FIGURE 18 - uploaded by Rasoul Zare
Content may be subject to copyright.
Pochonia suchlasporia var. suchlasporia, conidiophores and conidia and dictyochlamydospores. (From Zare et al., 2001.)
Similar publications
During a survey of parasitic nematodes of freshwater fishes in Muzaffarnagar region, a knownspecies of family Camallinidae belonging to the genus Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus)was isolated from two different fish host species- Mystus cavasius and Ompok bimaculatus.Morphological and morphometrical description supported by li
In social groups, disease risk is not distributed evenly across group members. Individual behaviour is a key source of variation in infection risk, yet its effects are difficult to separate from those of other factors. Here, we combine long-term epidemiological experiments and automated tracking in clonal raider ant colonies, where behavioural indi...
Cucullanus bagre Petter, 1974 (Cucullanidae) is redescribed based on the examination of newly collected material and the revaluation of type specimens, using light and for the first time scanning electron microscopy. Parasite specimens were collected from the intestine of the coco sea catfish Bagre bagre (Linnaeus) (Ariidae) off the South Atlantic...
Curves for graphical estimation of yield losses caused by plant parasitic nematodes were calculated on the basis of the relationship between soil nematode population density and damage to plants as described by the Seinhort’s equation y = m + (1 – m) z(P-T). By a logarithmic transformation this equation was transformed as y = m + (1 – m) 1.05[(P/-T...
Citations
... Nematophagous fungi can be used as highly effective biological control agents. They are classified into various fungal taxa groups, including Ascomycota, Oomycota, Pleurotaceae (Basidiomycota), Chytridiomycetes, and Zygomycota [22][23][24]. The taxonomic information for nematophagous fungi is summarized in Figure 1, which includes their division, genus, interaction, and infection structures. ...
Plant-parasitic nematodes significantly threaten agriculture and forestry, causing various diseases. They cause annual losses of up to 178 billion dollars worldwide due to their parasitism. Nematophagous fungi (NF) are valuable in controlling or reducing parasitic nematode diseases by killing nematodes through predatory behavior. This article summarizes the strategic approaches adopted by NF to capture, poison, or consume nematodes for food. NF are classified based on their attacking strategies, including nematode trapping, endoparasitism, toxin production, and egg and female parasitism. Moreover, extracellular enzymes such as serine proteases and chitinases also play an important role in the fungal infection of nematodes by disrupting nematode cuticles, which act as essential virulence factors to target the chemical constituents comprising the nematode cuticle and eggshell. Based on the mentioned approaches, it is crucial to consider the mechanisms employed by NF to control nematodes focused on the use of NF as biocontrol agents.
... Hirsutella Pat., Hymenostilbe Petch and Paraisaria Samson & B.L. Brady are commonly asexual morphs within Ophiocordyceps. Species of Hirsutella typically produced one to several conidia in a limited number of mucus droplets borne on basally subulate phialides that tapered into slender necks (Gams and Zare 2003). Typically, most of the Ophiocordyceps species parasitic to ants and associated with Hirsutella included the O. unilateralis complex. ...
Species of the genus Ophiocordyceps , which include species able to manipulate the behaviour of ants, are known as the “zombie-ant fungi” and have attracted much attention over the last decade. They are widespread within tropical, subtropical and even temperate forests worldwide, with relatively few reports from subtropical monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest. Fungal specimens have been collected from China, occurring on ants and producing hirsutella-like anamorphs. Based on a combination of morphological characters, phylogenetic analyses (LSU, SSU, TEF1a , RPB1 and RPB2 ) and ecological data, two new species, Ophiocordyceps tortuosa and O. ansiformis , are identified and proposed herein. Ophiocordyceps tortuosa and O. ansiformis are recorded on the same species of Colobopsis ant, based on phylogenetic analyses ( COI ), which may be sharing the same host. Ophiocordyceps tortuosa and O. ansiformis share the morphological character of producing lanceolate ascospores. They have typical characteristics distinguished from other species. The ascospore of O. tortuosa are tortuously arranged in the ascus and the ascospore of O. ansiformis have a structure like a handle-shape in the middle. Our molecular data also indicate that O. tortuosa and O. ansiformis are clearly distinct from other species.
