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Plot of Viscosity vs shear rate for different Xanthan Gum concentrations (a) at 303 K (b) at 313K (c) at 323K.
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The oil and gas sector is one of the six core industries in India. These industries are of strategic importance and plays a vital role in influencing decisions across other important spheres of the economy. But the overall production has declined due to the increase in maturity of the oil reservoirs. In developing countries like India, the oil prod...
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Citations
... In this study, the CMFs/LBG hydrogel exhibited shear-thinning flow behavior, depicted by a reduction in apparent viscosity with increasing shear rate (Nocheseda, Liza, Collera, Caldona, & Advincula, 2021) (Fig. 4a), which might provide high fidelity of the final constructs through reversible changes in shear viscosity (Chimene, Lennox, Kaunas, & Gaharwar, 2016). Previous studies have reported that gums and CMFs mainly showed shear thinning behavior (Khan, Yusuf, & Sardar, 2018;Tipvarakarnkoon & Senge, 2008). As the LBG level increased, the apparent viscosity of the CMF/ LBG hydrogel increased, likely because of the semi-flexible nature of LBG enhancing its conformational entanglement in the CMF matrix (Nigmatullin, Johns, & Eichhorn, 2020) and increasing molecular alignment along the flow direction (Tang et al., 2021). ...
Locust bean gum (LBG) and cellulose microfibers (CMF) in an interpenetrating hydrogel were developed as a bioink for 3D printing. X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy revealed the intermolecular interactions of the constituent polymers, especially in the matrix containing 3–5% LBG. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed the relatively high thermal stability of the hydrogels. Flow behavior index, viscoelasticity, and gel strength increased as LBG increased from 1 to 5% in the matrix. As expected, for a 3D printed construct from an interpenetrating hydrogel of 1% CMF with 4% LBG, the highest conformity to the designed 3D model was obtained when it was printed at a 50% infill density and a 10 mm/s printing speed, with a 0.8 mm nozzle diameter and 0.4 mm layer height. In addition, the CMF with 4% LBG hydrogel maintained high shape stability until 6 h after printing. Therefore, CMF/LBG-based hydrogels are expected to be useful as a bioink.
Industrial relevance
Interpenetrating network hydrogels produced from natural polysaccharides have attracted the attention of the food and biomedical industries because of their good mechanical properties and non-toxicity. In particular, utilization of legal food ingredients such as cellulose and locust bean gum might be valuable. 3D printing can ease the fabrication of complex structures using interpenetrating network bioinks, facilitating accuracy, reproducibility, and throughput, to produce customized food and biomedical products.
... Stimuli consisted of aqueous solutions of 0.2% xanthan gum (moderate viscosity, approximately 20-30 cp [Khan et al. 2018;Nakatomi et al. 2021]) and/or various taste compounds (>99% purity), obtained from Sigma--Aldrich (https://www.sigmaaldrich.com) or Fisher (https://www. fishersci.com). ...
... Viscosity is a major sensory cue determining flavor preference in humans (Vasquez-Orejarena et al. 2018) and is closely related to textural sensory parameters such as creaminess, thickness, and smoothness (Szczesniak 2002). Solutions used in the present study were of moderate viscosity (20-30 cp) (Khan et al. 2018;Nakatomi et al. 2021). At this viscosity level, solutions are easily acquired by the animal through a regular lick spout, yet have been shown to be salient enough to elicit perceptual effects in human subjects (Christensen 1980a;Nakatomi et al. 2021) and rodents (Ramirez 1992). ...
The brain combines gustatory, olfactory, and somatosensory information to create our perception of flavor. Within the somatosensory modality, texture attributes such as viscosity appear to play an important role in flavor preference. However, research into the role of texture in flavor perception is relatively sparse, and the contribution of texture cues to hedonic evaluation of flavor remains largely unknown. Here, we used a rat model to investigate whether viscosity preferences can be manipulated through association with nutrient value, and how viscosity interacts with taste to inform preferences for taste + viscosity mixtures. To address these questions, we measured preferences for moderately viscous solutions prepared with xanthan gum using 2-bottle consumption tests. By experimentally exposing animals to viscous solutions with and without nutrient value, we demonstrate that viscosity preferences are susceptible to appetitive conditioning. By independently varying viscosity and taste content of solutions, we further show that taste and viscosity cues both contribute to preferences for taste + viscosity mixtures. How these 2 modalities are combined depended on relative palatability, with mixture preferences falling in between component preferences, suggesting that hedonic aspects of taste and texture inputs are centrally integrated. Together, these findings provide new insight into how texture aspects of flavor inform hedonic perception and impact food choice behavior.
