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Pleonectria pyrrhochlora on natural substrata (teleomorph). A–E. Perithecia on natural substrata; F. Median section of perithecia on natural substrata; G. Median section of perithecial wall on natural substrata; H. Median section of perithecia at base on natural substrata; I. Ascus; J. Ascospores. Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B–E = 1 mm; F = 100 μm; G, H = 50 μm; I, J = 20 μm.
Source publication
Although Nectria is the type genus of Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Sordariomycetes, Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota), the systematics of the teleomorphic and anamorphic state of Nectria
sensu Rossman has not been studied in detail. The objectives of this study are to 1) provide a phylogenetic overview to determine if species of Nectria with Gyrostroma, Tub...
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Citations
... Although Neocosmospora is considered to be one of the major groups of plant pathogenic fungi, it is also recognized as a taxon of rich species diversity, which to a great extent remains understudied. Currently, the genus Neocosmospora comprises 129 morphological species and members of Neocosmospora are saprobes, endophytes, and pathogens in plant debris and living plant material (Hirooka et al. 2012, Lombard et al. 2015, Sandoval-Denis et al. 2019. The members of Neocosmospora are mainly docu-mented from woody or herbaceous plants such as Pistacia vera , Citrus sinensis , Camellia sinensis , and Morus alba . ...
Aims
Neocosmospora species are saprobes, endophytes, and pathogens belonging to the family Nectriaceae. This study aims to investigate the taxonomy, biosynthetic potential, and application of three newly isolated Neocosmospora species from mangrove habitats in the southern part of Thailand using phylogeny, bioactivity screening, genome sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis.
Methods and results
Detailed descriptions, illustrations, and a multi-locus phylogenetic tree with large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU), internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (ef1-α), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) regions showing the placement of three fungal strains, MFLUCC 17–0253, MFLUCC 17–0257, and MFLUCC 17–0259 clustered within the Neocosmospora clade with strong statistical support. Fungal crude extracts of the new species N. mangrovei MFLUCC 17–0253 exhibited strong antifungal activity to control Colletotrichum truncatum CG-0064, while N. ferruginea MFLUCC 17–0259 exhibited only moderate antifungal activity toward C. acutatum CC-0036. Thus, N. mangrovei MFLUCC 17–0253 was sequenced by Oxford nanopore technology. The bioinformatics analysis revealed that 49.17 Mb genome of this fungus harbors 41 potential biosynthetic gene clusters.
Conclusion
Two fungal isolates of Neocosmospora and a new species of N. mangrovei were reported in this study. These fungal strains showed activity against pathogenic fungi causing anthracnose in chili. In addition, full genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis of N. mangrovei MFLUCC 17–0253 were obtained.
... Olomoucké nálezy měly výtrusy nažloutlé až narůžovělé, široce oválné, přímé nebo slabě prohnuté, 20,3-26(30,6) × 9-12,2(12,8) µm, Q = 2-2,5 (n = 65), se (4)5-8(10) příčnými a 1-3 podélnými přehrádkami, tvorbu konidií jsem pozorovala jen na volných výtrusech (PRM 955820). Literární údaje o výskytu v Československu (hirooka et al., 2012;Jaklitsch -Voglmayr, 2014) se týkají starých sběrů A. Kmetě ze slovenského Prenčova. V době černovírského nálezu byl v herbáři PRM jediný starý sběr z Německa, od té doby se našla i v Čechách (ZíbaroVá, 2022). ...
... rhodochlora, T. zanthoxyli) se snadno odliší podle mikroznaků. Severoamerický druh známý ze žlutodřevu (Zanthoxylum), lístkovce (Peraphyllum) a jilmu (Ulmus), který se v Evropě zřídka nalézá na jeřábu (Sorbus) nebo hlohu (Crataegus) (hirooka et al., 2012;Voglmayr et al., 2022). Totožnost populací z obou břehů Atlantiku byla potvrzena geneticky. ...
... Černovírský nález měl výtrusy bezbarvé až nažloutlé, elipsoidní, oválné až elipsoidně vřetenovité, většinou asymetrické (z jedné strany zploštělé, bochníkovité), slabě až silně prohnuté, (16,3)17,2-26,1(30,5) × (6,4)6,8-9,7(10,7) µm, Q = 2,1-2,8-3,4 (n = 50), se (5)6-7(8) příčnými a 1-2 podélnými septy. První nález pro Českou republiku, dále je druh v Evropě známý z Belgie a Francie (hirooka et al., 2012;Voglmayr et al., 2022;mombert, 2022). ...
Recent collections of ten species of Thyronectria (Nectriaceae), found by the author mainly in the urban area of Olomouc and in the Černovírské Slatiniště riparian forest, are presented and briefly discussed. These comprise species growing on woody plants, both ornamental (T. berolinensis, T. lamyi, T. sinopica) and forest ones (T. abieticola, T. aurigera, T. cucurbitula, T. rhodochlora, T. pinicola, T. ulmi, T. zanthoxyli). In addition, Thyronectria zanthoxyli and T. abieticola are the first records for the Czech Republic and Moravia, respectively, and ascoconidia are for the first time ever reported for T. abieticola. A determination aid is appended, based on ascospore characteristics.
