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Pochonia globispora. a, c-f. Conidiophores and phialides, b. berry-like conidial heads, g, h. conidia, c-h. mounted in cotton blue. Strains a, c, g. CBS 646.85, b, d-f, h. CBS 203.86.
Source publication
A new species of Pochonia, P. globispora, is described. It is characterized by slow growth and globose, cyanophilic conidia produced in heads. P. globispora is closest to P. chlamydosporia on the basis of ITS sequences and deviates from other Pochonia species by up to 5% sequence divergence. This is the only species so far known that entirely lacks...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... the very high ITS sequence similarity (98-99%) with other Pochonia species. The species is closest to P. chlamydosporia (see Fig. 1), and shows greater distance (up to 5% sequence difference) from other species. The ITS sequences of this species appear to link P. chlamydosporia with other Pochonia species. Production of berry-like conidial heads (Fig. 2b), common in the genus, was also observed in the new species. Further studies on these strains may show that they, like other Pochonia species, have nematophagous ...
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The study of the type specimens from Coprinus dunarum revealed that according to ITS sequences these specimens belong to the species Coprinopsis atramentaria. Thus, C. dunarum should be treated as a synonym of the latter.
Citations
... The multi-locus phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 1) and morphological characteristics showed that ZY 22.009 and ZY 22.010 represent a new species of Pochonia. Morphologically, P. sinensis shared similar morphological characters with P. globispora and P. boninensis, but does not produce dictyochlamydospores (Zare and Gams 2007;Nonaka et al. 2013). However, P. sinensis can be easy distinguished from P. globispora and P. boninensis, based on the ovoid conidia and the absence of irregularly swollen hyphae (Zare and Gams 2007;Nonaka et al. 2013). ...
... Morphologically, P. sinensis shared similar morphological characters with P. globispora and P. boninensis, but does not produce dictyochlamydospores (Zare and Gams 2007;Nonaka et al. 2013). However, P. sinensis can be easy distinguished from P. globispora and P. boninensis, based on the ovoid conidia and the absence of irregularly swollen hyphae (Zare and Gams 2007;Nonaka et al. 2013). ...
The fungal taxa belonging to the Clavicipitaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycota) are widely distributed and include diverse saprophytic, symbiotic and pathogenic species that are associated with soils, insects, plants, fungi and invertebrates. In this study, we identified two new fungal taxa belonging to the family Clavicipitaceae that were isolated from soils collected in China. Morphological characterisation and phylogenetic analyses showed that the two species belong to Pochonia ( Pochonia sinensis sp. nov. ) and a new genus for which we propose Paraneoaraneomyces gen. nov. in Clavicipitaceae.
... Describing P. globispora in the genus Pochonia, Zare and Gams [282] have anticipated the potential of this species as a possible biocontrol agent of nematodes. Metapochonia bulbilosa is usually recovered from forest soils [207], but apart from its isolation as an ovicidal species from Ascaris eggs in Pakistan and Afghanistan [218], its association with nematodes had not been sufficiently known [31]. ...
... Describing P. globispora in the genus Pochonia, Zare and Gams [282] have anticipated the potential of this species as a possible biocontrol agent of nematodes. Metapochonia bulbilosa is usually recovered from forest soils [207], but apart from its isolation as an ovicidal species from Ascaris eggs in Pakistan and Afghanistan [218], its association with nematodes had not been sufficiently known [31]. ...
Environmental and health concerns over the use of chemical pesticides have increased the need for alternative measures in the control of plant-parasitic nematodes. Biological control is considered ecologically friendly and a possible alternative in pest and disease management. Several organisms are known to be antagonistic against plant parasitic nematodes. Fungal biological control is an exciting and rapidly developing research area and there is growing attention in the exploitation of fungi for the control of nematodes. In this chapter, important nematode-parasitic and antagonistic fungi are divided into nematophagous and endophytic fungi, and their recent taxonomy, distribution, ecology, biology and their mode of action are discussed.
... Simple phialides producing dark-colored conidia in slimy heads were observed in Gliomastix sp., (Fig. 3A). The presence of dictyochlamydospores as a distinctive character was used to discriminate Pochonia species from Verticillium except for P. globispora which does not produce dictyochlamydospores (Zare and Gams, 2007). ...