... The ever-increasing problem of global warming is due to increasing world's population and hence the corresponding energy demands [1]. Most of the world's energy demand is still dependent on fossil fuels as a source of energy [2], leading to global warming due to increasing concentration of GHGs [3][4][5]. The gas reforming is a promising technique for hydrogen and syngas production. ...
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The increasing content of greenhouse gases (GHG’s) in earth’s atmosphere is the main reason for global warming. Dry reforming of methane (DRM) is an encouraging technique to utilize the two main GHG’s (i.e., CO2 and CH4). Three different Ni based nano-catalysts i.e., Ni/Al2O3, Ni/Al2O3-ZrO2 and Ni/Al2O3-MgO were synthesized by wet-impregnation method and tested for DRM. The prepared catalysts were characterized via BET, XRD, FESEM-EDX, and TEM analysis, to determine the textural properties, phases, morphology, and elemental composition of catalysts. The catalysts were then tested for DRM at low reaction temperature of 650°C. The Ni/Al2O3-MgO catalyst showed the optimum performance with elevated conversions of CH4 and CO2, followed by Ni/Al2O3 and Ni/Al2O3-ZrO2 catalysts, respectively.
... Khan et al. found that the viscosity of xanthan gum could decrease with the increase of surfactant concentration. When the concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate increased from 0 mM to 5 mM, the viscosity of xanthan gum solution remarkably decreased[30]. ...
Traditional dosage forms of dexibuprofen extremely limit their clinical applications because of the bitter taste and the frequent drug administration caused by the relatively short half-life of the drug. This study aims to design novel sustained release (SR) supermicro-pellet based dry suspensions that load dexibuprofen, and also optimize the formulations in terms of morphology, release rate, flowability, and physicochemical stability of dosage forms. Drug-loaded pellets were prepared by using a bottom spray fluid bed coating technique using microcrystalline cellulose supermicro-pellets as the core and PVP K30 or Poloxamer 188 as the binder. The drug-loaded pellets were further coated with Kollicoat SR 30D to form SR pellets. The optimal SR dry suspensions are composed of SR pellets, diluent granules, and suspending agents. PVP K30- and Poloxamer 188-based SR pellets release the drug molecules in a SR manner over 8 h and show a high release profile for Poloxamer 188-based pellets. The drug release profile is not affected by the rotation speed of the paddle but shows a distinct pH-responsive behavior. The physical property of dexibuprofen has been changed during the preparation process. The SR dry suspensions (F5, with high amount of xanthan gum in suspending agents and low amount of poloxamer 188 in diluent granules) show high physical stability with the sedimentation rate of 0.8 (Hu/H) within 5 min and good flowability with the angle of repose (θ) at 27°. Low content variations were observed with a value of A+1.80SD ≤ 15, and no significant change was found in the drug content under high humidity and strong light. In conclusion, novel SR supermicro-pellet based dry suspensions have been successfully prepared, and the optimal formulation shows excellent SR, good flowability, content uniformity, and physicochemical stability.
Hydraulic fracturing is vital in recovering hydrocarbons from oil and gas reservoirs. It involves injecting a fluid under high pressure into reservoir rock. A significant part of fracturing fluids is the addition of polymers that become gels or gel-like under reservoir conditions. Polymers are employed as viscosifiers and friction reducers to provide proppants in fracturing fluids as a transport medium. There are numerous systems for fracturing fluids based on macromolecules. The employment of natural and man-made linear polymers, and also, to a lesser extent, synthetic hyperbranched polymers, as additives in fracturing fluids in the past one to two decades has shown great promise in enhancing the stability of fracturing fluids under various challenging reservoir conditions. Modern innovations demonstrate the importance of developing chemical structures and properties to improve performance. Key challenges include maintaining viscosity under reservoir conditions and achieving suitable shear-thinning behavior. The physical architecture of macromolecules and novel crosslinking processes are essential in addressing these issues. The effect of macromolecule interactions on reservoir conditions is very critical in regard to efficient fluid qualities and successful fracturing operations. In future, there is the potential for ongoing studies to produce specialized macromolecular solutions for increased efficiency and sustainability in oil and gas applications.
