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Plotting corrected latitude at the 37th parallel above Auckland Airport, the green line. (Google Earth™/Bunn).
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This article reports new research findings on Hochstetter’s 1859 survey of the Pink, Black and White Terraces in New Zealand, completing our 2014-2019 research into the terrace locations. Hochstetter’s remains the only survey of this lost eighth wonder of the world: providing the only primary location evidence.
Firstly, we summarise the six surve...
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... A revised paper was published and this also contained numerous errors. In 2018-2019, Bunn and Nolden [5] , Bunn et al. [7] , Bunn [8,9] published more evidence under the new paradigm and in 2020 a reconciliation rebutting the IGNS claims and a refereed commentary refuting the NIWA papers [10,11] . Over 2021-2023, Bunn [12][13][14][15] published further refutations of the old paradigm on which the New Zealand-American project claims were based. ...
The most famous tourist attractions in the southern hemisphere, in the nineteenth century were the Pink and White Terraces—New Zealand’s lost Eighth Wonder of the World. They were assumed lost in an 1886 eruption. The unpublished 2018 data from passive seismic stations across the Lake Rotomahana overflow in the Taupō Volcanic Zone are freshly examined for evidence of acoustic interfaces. The stations were coincidentally placed over the claimed course of the Kaiwaka Channel buried in the 1886 Tarawera eruption. There was no seismic evidence of the Channel at the reported altitude. This is strong empirical negative evidence the Kaiwaka Channel never flowed beneath today’s Lake Rotomahana overflow, as assumed since 1886. Unlike the seismic Black Terrace Crater evidence obtained from the same 2018 survey—there is no evidence of a paleochannel beneath today’s lake overflow.
My paper reports empirical evidence contradicting the assumed Kaiwaka location and with it, the assumed locations of old Lake Rotomahana and the Pink and White Terraces. The 1886 paradigm is thereby confounded. The seismic data provide concomitant empirical evidence for the Rotomahana altimetry and topography reported by Bunn and Nolden, who since 2016 locate the Kaiwaka Channel 440 m west of these seismic stations. The Pink and White Terraces can no longer be assumed destroyed.
Given the people privy to this dataset likely included three or more members of my 2017-2018 PAWTL2 Project, it is indeed odd that no one recognised the significance of these seismic data in 2018 or when the data were published in 2020. The Line 3 seismic dataset contradicts 2018 papers published by two of the ex-PAWTL2 members. Fortunately for the scientific record, I obtained the original dataset in 2023 with publication permission. In my view, this contradictory 2018 seismic evidence raises concern over such earlier papers relying on the 1886 paradigm.
... Next, after correcting declination, Hochstetter's proximal bearings were projected on Google Earth™. The research developed through six iterations between 2016 and 2019 [8]. Once the stations were resected, the survey baseline was established on Google Earth, inter alia confirming map scale and orientation. ...
... With the addition of the Folio, nearly all the field survey material and data he delivered to Petermann at Gotha in 1860 has now been documented and published. In Gotha the draughting of Hochstetter's Folio data into large and smallscale New Zealand maps was undertaken by Welcker and others working under Petermann's direction, the latter acknowledging Stokes and Drury's coastal surveys were combined with Hochstetter's terrestrial survey [8]. ...
... Tarawera peak appears marginally higher than Koa. This supports the Tarawera bearings in Iteration VI [8]. Hochstetter's manuscript map in Figure 13 orients to magnetic north. ...
This research utilises Ferdinand von Hochstetter's unpublished November 1860 Folio of survey data from the first major terrestrial topographical and geological survey in New Zealand. The Folio data enable reconstruction of the survey across the North Island to Lake Rotomahana, with unique bearings to the lost Pink and White Terraces. Prepared for cartographic production in Gotha, Germany, the Folio features marginalia by cartographer August Petermann and Arnim Welcker. It validates Hochstetter's 1859 field diaries and Rotomahana Basin topography navigating to the Terraces. The Folio survey coordinates indicate the Pink and White Terrace springs lie buried beneath the shores of Lake Rotomahana. The Folio locations are consistent with earlier survey Diary iterations. They triangulate with the Basin topography and align with Mātauranga Māori. Complementary with recently published research, the Folio data provides historical primary source evidence for the search for the lost Terraces at Lake Rotomahana.