Urea, the most commonly used nitrogen fertiliser in New Zealand, can be quickly lost from the system via ammonia volatilisation or nitrate leaching following hydrolysis of urea by urease producing soil microorganisms (UPSMs). This study investigated UPSMs involved in urea degradation for upcoming research to reduce soil urease activity. Soils from under dairy pasture management across New Zealand, with a pasture species component of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and aged between 9 months to 60 years old, were collected, and UPSMs were isolated and identified using both polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular and conventional methods. The fungal genera belonged to diverse taxonomical groups including the phylum Ascomycota: class: Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Leotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes, the phylum Basidiomycota: class: Tremellomycetes and the phylum Zygomycota: order: Mucorales, all of which have a role in urea degradation in soil. Pasture soil-resident urease producing bacteria belonged to the Gammaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria. Cupriavidus sp. and Mucor hiemalis showed strong urease activity when cultured on urease medium. This is the first report on the urease activity of the pasture soil inhabitants Pochonia bulbillosa, Mariannaea elegans and Gliomastix sp. This study was part of a larger study underway to investigate control of UPSMs in soil to improve the efficiency of urea utilisation.
... Notes -Metapochonia was established by Kepler et al. (2014) and currently comprises five species. Metapochonia species are verticillium-like, producing conidia on slender, awlshaped phialides that may be whorled or singular, and most species are also known to produce stalked, thick-walled, and multicellular dictyochlamydospores , Zare & Gams 2007, Kepler et al. 2014. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of ITS sequences, our isolates clustered together with other Metapochonia species but formed a distinct clade with high support value (phylogenetic tree deposited in MycoBank: MB818252). ...
Karst caves are distinctly characterised by darkness, low to moderate temperatures, high humidity, and scarcity of organic matter. During the years of 2014-2015, we explored the mycobiota in two unnamed Karst caves in Guizhou province, China, and obtained 563 fungal strains via the dilution plate method. Preliminary ITS analyses of these strains suggested that they belonged to 246 species in 116 genera, while 23.5 % were not identified to species level. Among these species, 85.8 % (211 species) belonged to Ascomycota; 7.3 % (18 species) belonged to Basidiomycota; 6.9 % (17 species) belonged to Mucoromycotina. The majority of these species have been previously known from other environments, mostly from plants or animals as pathogens, endophytes or via a mycorrhizal association. We also found that 59 % of these species were discovered for the first time from Karst caves, including 20 new species that are described in this paper. The phylogenetic tree based on LSU sequences revealed 20 new species were distributed in six different orders. In addition, ITS or multi-locus sequences were employed to infer the phylogenetic relationships of new taxa with closely related allies. We conclude that Karst caves encompass a high fungal diversity, including a number of previously unknown species. Novel species described include: Amphichorda guana, Auxarthronopsis guizhouensis, Biscogniauxia petrensis, Cladorrhinum globisporum, Collariella quadrum, Gymnoascus exasperatus, Humicola limonisporum, Metapochonia variabilis, Microascus anfractus, Microascus globulosus, Microdochium chrysanthemoides, Paracremonium variiforme, Pectinotrichum chinense, Phaeosphaeria fusispora, Ramophialophora globispora, Ramophialophora petraea, Scopulariopsis crassa, Simplicillium calcicola, Volutella aeria, and Wardomycopsis longicatenata. © 2017 Naturalis Biodiversity Center & Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute.
... A flat surface exhibited in the monohydrate form makes it suitable for analysis in an SEM using EDS. Calcium oxalate crystals have been identified using SME and EDS in other fungi such as Lecanicillium fungicola (see Santana Nunes et al. 2017 The absence of crystals has been considered one of the features that can distinguish Pochonia from Lecanicillium species (Zare and Gams 2007). Crystals have been reported for Pochonia microbactrospora (= Metapochonia microbactrospora) Chlamydospore; (E) Mucoid spore heads supported by conidiophores. ...
The nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia (Clavicipitaceae) is a facultative parasite of major plant-parasitic nematodes pests such as cyst (Globodera spp., Heterodera spp.), root-knot (Meloidogyne spp.), false root-knot (Nacobbus spp.) and reniform (Rotylenchulus reniformis) nematodes. The potential of P. chlamydosporia as a biological control agent and biopesticide has been the subject of numerous studies aimed at understanding the micro-ecological conditions that allow the fungus to thrive in the soil and rhizosphere environments. Pochonia survives in soil in the absence of plant and nematode hosts and can also behave as an endophyte. Research evidence points to a physiological ‘switch’ from the saprophytic to the parasitic stage that is triggered by nutrition. The basic biology of the fungus and sedentary endoparasitic plant nematodes is reviewed to provide insights into the fungus multitrophic behaviour, as well as its importance as a biocontrol agent within an integrated pest management approach.