... Fungi are found in a wide array of ecological niches and play key roles as decomposers, mutualists and pathogens (Araújo et al. 2022). Clavicipitaceae (Ascomycota, Hypocreales) is a large fungal family with diverse ecological characteristics and includes saprophytes, symbionts and pathogens that are associated with soils, insects, plants, fungi and other invertebrates (Gams and Zare 2003;Spatafora et al. 2007;Sung et al. 2007a;Steiner et al. 2011;Kepler et al. 2012a). Currently, the family Clavicipitaceae includes 52 genera and more than 500 species (Hyde et al. 2020;Mongkolsamrit et al. 2020aMongkolsamrit et al. , 2021Gao et al. 2021;Chen et al. 2022). ...
The fungal taxa belonging to the Clavicipitaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycota) are widely distributed and include diverse saprophytic, symbiotic and pathogenic species that are associated with soils, insects, plants, fungi and invertebrates. In this study, we identified two new fungal taxa belonging to the family Clavicipitaceae that were isolated from soils collected in China. Morphological characterisation and phylogenetic analyses showed that the two species belong to Pochonia ( Pochonia sinensis sp. nov. ) and a new genus for which we propose Paraneoaraneomyces gen. nov. in Clavicipitaceae.
... NF as biological control factors are the best method to use in sustainable agriculture. NF belong to most groups of fungal taxa, such as Oomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Pleurotaceae (Basidiomycota), and Chytridiomycetes (Gams and Zare, 2003;Wijayawardene et al., 2020). ...
In this review, we supply a framework for the importance of nematophagous fungi
(nematophagous fungi [NF]) and their role in agricultural ecosystems.We characterize the
taxonomy, diversity, ecology, and type of NF, depending on their interaction with plant-
parasitic nematodes (PPNs). We described potential mechanisms of NF in the control of
PPNs, the efficiency and methods of utilization, and the use of nematicides in sustainable
agriculture.We explain the utilization of NF in nanotechnology as a new approach. NF are
significant in the soil for having the effective potential for use in sustainable agriculture.
These types of fungi belong to wide taxa groups, such as Ascomycota, Basidiomycota,
and other groups. Diverse NF are available in different kinds of soil, especially in soils that
contain high densities of nematodes. There is a relationship between the environment of
nematodes and NF. NF can be divided into two types according to the mechanisms that
affect nematodes. These types are divided into direct or indirect effects. The direct effects
include the following: ectoparasites, endoparasites, cyst, or egg parasites producing
toxins, and attack tools as special devices. However, the indirect effect comprises two
groups: paralyzing toxins and the effect on the life cycle of nematodes. We explained the
molecular mechanisms for determining the suitable conditions in brief and clarified the
potential for increasing the efficacy of NF to highly impact sustainable agriculture in two
ways: directly and indirectly.
... Fungi have the ability to colonize a wide range of invertebrate hosts, ranging from soil-inhabiting microinvertebrates to macroinvertebrates in Insecta. Fungi can live as entomopathogens, either endoparasites or ectoparasites, in order to exploit their invertebrate hosts and obtain nutrients (7)(8)(9)(10)(11). Invertebrates are known to harbor a vast number of fungi and fungus-like organisms (2). ...
Fungi are the major decomposers in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, playing essential roles in biogeochemical cycles and food webs. The Fungi kingdom encompasses a diverse array of taxa that often form intimate relationships with other organisms, including plants, insects, algae, cyanobacteria and even other fungi. Fungal parasites of insects are known as entomopathogenic fungi and are the causative agents of serious disease and/or mortality of their hosts. Entomopathogens produce distinct metabolic compounds with roles in pathogenicity, virulence and host–parasite interactions. Thus, the potential of discovering new bioactive compounds useful in biocontrol and pharmaceutical industries is high. Given the significance of entomopathogenic fungi, the rapid research advances and the increased interest, it has become necessary to organize all available and incoming data. The website https://invertebratefungi.org/ has been developed to serve this purpose by gathering and updating entomopathogenic genera/species information. Notes of entomopathogenic genera will be provided with emphasis on their taxonomic status. Information on other invertebrates, such as rotifers, will also be included. Descriptions, photographic plates, information on distribution and host (where applicable) along with molecular data and other interesting details will also be provided. The website is easily and freely accessible to users. Instructions concerning the platform architecture and functionality of the website are introduced herein. The platform is currently being expanded and will be continuously updated as part of the effort to enrich knowledge on this group of fungi.
