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Pluteus padanilus. a-b. Basidiomata. c. Basidiospores. d, e. Pleurocystidia. f. Cheilocystidia. g. Pileipellis elements. a, c, d, f, g. C.K. Pradeep 13844 (holotype) b, e. C.K. Pradeep 14418. Scale bars: a, b = 1 cm. c-g = 10 μm. Photos a-b by C.K. Pradeep, line drawings c-g by A. Justo.
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In order to better understand species delimitation in the Pluteus glaucotinctus species complex, we present a detailed study based on morphological and DNA sequence (nrITS + tef1) data. Pluteus glaucotinctus sensu stricto is known only from the type collection (Democratic Republic of the Congo), which is re-examined here. Four other species are rec...
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Gymnopilus purpureosquamulosus Høil (Strophariaceae) is reported for first time from India. A comprehensive description, a photograph, and comparisons with morphologically similar and phylogenetically related species are provided.
Citations
... As recently demonstrated in Psilocybe cubensis, the enzymes laccase and phosphatase degrade PSB and initiate the bluing reaction [30]. The surface of the flesh and fruiting body of psychotropic mushrooms typically turns blue or blue-green when bruised or spontaneously [31,32]. Currently, our knowledge of the content of PSB and its derivates in the fruiting bodies of psychotropic mushrooms is insufficient. ...
... The time between mushroom collection and analysis is shown in Supplementary Table S1. Mushroom species were identified by Jan Borovička according to the current taxonomy [32,67,71,75,81,82] using micromorphological and/or molecular characters (DNA sequencing, see below). When possible, representative parts of the mushroom collections were deposited in the fungarium of the Mycological Department, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic (PRM). ...
Since not only psilocybin (PSB) but also PSB-containing mushrooms are used for psychedelic therapy and microdosing, it is necessary to know their concentration variability in wild-grown mushrooms. This article aimed to determine the PSB, psilocin (PS), baeocystin (BA), norbaeocystin (NB), and aeruginascin (AE) concentrations in a large sample set of mushrooms belonging to genera previously reported to contain psychotropic tryptamines. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was used to quantify tryptamine alkaloids in the mushroom samples. Most mushroom collections were documented by fungarium specimens and/or ITS rDNA/LSU/EF1-α sequencing. Concentrations of five tryptamine alkaloids were determined in a large sample set of 226 fruiting bodies of 82 individual collections from seven mushroom genera. For many mushroom species, concentrations of BA, NB, and AE are reported for the first time. The highest PSB/PS concentrations were found in Psilocybe species, but no tryptamines were detected in the P. fuscofulva and P. fimetaria collections. The tryptamine concentrations in mushrooms are extremely variable, representing a problem for mushroom consumers due to the apparent risk of overdose. The varied cocktail of tryptamines in wild mushrooms could influence the medicinal effect compared to therapy with chemically pure PSB, posing a serious problem for data interpretation.
... The nrITS1 region is less variable than nrITS2, and patristic differences greater than 0.0082 can be considered as a possible threshold value in nrITS1, whereas this threshold value represents the maximum intraspecific value. The absence of conflicts between the nrITS and TEF1-α phylogenetic analyzes conducted separately confirms that this combination of markers is suitable for the separation of different phylospecies, as already reported in previous studies [51,52]. Conversely, the use of a combined nrITS and TEF1-α dataset in phylogenetic analyses do not accurately resolve the relationship between different species within "Pluteus insidiosus complex" suggesting that other markers will be needed to confirm these relationships. ...
We studied the taxonomy of Pluteus insidiosus and similar species using morphological and molecular (nrITS, TEF1-α) data, including a detailed study of the type collection of P. insidiosus. Based on our results, we recognize five species in this group: P. insidiosus sensu stricto and four other taxa: P. assimilates; P. farensis; P. flavostipitatus; and P. pseudoinsidiosus; described here as new. All these taxa are distinct from each other based on molecular data, but some of them are semi-cryptic based on morphology and co-occur in the Palaearctic region. An additional molecular lineage, phylogenetically separates from the P. insidiosus complex, but with many morphological similarities, was recognized in the molecular phylogenies. Based on the revision of available type collections, the name Pluteus reisneri Velen., was adopted for this Clade. Pluteus reisneri was validly published in 1921, but it has barely been used since its original description. A modern epitype, with molecular data, was selected for P. reisneri.
... The combination of morphological and molecular methods of identification have been used to split genera, such as was the case for Psilocybe and Deconica, and transfer species, previously thought to be psychedelic, to non-psychedelic genera (Moncalvo et al., 2002;Matheny et al., 2006;Norvell et al., 2010;Ramírez-Cruz et al., 2012). Molecular methods have been used to distinguish over 100 species in Psilocybe, Panaeolus, Pluteus, and Gymnopilus Menolli et al., 2014;Khan et al., 2017;Malysheva et al., 2019). ...