... This fungus parasitized eggs of Heterodera and Globodera species in vitro, and as demonstrated in TEM photographs, developing appressoria and penetration hyphae with an interior infection bulb [224]. Describing P. globispora in the genus Pochonia, Zare and Gams [225] have anticipated the potential of this species as a possible biocontrol agent of nematodes. Pochonia bulbilosa is usually recovered from forest soils [171], but apart from its isolation as an ovicidal species from Ascaris eggs in Pakistan and Afghanistan [177], its association with nematodes had not been sufficiently known [20]. ...
Environmental and health concerns over the use of chemical pesticides have increased the need for alternative measures in
the control of plant-parasitic nematodes. Biological control is considered ecologically friendly and a possible alternative
in pest and disease management. Several organisms are known to be antagonistic against plant parasitic nematodes. Fungal biological
control is an exciting and rapidly developing research area and there is growing attention in the exploitation of fungi for
the control of nematodes. In this chapter important nematode parasitic and antagonistic fungi are divided into nematophagous
and endophytic fungi, and their taxonomy, distribution, ecology, biology and their mode of action are discussed.
Background
Studying the diversity of the indigenous entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) is a prerequisite to effective insect pest control. The distribution and occurrence of EPF from the soil across Nigeria were evaluated. Three subsoil samples from three locations in each of the 11 states were used to isolate the fungi by the insect bait method. Three fungal rates, 1.0 × 10 ² , 5.0 × 10 ¹ and 7.5 × 10 ¹ spores/ml, were applied to the Galleria larvae.
Results
EPF occurred in 41.1% of the soil sampled. These fungi belong to five and an unidentified genus. High species diversity was observed in Abuja with 6 species, and a uniform diversity of 5 species in Gombe, Ibadan, Jos, Kano, Lagos, Nasarawa and Port Harcourt. The Shannon–Wiener index ranges from 2.48 to 1.84. Similarly, species evenness showed a distinct similarity across the 11 sampling states and ranges from 0.99 to 0.92. Simpson Diversity Index was found to be highest in Bauchi with 0.31 and lowest in Abuja with 0.19. The mortality of the Galleria mellonella (L.) larvae differed significantly ( P < 0.01) with EPF species and time of exposure. There was also a strong ( P < 0.001) relationship between larval mortality and conidial concentration within and among the species. The virulence of the isolated fungi on Galleria mellonella larvae based on LC 50 differs with states (sampling site) even within the same species.
Conclusions
The present study uncovered the diversity and occurrence of EPF in soil across Nigeria. In addition, the results can be useful in selecting the suitable soils and best adapted EPF in a particular soil across the study area, or it could be the beginning of a molecular study.
The history of the genus Pochonia (Clavicipitaceae, Hypocreales) is charted from the pre- to post-molecular era. The relatively recent use of more sophisticated molecular techniques – as exemplified by multigene phylogenetics – has enabled the unravelling of this convoluted taxonomic tale and there is now light at the end of the tunnel, especially with the realisation of the ‘One fungus, One name’ (1F, 1 N) initiative. The present status of the genus – and its near relatives on nematode hosts – is discussed. Currently, only one species, Pochonia chlamydosporia, is recognised within the genus, with five varieties being delimited, two of which – var. chlamydosporia and var. catenulata – produce sexual morphs on alternate hosts: molluscs (snail eggs) and insects (beetle larvae), respectively. Species originally assigned to Pochonia are now accommodated in the genus Metapochonia. Pochonia chlamydosporia is a multitrophic species, parasitic on, or pathogenic to, both invertebrate and nematode hosts, as well as being a plant symbiont. Finally, recommendations are made for future research: it is expected that the varieties of P. chlamydosporia will be elevated to species rank, whilst it is predicted that many more species will be identified within the genus as intensive and more focused, selective sampling is undertaken, particularly of soils and plant roots in tropical forest ecosystems.