Database URL: https://invertebratefungi.org/
... In general, the genus Metapochonia (and related Pochonia) comprises species living mainly in soil, often with a potential to parasitize nematode cysts. Their ecology, distribution and potential application as biological control agents against nematodes has been comprehensively reviewed [2][3][4]. As indicated earlier [5], many novel bioactive compounds can be expected to be discovered from these species. ...
In the process of screening for new bioactive microbial metabolites we found a novel ƴ-pyrone derivative for which we propose the trivial name luteapyrone, in a recently described microscopic filamentous fungus, Metapochonia lutea BiMM-F96/DF4. The compound was isolated from the culture extract of the fungus grown on modified yeast extract sucrose medium by means of flash chromatography followed by preparative HPLC. The chemical structure was elucidated by NMR and LC-MS. The new compound was found to be non-cytotoxic against three mammalian cell lines (HEK 263, KB-3.1 and Caco-2). Similarly, no antimicrobial activity was observed in tested microorganisms (gram positive and negative bacteria, yeast and fungi).
... Notes: Hirsutella was erected by Patouillard (1892) and typified with Hirsutella entomophila. This genus is characterized by the production of synnematous or mononematous conidiophores, basally inflated phialides that narrow into one or more slender needle-like necks and globose, oval, fusiform, lemon-like to acicular hyaline conidia that are confined in a mucus droplet (Liang 1990;Gams and Zare 2003;Sung et al. 2007;Qu et al. 2018;Hyde et al. 2020a, b). It is worth mentioning that the phialidic conidial morphology of Hirsutella species was mainly divided into five types, correlating with phylogenetic information (Qu et al. 2018). ...
This is the twelfth contribution to the Fungal Diversity Notes series on fungal taxonomy, based on materials collected from many countries which were examined and described using the methods of morphology, anatomy, and strain culture, combined with DNA sequence analyses. 110 taxa are described and illustrated, including five new genera, 92 new species, eight new combinations and other taxonomic contributions (one new sequenced species, one new host and three new records) which are accommodated in 40 families and 1 incertae sedis in Dothideomycetes. The new genera are Amyloceraceomyces, Catenuliconidia, Hansenopezia, Ionopezia and Magnopulchromyces. The new species are Amyloceraceomyces angustisporus, Amylocorticium ellipsosporum, Arthrinium sorghi, Catenuliconidia uniseptata, Clavulina sphaeropedunculata, Colletotrichum parthenocissicola, Coniothyrium triseptatum, Cortinarius indorusseus, C. paurigarhwalensis, C. sinensis, C. subsanguineus, C. xiaojinensis, Diaporthe pimpinellae, Dictyosporella guizhouensis, Diplodia torilicola, Fuscoporia marquesiana, F. semiarida, Hansenopezia decora, Helicoarctatus thailandicus, Hirsutella hongheensis, Humidicutis brunneovinacea, Lentaria gossypina, L. variabilis, Lycoperdon lahorense, L. pseudocurtisii, Magnopulchromyces scorpiophorus, Moelleriella gracilispora, Neodevriesia manglicola, Neodidymelliopsis salvia, N. urticae, Neoroussoella magnoliae, Neottiella gigaspora, Ophiosphaerella chiangraiensis, Phaeotremella yunnanensis, Podosphaera yulii, Rigidoporus juniperinus, Rhodofomitopsis pseudofeei, Russula benghalensis, Scleroramularia vermispora, Scytinopogon minisporus, Sporormurispora paulsenii, Thaxteriellopsis obliqus, Tomentella asiae-orientalis, T. atrobadia, T. atrocastanea, T. aureomarginata, T. brevis, T. brunneoflava, T. brunneogrisea, T. capitatocystidiata, T. changbaiensis, T. citrinocystidiata, T. coffeae, T. conclusa, T. cystidiata, T. dimidiata, T. duplexa, T. efibulata, T. efibulis, T. farinosa, T. flavidobadia, T. fuscocrustosa, T. fuscofarinosa, T. fuscogranulosa, T. fuscopelliculosa, T. globospora, T. gloeocystidiata, T. griseocastanea, T. griseofusca, T. griseomarginata, T. inconspicua, T. incrustata, T. interrupta, T. liaoningensis, T. longiaculeifera, T. longiechinuli, T. megaspora, T. olivacea, T. olivaceobrunnea, T. pallidobrunnea, T. pallidomarginata, T. parvispora, T. pertenuis, T. qingyuanensis, T. segregata, T. separata, T. stipitata, T. storea, Trichoderma ceratophylletum, Tyromyces minutulus, Umbelopsis heterosporus and Xylolentia reniformis. The new combinations are Antrodiella descendena, Chloridium macrocladum, Hansenopezia retrocurvata, Rhodofomitopsis monomitica, Rh. oleracea, Fuscoporia licnoides, F. scruposa and Ionopezia gerardii. A new sequenced species (Graphis supracola), one new host (Aplosporella prunicola) and three new geographical records (Golovinomyces monardae, Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum and Prosthemium betulinum), are reported.