The literature presents the preserving effect of biological coatings developed from various microbial sources. However, the presented work exhibits its uniqueness in the utilization of halophilic exopolysaccharides as food coating material. Moreover, such extremophilic exopolysaccharides are more stable and economical production is possible. Consequently, the aim of the presented research was to develop a coating material from marine exopolysaccharide (EPS). The significant EPS producers having antagonistic attributes against selected phytopathogens were screened from different marine water and soil samples. TSIS01 isolate revealed the maximum antagonism well and EPS production was selected further and characterized as Bacillus tequilensis MS01 by 16S rRNA analysis. EPS production was optimized and deproteinized EPS was assessed for biophysical properties. High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis revealed that EPS was a heteropolymer of glucose, galactose, mannose, and glucuronic acid. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and UV-visible spectra validated the presence of determined sugars. It showed high stability at a wide range of temperatures, pH and incubation time, ≈1.63 × 106 Da molecular weight, intermediate solubility index (48.2 ± 3.12%), low water holding capacity (12.4 ± 1.93%), and pseudoplastic rheologic shear-thinning comparable to xanthan gum. It revealed antimicrobial potential against human pathogens and antioxidants as well as anti-inflammatory potential. The biocontrol assay of EPS against phytopathogens revealed the highest activity against Alternaria solani. The EPS-coated and control tomato fruits were treated with A. solani suspension to check the % disease incidence, which revealed a significant (p < 0.001) decline compared to uncoated controls. Moreover, it revealed shelf-life prolonging action on tomatoes comparable to xanthan gum and higher than chitosan. Consequently, the presented marine EPS was elucidated as a potent coating material to mitigate post-harvest losses.
This experimental assessment was carried out to study the viscoelastic performance of crude oil-xanthan emulsions employing a RheoStress RS100 rheometer. Crude oil with a concentration range of 0–75% by volume was used to prepare the oil-gum emulsions. Two xanthan gums of Sigma and Kelzan were added in the emulsions with concentration ranges of 0–104 ppm. The linear viscoelastic ranges of all the tested oil-gum emulsions were found in the range of 0.1–10 Pa. Thus, the experimental tests were completed within the linear viscoelastic range of 1 Pa. The complex modulus increased gradually and steadily with frequency and gum concentration for all the examined emulsions. The addition of crude oil into the lighter xanthan concentration of <103 ppm provided almost the same behavior as the xanthan solution, whereas the presence of crude oil within the higher xanthan concentrations significantly stimulated the measured values of the complex modulus. For lower gum concentrations of up to 1000 ppm, oil concentration displayed no effect on both the storage and loss moduli, whereas for gum concentrations higher than 1000 ppm, both moduli increased gradually with crude oil concentration.
Wellbore stability in shale is a recurring crisis during oil and gas well drilling. The adsorption of water and ions from drilling fluid by shale, which causes clay swelling, is the primary cause of wellbore instability. Nanomaterials have been a subject of interest in recent years to be an effective shale inhibitor in drilling fluid, intending to minimize clay swelling. This article presents a comprehensive review of the current progress of nanoparticle role in water-based drilling fluid with regards to wellbore stability, reviewing the experimental methods, the effect of nanoparticles in drilling fluid, the mechanism of shale stability and the outlook for future research. This paper employed a systematic review methodology to highlight the progress of nanoparticle water-based drilling fluids in recent years. Previous studies indicated the current trend for drilling fluid additives was nanoparticles modified with surfactants and polymers, which minimize colloidal stability issues and enhance shale stability. A review of experimental methods showed that the pressure transmission test benefits shale stability assessment under reservoir conditions. Parametric analysis of nanoparticles showed that parameters such as concentration and size directly affected the shale stability even in high salinity solution. However, there is a lack of studies on nanoparticle types, with silica nanoparticles being the most popular among researchers. Nanoparticles enhance shale stability via physical plugging, chemical inhibition, and electrostatic interactions between surface charges. To better comprehend the influence of nanoparticles on shale stabilization, it is necessary to evaluate a wider range of nanoparticle types using the proper experimental techniques.
