation water, crop activities were specified according to the level and timing of irrigation. To reflect the uncertainty in the supply of irrigation water, models were designed with probabilistic water availability and alternative irrigation technologies represented by assuming three irrigation efficiency levels (35, 45, and 65%) Tables 9-12 show optimal and actual cropping patterns for small, medium and large farms. As shown in Table 9, cropping combination in the case of utility efficient programming is not significantly different from the existing patterns. ...
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... the other hand, the land area allocated to wheat, barley, tomato and onion -which have comparative advantages -has significantly increased relative to existing crops in small and medium farms (see Table 12). As a result, net social profits of cropping patterns generated by the MGA model is about 17 times greater than the existing patterns (see Table 9). ...
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... a result, net social profits of cropping patterns generated by the MGA model is about 17 times greater than the existing patterns (see Table 9). As shown in Table 10, in the case of UEP, the area allocated to crops with comparative disadvantage has declined compared to other crops. As a result, the net social profit per hectare has increased by about 204% relative to existing farms. ...
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... of sugar beet and increased acreages of wheat and onion are the main reasons for the substantial increase in social profit resulting from the optimal cropping patterns of the MGA model. As shown in Tables 9 to 11, increasing social profits of both the UEP and MGA models relative to existing cropping patterns are mainly due to changing crop combinations in favor of comparatively advantageous crops and away from crops such as sugar beet with its negative impact on social profits. The results of utility efficient and nearly optimum programming models in large farms show that net social profits per hectare increase by 1985 and 1935% respectively. ...
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... results of utility efficient and nearly optimum programming models in large farms show that net social profits per hectare increase by 1985 and 1935% respectively. This is due to increased areas grown with barley and tomato and decreased areas grown with sugar beet and potato (see Table 11). ...
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... water requirements, irrigation water used (the ratio of actual to potential crop yield), current crop yield in the sample and actual crop yield are shown in Table 13. As indicated, the ratios of actual to potential yield for wheat, barley, tomato, onion and potato are 0.88, 0.94, 0.09, 0.70, 0.86 and 0.90 respectively. ...
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... indicated, the ratios of actual to potential yield for wheat, barley, tomato, onion and potato are 0.88, 0.94, 0.09, 0.70, 0.86 and 0.90 respectively. According to Table 13, irrigation water requirements for optimal cropping patterns are less than the irrigation water used in the existing representative farms, given the level of deficit irrigation selected. The percentage change relative to existing irrigation water used are respectively 10.0, -2.096, -10.8, 16.039 and 16.8 for wheat, barley, tomato, onion and potato respectively. ...
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... shown in Table 13, the means of deficit irrigation estimated for sugar beet and barley are 20185 and 6040 cubic meters per hectare respectively. Minimum irrigation water requirements calculated for these crops are 17018 and 4708 cubic meters respectively. ...
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... in the case of barley and tomato, current yields are respectively 1.2 and 38.3% more than actual yields estimated. Based on the results shown in Table 13, water application efficiency varies in sample crops and overall efficiency in the whole sample appears to be greater than 35%. This implies that the level of deficit irrigation practiced by farmers in the region is likely to be a bit higher than the level considered in the model. ...
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... model results at three irrigation efficiency levels and water supply certainty are shown in Tables 14, 15 As shown in Table 14, wheat and barley acreage in the optimal cropping patterns (model result) has declined by 100 and 61% respectively relative to the existing cropping pattern. On the other hand, areas grown with tomato, potato and onion have respectively increased by 44, 358 and 6054 % relative to the actual cropping patterns. ...
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... model results at three irrigation efficiency levels and water supply certainty are shown in Tables 14, 15 As shown in Table 14, wheat and barley acreage in the optimal cropping patterns (model result) has declined by 100 and 61% respectively relative to the existing cropping pattern. On the other hand, areas grown with tomato, potato and onion have respectively increased by 44, 358 and 6054 % relative to the actual cropping patterns. ...
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... per unit of irrigation water increase from 218 Rial in the existing cropping patterns to about 760 Rials in the optimal cropping patterns. Optimal cropping patterns assuming hydrological certainty and irrigation efficiency of 45% is shown in Table 15. Compared to the results obtained at 65% irrigation efficiency, wheat is not included in the optimal plan. ...
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... effects of irrigation efficiency on irrigation strategy are shown in Table 17. As indicated, in the case of barley, tomato, potato and onion, maximum water stress occurs in crop growing ...
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... cropping patterns at 35% irrigation efficiency and hydrological certainty are shown in Tables 18 and 19. In contrast to the 45 and 65% efficiency levels, wheat appears in the optimal cropping plan, while potato is omitted. ...
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... of the basin model assuming various degrees of irrigation water supply reliability at 65% irrigation efficiency are shown in Table 18. It is evident that optimal cropping varies with the level of water supply risk. ...