Psilocybin and psilocin, two psychoactive components found in "magic mushrooms," have therapeutic potential in a number of mental health disorders without the addictiveness and overdose risks found in other mind-altering drugs, such as cocaine, methamphetamines and alcohol. Psychedelic mushrooms occur naturally, are wide distributed and easily accessible. The need for reviews and comprehensive field guides is urgent due to the recent surge of research into psychedelic mushrooms along with public interest. Psilocybin and psilocin are recorded in mushroom species of Psilocybe, Panaeolus, Pluteus, and Gymnopilus. This review discusses species identification, taxonomy and classification, available DNA sequence data and psychedelic species in Psilocybe, Panaeolus, Pluteus, and Gymnopilus, as well as similar looking genera that could be harmful.
... Molecular reassessment of the family (Justo & al. 2011a) supports two genera: Pluteus Fr. and Volvopluteus Vizzini & al. Pluteus, the larger genus, comprises >300 species (Kirk & al. 2008, He & al. 2019, distributed worldwide especially in boreal to tropical forested regions (Menolli & al. 2014). Pluteus species are primarily lignicolous and grow on partially or well-rotted angiosperm and gymnosperm wood (Orton 1986, Singer 1986, Vellinga 1990. ...
Pluteus variabilicolor and Volvopluteus earlei are reported as new records for the Pakistani funga, with the former representing a new record for South Asia and the latter, a second report from Asia. Morphological descriptions are accompanied by colored photographs of basidiomata and microscopic structures. Identity of both species is confirmed by ITS sequence analyses. Comparison with previous descriptions and data on their distributions are briefly discussed.
... Molecular reassessment of the family (Justo & al. 2011a) supports two genera: Pluteus Fr. and Volvopluteus Vizzini & al. Pluteus, the larger genus, comprises >300 species (Kirk & al. 2008, He & al. 2019, distributed worldwide especially in boreal to tropical forested regions (Menolli & al. 2014). Pluteus species are primarily lignicolous and grow on partially or well-rotted angiosperm and gymnosperm wood (Orton 1986, Singer 1986, Vellinga 1990. ...
Pluteus variabilicolor and Volvopluteus earlei are reported as new records for the Pakistani funga, with the former representing a new record for South Asia and the latter, a second report from Asia. Morphological descriptions are accompanied by colored photographs of basidiomata and microscopic structures. Identity of both species is confirmed by ITS sequence analyses. Comparison with previous descriptions and data on their distributions are briefly discussed.
... index fungo rum. com, accessed date 12 February 2021); the majority of them are from Brazil, Russia, the USA and Vietnam Capelari 2010, 2016;Menolli et al. , 2014Menolli et al. , 2015aMinnis and Sundberg 2010;Justo et al. 2011bJusto et al. , 2012Justo et al. , 2014Malysheva et al. 2007Malysheva et al. , 2016Malysheva et al. , 2020Wartchow 2018). ...
Two species of Pluteus, namely P. brunneoalbus and P. sepiicolor, from China are reported and illustrated. Pluteus brunneoalbus is described as a new species in P. sect. Celluloderma. This species is characterized by a shallowly depressed pileus, a white stipe, ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores 6–7 × 5–6.5 μm, the presence of few scattered cheilocystidia, the presence of mostly clavate pleurocystidia, and a cutis type pileipellis. In the phylogenetic analysis based on the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), the new species appears as sister to P. hirtellus and P. squarrosus. In addition to the new species, another species, P. sepiicolor, is reported here as a new record for China. Molecular data support its conspecificity with a collection from Russia. Detailed morphological descriptions including illustrations of the two species from China, and their comparisons with the related taxa of Pluteus are also provided with phylogenetic placement.
... The genus Pluteus Fr. comprises ca. 300 species with worldwide distribution (Kirk et al. 2008) and grown in boreal to tropical regions of the world (Menolli et al. 2014). Forty species of Pluteus have been recorded from India (Upadhyay et al. 2017) and only two species namely, P. chrysosprasius and P. cuspidatus have been recorded from north east Himalaya by Berkeley (1850Berkeley ( , 1852. ...