... This strategy has been in function since the first evolution of terrestrial ecosystems over 500 million years ago. Natural conservation occurs in all the ecosystems without human interference and has a vital role in pest control in agriculture (Waage and Greathead 1988;Zare and Gams 2003). Humans can manipulate the natural conservation to achieve the highest performance efficiency of pests' natural enemies. ...
... For energy and environment protection purposes, entomopathogenic and/or nematophagous fungi could be exploited for the degradation of chitin/chitosan into reducing sugars, efficiently turning this abundant bio-residue into a promising bioethanol feedstock. On this basis, Aranda-Martinez et al. (2017) investigated the capabilities of P. chlamydosporia (a biocontrol fungus with nematophagous activity) (Moosavi et al. 2010;Zare and Gams 2003), for the degradation of chitin into reducing sugar and bioethanol production. The fungus could use acid-dissolved chitosan (pH 5.6, autoclaved at 120 °C for 20 min) as the sole nutrient source mainly under anaerobic conditions, showing a strong chitosanolytic activity with fungal colony radius to chitosan degradation radius of about 0.5 in 20 days. ...
Fossil fuels and chemical pesticides could probably be blamed for future human downfall. Therefore, the global dependence on fossil fuels must be reduced immediately due to climate change, environmental issues, and health complications. The latter two negative effects could also be rendered by chemical pesticides. Among renewable energy alternatives, liquid biofuels have higher compatibility with the current fuel infrastructures and engines (i.e., transportation, storage, and engine systems), and hence, are very promising for transportation sector. Bioethanol, a liquid biofuel, is an ideal gasoline extender and is widely used in many countries in blended form with gasoline at specific ratios to improve fuel characteristics and engine performance. Although the bioethanol production industry has long been operational, finding suitable and sustainable feedstock is still an active field of study. The consumption of food/feed commodities such as sugarcane and corn (i.e., the first-generation bioethanol) has raised food vs. fuel debate. Alternatively, scientists have concentrated on the second-generation bioethanol, which consumes wastes such as lignocelluloses. However, huge amounts of hydrolytic enzymes, particularly cellulases, are required that contribute to high bioethanol production cost. Fungal biocontrol agents are superb producers of these enzymes, while at the same time they could be used as effective biological pesticides for sustainable agriculture. In this chapter, a novel viewpoint is put forward for sustainable direct production of bioethanol from lignocellulose by fungi, which could easily be separated at the end of the process and be exploited as biological control agents. For this purpose, several promising species within Fusarium, Paecilomyces, Pichia, and Trichoderma along with two species including Aspergillus oryzae and Pochonia chlamydosporia are comprehensively evaluated and scrutinized. The characteristics of these fungi could be further improved and harnessed for a dual production of biocontrol agents and bioethanol, improving the economic and environmental feasibilities of lignocellulose-based bioethanol production.
... He observed that the conidiogenous cells bearing microconidia were "familiar" in their similarity to other forms in association with myrmecophilous Cordyceps-like fungi in the same geographic area, referring to the presence of a hirsutelloid anamorph. Hirsutella is a previously recognized anamorphic genus characterized by its typical basally subulate phialides, narrowing into one (usually) or more (occasionally) slender needle-like necks, on synnemata or mononematous mycelia (Hodge 1998;Gams and Zare 2003;Sung et al. 2007;Araújo and Hughes 2017). The presence of a Hirsutella anamorph can be a taxonomically informative character representing a unifying feature of the O. unilateralis clade Araújo and Hughes 2017), although the morph can be found across different clades within Ophiocordycipitaceae (Quandt et al. 2014). ...