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... of the analysis shown in Table 18 indicate that increased water application efficiency can raise social profitability and productivity of irrigation water by substituting lower value crops, such as wheat and sugar beet, by higher value crops such as tomato and onion. Obviously, economic feasibility of raising irrigation efficiency depends on both returns to and cost of irrigation water technology. ...
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... shown in the table above, when irrigation efficiency is reduced to 35%, returns to irrigation water are not significantly different from returns in the existing pattern of water use in the basin. Effects of irrigation water supply uncertainty on irrigation strategy in sample crops are shown in Tables 21 and 22. ...
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... water requirements and values per ton of exported and imported crops at the three levels of irrigation efficiency considered are shown in Table 31. As shown, the price (cost) of irrigation water used in producing one ton of exported and imported crops is different. ...
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... water requirements for producing one ton of exported crops is lower than imported crops. Considering border prices for the sample crops, returns per cubic meter of irrigation water used are shown in the last row of Table 31. Estimated returns show the relative advantages of sample crops in external trade. ...
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... experiences of these countries indicate that the optimization of water use within a country calls for modifying water rights and water transfer policies to encourage the adoption of irrigation strategies and cropping patterns in which water generates higher value per unit of water used. Index (1979Index ( -2003 1979-81 1989-91 2000 2001 2002 2003 Food production Index (1999-01-100 40 65 100 99 111 113 Wheat production (1000 tons) 5843 7605 8088 9459 12450 13440 Source: FAO: www.fao.org Tomato 20 As shown, at 80, 85 and 87.5 % water supply reliability for wheat activity level increase by 350, 458 and 491 kg respectively. ...
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Citations
... Olive trees remain on the same area as in the baseline scenario, but recommended under deficit irrigation regime. As reported by [19], deficit irrigation is a logical action to be taken by farmers when facing water shortages. This result is in line with the view of survey respondents where farmers with scarce water relative to land base their irrigation strategy on deficit irrigation. ...
small, dam, water, uncertainty, profitability. The study aimed to analyze, using chance constraint programming, the economic profitability of irrigation under hydrological risk at the level of two perimeters irrigated from two small dams located in various climatic conditions: Baldia dam in semi-arid Southern parts of the Dorsal and Charfi in sub-humid Northern parts. Two scenarios of water availability were simulated: a deterministic scenario where water is supposed available and a probabilistic scenario where water supply is uncertainty. Under deterministic scenario, the suitable crops mix to meet monthly water availability in both sites consists to grow autumn vegetable crops and olive trees. For both sites, the economic return was increased by 256% and 486%, respectively for Charfi and Baldia Perimeters. Under probalistic scenarios, results showed that optimal cropping pattern and farmer's income, strongly vary with the level of water risk supply and across regions, depending on whether the irrigated area is located in the northern or southern parts of the Dorsal. In the northern parts, there is 99% chance to meet monthly water requirement without significant impact on crops choices and farmer's income. However, in Baldia perimeter, the cultivated area and farmer's income are very sensitive to water uncertainty. Requiring the maximum reliability of water supply should reduce both the potential irrigated area and the farmer's income, respectively by 80.5% and 93.5%. The investment in irrigation becomes in this case uneconomic profitable. Based on these results, the planner should rethink the implantation of small dams in southern parts of the Dorsal, to develop irrigation activities. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 International License.
... Meanwhile, the cost-benefit approach is quite popular, as most researchers aim at maximization of the expected net income resulting from the proposed pattern (Ghahraman and Sepaskhah 2002;Karamouz et al. 2008b). Nevertheless, a number of models are intended to maximize the net social benefits (Soltani et al. 2009). ...
... In order to construct cropping pattern models, various modeling approaches have been employed, including linear (Faramarzi et al. 2010;Haddad et al. 2009;Kehkha et al. 2005;Ramezani Etedali et al. 2013;Salami et al. 2009;Soltani et al. 2009) and nonlinear models Sepaskhah 2002, 2004;Kiani 2009;Montazar and Rahimikob 2008). However, the high computational load associated with solving complex environmental and water resources models has led many researchers to use various types of Evolutionary Algorithms (EA) for such purposes (Afshar et al. 2009;Bazargan et al. 2011;Haddad et al. 2008;Monem and Namdarian 2005;Noory et al. 2011). ...
So far, several agro-economic optimization models have been developed in order to deal with agricultural water resources planning and management, among which the cropping pattern and water allocation optimization models are of significant importance. However, these models usually consider the land as a plain entirety and fail to account for a number of important contributing factors, including the private ownership of agricultural lands and the unique characteristics of each land parcel. Hence, the solutions provided by these models are not fully applicable in real-world and are only meant to help the decision-maker in analyses. In the present study, a new model is developed in order to incorporate farm-level data, and to propose optimal cropping pattern and conjunctive use decisions at farm level. Furthermore, a modified genetic algorithm has been developed by piecewise reorganization of chromosome structure, namely piecewise genetic algorithm (PWGA), and is presented in order to tackle the nonlinearity and the high number of variables involved in the model. A URM-based groundwater model is also coupled with PWGA in order to improve the computational efficiency of the framework. The proposed model is then run for various scenarios and the results are compared with those of the general approaches. The results of this study demonstrate that the general plain-level models tend to overestimate the expected net benefits. Moreover, the proposed model is able to optimize the cropping pattern and water allocation rules over the area while supporting each land parcel with appropriate decisions.