... Black Terrace (left) and Crater (right) search fields, as green boxes. Hochstetter's 1859 map is overlaid(Bunn, 2019b). ...
This research to locate the lost Black Terrace was motivated by scientific, lay, and indigenous tourism interest in the Taupō Volcanic Zone in New Zealand, wherein lies buried a lost Eighth Wonder of the World, the Pink, Black and White Terraces. The Black Terrace was undocumented until 2017 and its location was unknown. This paper compiles evidence to relocate the Black Terrace site, so that site investigation may be undertaken, to recover siliceous sinter terrace material for chemical and textural analysis. This research triangulates the location, relative to the companion Pink and White Terraces; via spatial, georeferencing, survey resection, Mātauranga Māori, photogrammetric-optical, trigonometric, cartographic, and topographic evidence; over Google Earth™. The evidence triangulates with the Black Terrace lying beneath a forestry road, providing sub-surface imaging, drilling, and excavation access. Given the 2021 ownership change of the site and the nearby tourism projects; this research has considerable significance for the new indigenous owners of the Black Terrace. It has broader implications for investigating and potentially recovering the Pink and White Terrace sites.
... No changes to the 1859 survey stations, landmarks or bearings were required by the Folio data. The published survey Iterations V−VI herein, remain valid (Bunn, 2019b). ...
... comm.: R. Bunn to P. White, 3 November 2017). In 2017, under survey iteration IV the terrace was believed to lie north of this, but in 2019 with iteration V, it was seen to lie northwest of the Crater search field (Bunn, 2019b). Hochstetter's 1859 map is overlaid (Bunn, 2019b). ...
... In 2017, under survey iteration IV the terrace was believed to lie north of this, but in 2019 with iteration V, it was seen to lie northwest of the Crater search field (Bunn, 2019b). Hochstetter's 1859 map is overlaid (Bunn, 2019b). ...
This is a facsimile edition of my paper The Eighth Wonder of the World in New Zealand-the Black Terrace Discovery, published in the Academic Journal of Hydrology & Water Resources, on August 29, 2023. The published version is in fact the uncorrected galley proof, published the day before I received it. For unknown reasons the editor declines to publish the corrected galley proof, instead publishing a poor edition with distorted illustrations and typos─ which I corrected days after receiving the galley. Such a publication is embarrassing for any author, hence this facsimile edition for ease of reading.
Citation: A Rex Bunn*. The Eighth Wonder of the World in New Zealand-the Black Terrace Discovery. Academic J Hydrol & Water Res
1(2)- 2023. AJHWR.MS.ID.000106.
... Black Terrace (left) and Crater (right) search fields, as green boxes. Hochstetter's 1859 map is overlaid(Bunn, 2019b). ...
... frontiersin.org on those poorly documented lakes of the Rotomahana Basin (Bunn and Nolden, 2016;Nolden, 2018: Bunn et al., 2018;Bunn, 2019b). ...
... Our published iteration V-VI Pink Terrace spring location, lying along the same section of the crater rim in Figures 12, 15. (Bunn, 2019b). Hochstetter's Pink Terrace spring bearing (in bold yellow) also strikes this spot, confirming Warbrick's location. ...