The genus Ophiocordyceps contains the most diverse assemblage of fungi that attack ants worldwide and are remarkably well adapted to the specific ecologies of their hosts. Desmidiospora myrmecophila Thaxt. is closely related to other ant-pathogenic species within Ophiocordyceps, possibly specific to queens, but the sheer infrequency of encounters and previously unsuccessful attempts to culture this fungus has precluded any meaningful assessment until now. A new record of Desmidiospora myrme-cophila from Louisiana was found infecting a foundress Camponotus pennsylvanicus queen, the same host species favored by the more common and ubiquitous ant-pathogenic Ophiocordyceps unilateralis clade found in the same geographic locality. To evaluate a long-held assumption that these fungi represent synanamorphs of a single species, we sampled our Desmidiospora specimen along with the local O. unilateralis population for molecular comparison. We are able to present for the first time the in vitro characteristics and morphology of Desmidiospora myrmecophila, as well as a phylogenetic context for this fungus based on combined molecular analysis of representative members of the Ophiocordycipitaceae. Our results place the Desmidiospora myrmecophila lineage within the genus Ophiocordyceps, with a basal affiliation to the Ophiocordyceps unilateralis core clade; thus, in accordance to the "One Fungus-One Name" (1F1N) rule, we propose a new synonym to suppress Desmidiospora in protection of Ophiocordyceps, i.e., O. desmidiospora. These results further implicate this species as an important and quintessential example of cryptic diversity among an already taxonomically diverse and ecologically important group of fungi. ARTICLE HISTORY
... Members of the genus Metapochonia possess a Verticillium-like morphology, produce conidia on slender, awl-shaped phialides that may be whorled or solitary. The species usually produce dictyochlamydospores (stalked, thick-walled, multicellular resting cells) or at least swollen intercalary or terminal hyphal cells, resembling chlamydospores (Zare et al. 2001, Zare & Gams 2003, Kepler et al. 2014). In some Metapochonia species, however, (dictyo-)chlamydospores are very rare (Nonaka et al. 2013, Zare et al. 2001, some isolates lost the capability to form them due to degeneration (Zare et al. 2001) or (dictyo-)chlamydospores have not been observed at all (Zare & Gams 2007, Zhang et al. 2017. ...
... As for the ecological role of these fungi, most of the species are pathogens of nematodes (eggs and cysts), however they may also be found infecting rotifers or were isolated from bulk soil, including cave soil or plant roots (Bisset 1983, Kepler et al. 2014, Zare et al. 2001, Zhang et al. 2017. Their ecology, distribution and potential application as biological control agents against nematodes has been comprehensively reviewed by Zare et al. (2001), Gams & Zare (2003), Domsch et al. (2007). The potential of these fungi in production of bioactive secondary metabolites possessing for instance antifungal, antiviral and antiparasitic activities has been shown in a study by Stadler et al. (2003) and Degenkolb & Vilcinskas (2016). ...
... M. microbactrospora (Zare et al. 2001) is morphologically distinct by its tiny rod-shaped and narrow conidia, flask-shaped and relatively short phialides compared to those longer and awl-shaped ones of M. lutea. Phenotypically, M. lutea is similar to M. parasitica in a slow growth (albeit much slower in P. parasitica, 15 mm vs 20 mm diam.), however, the overall micromorphology in both taxa is substantially different from each other (Bisset 1983, Sigler 1987, Gams & Zare 2003. From the other species within the genus Metapochonia, namely M. bulbillosa, M. goniodes, M. suchlasporia (var. ...
A new species Metapochonia lutea (Ascomycota, Hypocreales) is described and illustrated. This fungus differs from the other taxa in the genus Metapochonia by its production of intensive yellow pigment in culture, conidiophores with relatively complex verticillate branching, bean-shaped conidia, and by delayed development of one-celled and prominent thick-walled submerged chlamydospores usually in chains or irregular clusters of 3-5 cells. The new taxon is well supported by phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and translation elongation factor-1α gene (TEF-1α). Two new combinations are proposed for Pochonia parasitica and Pochonia cordycepisociata, as both species are resolved in a phylogenetic clade with other Metapochonia species.