... It is therefore an important plant to support livelihoods. Saffron has a comparative advantage over wheat (relative resistance to disease and require fewer irrigation than wheat) can be cultivated in Iran so the government needs to encourage farmers to cultivate this new crop (Gohar, 2006; Soltani et al. 2009). ...
The maintenance of natural forest and forest dwellers welfare are vital to biodiversity conservation. For this purpose, introducing of Saffron cultivation as innovation in agricultural activities outside of the forest could be a key factor. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to determine the agronomic suitability and the appropriate spatial pattern for the Saffron cultivation. Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to identify suitable areas for Saffron cultivation in the North of Khorasan Province, Iran. Relevant environment components such as climate factors (temperature and rainfall), topography (Digital Elevation Model and slope) and land-use were considered. The results of this study were specially looking for potential cultivation areas for expanding Saffron and to develop suitable map for Saffron cultivation. We found that 69% (1887 ha) of agricultural land have currently suitable for Saffron cultivation in North of Khorasan, Iran. The map of land suitability for cultivation of Saffron can be practiced for improving livelihood and forest conservation.
... It is therefore an important plant to support livelihoods. Saffron has a comparative advantage over wheat (relative resistance to disease and require fewer irrigation than wheat) can be cultivated in Iran so the government needs to encourage farmers to cultivate this new crop (Gohar, 2006; Soltani et al. 2009). ...
Sustainable forest management through floristic study (Case study: Darkesh Forest, Northern Khorasan Province, Iran)
Abstract: Floristic study of plants in each site is one the most important role in keeping natural resources of each country. Plant species were collected from field sites that representing major habitats of study area. Surveys were managed during active growth periods in 2013 and 2014. A total of 140 medicinal plant species were documented. These species were scattered in 39 families and 116 genera. Families of Lamiaceae with 26 species, Asteraceae with 21 species and Rosaceae with 13 species were the most dominant families of medicinal plants in the study area. Hemicryphtophytes with 40%, therophytes with 18.4%, geophytes with 14.25%, phanerophytes with 13.57% and chamaephytes with 6.42%. The phyto-geographically of the medicinal plant showed that these species belonging to the regions of Irano-Turanian, Euro-Siberian and Mediterranean. The results of the present study showed that medicinal plants and wild fruit as Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) documented in this study, play an important role in the rural community welfare and sustainable forest management.
Keywords: Floristic studies, forest management, sustainable forestry, Darkesh, Iran
Floristik çalışmalar ile sürdürülebilir orman yönetimi (İran Kuzey Horasan bölgesi Darkeş ormanı örneği)
Özet: Bitkilere yönelik gerçekleştirilen floristik çalışmalar, her bir ülkenin doğal kaynaklarını korumada en önemli rollerden faktörlerden biridir. Araştırma bölgesinde önemli yetişme alanlarını temsil eden konumlardan, bitki türleri toplanmıştır. Bu kapsamdaki bitki toplama çalışmaları, 2013 ve 2014 yıllarında bitkilerin aktif büyüme dönemlerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Toplamda 140 adet tıbbi bitki türü belgelenmiştir. Bu türler, 39 aileye ve 116 cinse ayrılmıştır. 26 türe sahip Lamiaceae (Ballıbabagiller), 21 tür ile Asteraceae (Papatyagiller) ve 13 tür ile Rosaceae (Gülgiller) aileleri, araştırma bölgesinde en fazla rastlanan tıbbi bitki aileleri olmuştur. Hemikriptofitler %40, terofitler %18,4, geofitler %14,25, fanerofitler %13,75 ve kamefitler %6,42 oranındadır. Tıbbi bitkilerin fitocoğrafya özelliği, bu türlerin İran-Turan, Avrupa-Sibirya ve Akdeniz bölgelerine ait olduğunu göstermiştir. Mevcut araştırmanın sonuçları, bu araştırmada belgelenen Kereste Dışı Orman Ürünleri olarak tıbbi bitkilerin ve yabani meyvelerin, kırsal toplumun refahında ve sürdürülebilir orman yönetiminde önemli rol oynadığını göstermiştir.
Anahtar kelimeler: Floristik çalışmalar, orman yönetimi, sürdürülebilir ormancılık, Darkeş, İran
Received: 05 December 2014 - Revised: 10 January 2015 - Accepted: 12 January 2015
To cite this article: Mashayekhan, A., Jalilvand, H., Pourmajidian, M.R., Gholami, M.R., Teimouri, M.S., 2015. Sustainable forest management through floristic study (Case study: Darkesh Forest, Northern Khorasan Province, Iran). Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 65(2): 80-87. DOI: 10.17099/jffiu.29227