Among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, only the Great Pyramid of Giza survives. Yet there is another, older than the seven, that was found and then lost again in the 19th century and once more located by the research herein: the White Terraces, named Te Tarata by indigenous peoples, of the Taupō Volcanic Zone in New Zealand. The greatest geoscience and tourist attractions in the southern hemisphere were the siliceous Pink and White Terraces. European, American, and British tourists bypassed the calcareous terraces at Saturnia, Yellowstone, and Pamukkale for the long sea voyage down to New Zealand. The 1886 Mount Tarawera eruption buried the siliceous terraces, decimating their indigenous owners and their tourism. An eruption crater lake now occupies much of the Rotomahana Basin in the Taupō Volcanic Zone, leading to assumptions that the Terraces were lost. However, no evidence was produced. The indigenous Māori owners did not believe they were lost. Controversy ensued. The resolution of this controversy is of economic and cultural importance as well as scientific interest. In 2011, a joint New Zealand-American project claimed to have found the Pink and White Terraces underwater in crater lake but produced no sinter samples. Recently, their claims were refuted. In Europe, terrestrial survey documents were unearthed, including compass bearings to the terraces by the German geologist Ferdinand Hochstetter. His survey records were digitally repatriated, and the reconstruction of his 1859 survey showed that the terrace springs lay outside the eruption crater. This renewed research in the Rotomahana Basin which has resolved the controversy. By studying topography and with the aid of Māori navigation knowledge, the geographic coordinates of the White Terraces have been triangulated and lie on land, on the shoreline outside the 1886 crater. Surprisingly, this evidence demonstrates that the White Terraces could have been located after the 1886 eruption by observation of the Rotomahana Basin with mapping available since 1864. Exploration and excavation of the Terraces are now possible. Even if degraded by the 1886 eruption, the White Terraces may earn a World Heritage listing and a second life in global tourism.
... This dataset comprises the complete set of bearings that formed the basis for the iconic published maps resulting from Hochstetter's survey -the earliest New Zealand geological maps to be printed in colour. (Bunn, 2019b carefully ascertain the position of all these objects […] by a process called "triangulation". Each end of the base line is made a Station for observations […] angles are measured (Brown, 1953: 191-192). ...
... With the addition of the Folio, nearly all the field survey material and data he delivered to Petermann at Gotha in 1860 has now been documented and published. In Gotha the draughting of Hochstetter's Folio data into large and small-scale New Zealand maps was undertaken by Welcker and others working under Petermann's direction, the latter acknowledging Stokes and Drury's coastal surveys were combined with Hochstetter's terrestrial survey (Bunn, 2019b). ...
... Tarawera peak appears marginally higher than Koa. This supports the Tarawera bearings in Iteration VI (Bunn, 2019b). ...
This research utilises Ferdinand von Hochstetter’s unpublished November 1860 Folio of survey data from the first major terrestrial topographical and geological survey in New Zealand. The Folio data enable the reconstruction of the survey across the North Island to Lake Rotomahana, with unique bearings to the lost Pink and White Terraces. Originally prepared for the purposes of cartographic production in Gotha, Germany, the Foliofeatures marginalia by cartographer August Petermann. It also validates Hochstetter’s 1859 field diaries and Rotomahana Basin topography navigating to the Terraces. The Folio survey coordinates suggest the Pink and White Terrace springs lie buried beneath the shores of Lake Rotomahana. The Folio locations are consistent with earlier surveyDiary iterations. They triangulate with the Basin topography and align with Mātauranga Māori records. Complementary with other recently published research, the Folio data provides historical primary source evidence in support of the search for the lost Terraces at Rotomahana.
... This dataset comprises the complete set of bearings that formed the basis for the iconic published maps resulting from Hochstetter's survey -the earliest New Zealand geological maps to be printed in colour. (Bunn, 2019b carefully ascertain the position of all these objects […] by a process called "triangulation". Each end of the base line is made a Station for observations […] angles are measured (Brown, 1953: 191-192). ...
... With the addition of the Folio, nearly all the field survey material and data he delivered to Petermann at Gotha in 1860 has now been documented and published. In Gotha the draughting of Hochstetter's Folio data into large and small-scale New Zealand maps was undertaken by Welcker and others working under Petermann's direction, the latter acknowledging Stokes and Drury's coastal surveys were combined with Hochstetter's terrestrial survey (Bunn, 2019b). ...
... Tarawera peak appears marginally higher than Koa. This supports the Tarawera bearings in Iteration VI (Bunn, 2019b). ...
This research utilises Ferdinand von Hochstetter’s unpublished November 1860 Folio of survey data from the first major terrestrial topographical and geological survey in New Zealand. The Folio data enable the reconstruction of the survey across the North Island to Lake Rotomahana, with unique bearings to the lost Pink and White Terraces. Originally prepared for the purposes of cartographic production in Gotha, Germany, the Folio features marginalia by cartographer August Petermann and his assistant Arnim Welcker. It also validates Hochstetter’s 1859 field diaries and Rotomahana Basin topography navigating to the Terraces. The Folio survey coordinates suggest the Pink and White Terrace springs lie buried beneath the shores of Lake Rotomahana. The Folio locations are consistent with earlier survey Diary iterations. They triangulate with the Basin topography and align with Mātauranga Māori records. Complementary with other recently published research, the Folio data provides historical primary source evidence in support of the search for the lost Terraces at Lake Rotomahana.