Mushrooms represent an undescribed, poorly documented clade of eukaryotes with enormous environmental and economic benefits for the humans throughout the world. This paper deals with collection and identification of eleven interesting wild mushrooms from different forests of Tripura, Northeast India. These wild mushrooms were identified on the basis of macro and micro-morphological features along with their habitats and distributions. These eleven mushrooms species identified as Pluteus americanus (P. Banerjee & Sundberg) Justo, E.F. Malysheva & Minnis, Cookeina tricholoma (Mont.) Kuntze, Stropharia stercoraria (Schumach.) Quél., Auricularia delicata (Mont.) Henn., Auricularia auricula-judae (Bull.) J. Schröt., Auricularia sp.1, Auricularia sp.2, Lentinus sp., Inocybe sp., Clitocybe sinopica (Fr.) P. Kumm. and Agrocybe splendida Clémençon. Amongst them four species namely A. splendida, C. sinopica, P. americanus and S. stercoria are new records for India.
... Considering the genera with the highest number of ITS sequences recovered in this study and that also are the most OTU-rich ones (Table 3), only Pluteus (Basidiomycota) is among the list of genera of Maia et al. [62]. Based on this, Pluteus is one of the genera of fungi occurring in Brazil that has been well studied in terms of taxonomy, using both morphological and molecular data [143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154][155][156][157][158][159][160][161]. ...
Molecular techniques using fungal DNA barcoding (ITS) and other markers have been key to identifying the biodiversity of different geographic areas, mainly in megadiverse countries. Here, we provide an overview of the fungal diversity in Brazil based on DNA markers of phylogenetic importance generated since 1996. We retrieved fungal sequences of ITS, LSU, SSU, tef1-α, β-tubulin, rpb1, rpb2, actin, chitin synthase, and ATP6 from GenBank using different field keywords that indicated their origin in Brazil. A total of 19,440 sequences were recovered. ITS is the most representative marker (11,209 sequences), with 70.1% belonging to Ascomycota, 18.6% Basidiomycota, 10.2% unidentified, 1.1% Mucoromycota, two sequences of Olpidium bornovanus (Fungi incertae sedis), one sequence of Blastocladiomycota (Allomyces arbusculus), and one sequence of Chytridiomycota (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis). Considering the sequences of all selected markers, only the phyla Cryptomycota and Entorrhizomycota were not represented. Based on ITS, using a cutoff of 98%, all sequences comprise 3047 OTUs, with the majority being Ascomycota (2088 OTUs) and Basidiomycota (681 OTUs). Previous numbers based mainly on morphological and bibliographical data revealed 5264 fungal species from Brazil, with a predominance of Basidiomycota (2741 spp.) and Ascomycota (1881 spp.). The unidentified ITS sequences not assigned to a higher taxonomic level represent 1.61% of all ITS sequences sampled and correspond to 38 unknown class-level lineages (75% cutoff). A maximum likelihood phylogeny based on LSU illustrates the fungal classes occurring in Brazil.
... Considering the fact that this phylogeny is based only on ITS data, the actual relationships or the position of the sampled taxa might be different, suggesting that additional data will be necessary to assess limits of Pluteus species. Genes for translation elongation factor 1-such as tef1, which were used to resolve species limits in the Pluteus complexes (Menolli et al. 2014, Justo et al. 2014, also may prove informative in Pluteus sect. Pluteus seticeps differs morphologically from P. brunneocrinitus mainly by the absence of a pileus fully covered by brownish erect fibrils with tooth-shaped scales hanging over the edge, the presence of concolorous lamellar edges and the shape and pigmentation of the cheilocystidia (colorless and subglobose to sphaeropedunculate to pyriform to clavatecylindrical) (Minnis and Sundberg 2010), which apparently are more similar to those of P. ...
A general phylogeny of Pluteus section Celluloderma based on nuc rITS1-5.8-ITS2 (ITS) barcode sequences is presented with description of eight new species from Brazil supported by morphological and molecular data: P. brunneocrinitus, P. cebolinhae, P. crinitus, P. halonatus, P. hispidulopsis, P. karstedtiae, P. necopinatus and P. paucicystidiatus.
Fungi produce diverse metabolites that can have antimicrobial, antifungal, antifeedant, or psychoactive properties. Among these metabolites are the tryptamine-derived compounds psilocybin, its precursors, and natural derivatives (collectively referred to as psiloids), which have played significant roles in human society and culture. The high allocation of nitrogen to psiloids in mushrooms, along with evidence of convergent evolution and horizontal transfer of psilocybin genes, suggest they provide a selective benefit to some fungi. However, no precise ecological roles of psilocybin have been experimentally determined. The structural and functional similarities of psiloids to serotonin, an essential neurotransmitter in animals, suggest that they may enhance the fitness of fungi through interference with serotonergic processes. However, other ecological mechanisms of psiloids have been proposed. Here, we review the literature pertinent to psilocybin ecology and propose potential adaptive advantages psiloids may confer to fungi.