... As old and new Lake Rotomahana are documented in our past papers, here I focus on those poorly documented lakes of the Rotomahana Basin (Bunn & Nolden, 2016;Bunn, 2019). ...
The greatest geoscience and tourist attractions in the southern hemisphere were the Pink and White Terraces, the lost Eighth Wonder of the World. British, American and European tourists bypassed local calcareous terraces, for the sea voyage to New Zealand where the siliceous terraces astonished a global audience. Their allure remains. In 1886, the Mount Tarawera eruption buried the terraces. They were not officially surveyed, hence no one knew for certain, where they lay. Debate over their survival continued until the 1940s.
In 2011, a joint New Zealand-American project claimed to have found the Pink and White Terraces underwater. Recently their claims were refuted. In Europe, terrestrial survey documents were unearthed, including the only compass bearings to the terraces. Ferdinand Hochstetter’s survey records were repatriated and his 1859 survey reconstructed.
This spatial analysis reports the White Terraces could have been located after the 1886 eruption, by a competent examination of the Rotomahana Basin. By studying its topography, eruption crater, lakes and river systems; by georeferencing and from indigenous Māori knowledge; the early search and rescue, government and university survey teams; had sufficient topographic evidence for a Chain of Evidence, locating the White Terraces.
They also failed to consider water flows into and around the crater. Herein, I trace water flows from the terrace springs. These continued pumping during and after the eruption, creating watercourse evidence from the three terrace springs. These findings are compared with Hochstetter’s survey locations for the Pink, Black and White Terraces. The methodologies agree.
This validation, together with a new published altimetry and Black Terraces spatial research, provides layers of evidence for the coordinates of the three terrace springs today. This new body of empirical evidence, together with Hochstetter’s survey reconstruction; revises the historical record for the Rotomahana Basin eruption of 1886.
... These were narrowed to four and the search field and transect in Figure 2 was set. In 2017 the Terrace was believed to lie north of this, but in 2019 it was seen to lie north-west of the Crater search field (Bunn, 2019b). Iteration IV of Hochstetter's survey was developed in 2017. ...
... White's seismic data however, enabled me to reconstruct the altimetry. Figure 8 (Bunn, 2019b(Bunn, , 2020c. Note: underlining its significance, Black Terrace lies outside the border on Petermann's map. ...
... The published 2018−2019 iterations V−VI of Hochstetter's survey plotted the location of the Terrace spring ~300m from the Crater field in Figures 2−3(Bunn, 2019b). ...
The greatest tourism and geoscience attraction in the southern hemisphere, in the nineteenth century were the siliceous Pink and White Terraces, the lost Eighth Wonder of the World in New Zealand. In 1886, the Mount Tarawera eruption buried the terraces. In the absence of any government survey or evidence of their locations or destruction; debate over their survival continued until the 1940s. There were three feature silica terraces at Lake Rotomahana, though prior to the author’s research this third, Black Terrace was forgotten. In 2016, we noted the efforts by Hochstetter and Petermann to include a terrace on their left map borders named Te Ngawha Atetuhi (Hochstetter and Petermann, 1864). In 2017, I marked this for later research. That year the Bunn−led PAWTL2 Project launched in response to global interest. Research focused on the Terrace and I published the seminal report on the Black Terrace (Bunn, 2018). This collated indigenous Māori and Western history with previous research. This report concluded that the colonists had confused a post-eruption feature Black Terrace Crater with the pre-eruption siliceous Black Terrace.One of my 2017-2018 PAWTL2 team returned to the Black Terrace Crater site in 2018 and conducted sub-surface imaging: locating the crater and conjecturing they had found the lost Black Terrace. This paper confirms their imaging is from the crater location and discloses the true location of the Black Terrace nearby, based upon new spatial, survey, trigonometric, cartographic and topographic evidence.