... However, in certain ascomycete species, conidia are formed directly from the ascospores within asci of fresh and/or dried specimens, or after the ascospores are ejected. This phenomenon is uncommon in ascomycetes and has occasionally been described in several classes: Saccharomycetes from Saccharomycotina; Neolectomycetes and Taphrinomycetes from the Taphrinomycotina; and Lecanoromycetes, Leotiomycetes, Pezizomycetes and Sordariomycetes from the Pezizomycotina (Seaver, 1942;Juzwik and Hinds, 1984;Hawksworth et al., 1995;Ramaley, 1997;Baral, 1999;Wang et al., 2002;Ertz and Diederich, 2004;Neiman, 2005;Frisch and Klaus, 2006;Réblová and Mostert, 2007;Hirooka et al., 2012;Quijada, 2015;Réblová et al., 2015;Zeng and Zhuang, 2016;Lechat et al., 2018;Réblová and Štěpánek, 2018;Quijada et al., 2019;Van Vooren, 2020;Huang et al., 2021;Karakehian et al., 2021). ...
... Frontiers in Microbiology 06 frontiersin.org Ascospore shape has been suggested to correlate with ecological niche and was shown to have an influence on the efficiency of active spore discharge (Ingold, 1975;Raju and Burk, 2004;Campbell et al., 2006;Shenoy et al., 2006;Hirooka et al., 2012). Most explosively ejected spores in ascomycetes have a dragminimizing ellipsoid shape close to the theoretical optimum, which maximizes the range of their active liberation (Roper et al., 2008). ...
... Relationship among ascospore size, ascospore number, and ascus size in Morchella galilaea A negative correlation exists between ascospore size and the number of ascospores per ascus in most ascomycetes, i.e., production of fewer than eight ascospores per ascus is correlated with a maximum spore size whereas having more than eight ascospores is correlated with a reduced spore size (Sherwood, 1981). Ascus size was also shown to correlate with ascospore size in the Nectriaceae (Hirooka et al., 2012). To probe the relationships among ascospore number, The distribution pattern of asci with one to 16 ascospores in Morchella galilaea according to analyses of 654 asci. ...
Spores are important as dispersal and survival propagules in fungi. In this study we investigated the variation in number, shape, size and germination mode of ascospores in Morchella galilaea , the only species of the genus Morchella known to fruit in the autumn. Based on the observation of five samples, we first discovered significant variation in the shape and size of ascospores in Morchella . One to sixteen ascospores were found in the asci. Ascospore size correlated negatively with ascospore number, but positively with ascus size, and ascus size was positively correlated with ascospore number. We noted that ascospores, both from fresh collections and dried specimens, germinated terminally or laterally either by extended germ tubes, or via the production of conidia that were formed directly from ascospores at one, two or multiple sites. The direct formation of conidia from ascospores takes place within asci or after ascospores are discharged. Using laser confocal microscopy, we recorded the number of nuclei in ascospores and in conidia produced from ascospores. In most ascospores of M. galilaea , several nuclei were observed, as is typical of species of Morchella . However, nuclear number varied from zero to around 20 in this species, and larger ascospores harbored more nuclei. One to six nuclei were present in the conidia. Nuclear migration from ascospores to conidia was observed. Conidia forming directly from ascospores has been observed in few species of Pezizomycetes; this is the first report of the phenomenon in Morchella species. Morphological and molecular data show that conidial formation from ascospores is not found in all the specimens of this species and, hence, is not an informative taxonomic character in M. galilaea . Our data suggest that conidia produced from ascospores and successive mitosis within the ascus may contribute to asci with more than eight spores. The absence of mitosis and/or nuclear degeneration, as well as cytokinesis defect, likely results in asci with fewer than eight ascospores. This study provides new insights into the poorly understood life cycle of Morchella species and more broadly improves knowledge of conidia formation and reproductive strategies in Pezizomycetes.
... Even less is known about the antifungal properties of Nectria pseudotrichia and Sarocladium kiliense. The first is a species mostly known as a tropical saprophyte and endophyte (Hirooka et al. 2012), and a few studies show its potential to produce novel and biologically active secondary metabolites (Ariefta et al. 2017, Cota et al. 2018. In our study, N. pseudotrichia GUHN1 reduced the growth of M. citricolor by ca. ...
Aims:
The American leaf spot, caused by Mycena citricolor, is an important disease of coffee (Coffea arabica), mostly in Central America. Currently, there are limited pathogen control alternatives that are environmentally friendly and economically accessible. The use of fungi isolated from the plant endomycobiota in their native habitats is on the rise because studies show their great potential for biological control. To begin to generate a green alternative to control M. citricolor, the objectives of the present study were to (i) collect, identify, screen (in vitro and in planta), and select endophytic fungi from wild Rubiaceae collected in old-growth forests of Costa Rica; (ii) confirm endophytic colonization in coffee plantlets; (iii) evaluate the effects of the endophytes on plantlet development; and (iv) corroborate the antagonistic ability in planta.
Methods and results:
Through in vitro and in planta antagonism assays, we found that out of the selected isolates (i.e., Daldinia eschscholzii GU11N, Nectria pseudotrichia GUHN1, Purpureocillium aff. lilacinum CT24, Sarocladium aff. kiliense CT25, Trichoderma rifaii CT5, T. aff. crassum G1C, T. aff. atroviride G7T, T. aff. strigosellum GU12, and Xylaria multiplex GU14T), Trichoderma spp. produced the highest growth inhibition percentages in vitro. Trichoderma isolates CT5 and G1C were then tested in planta using Coffea arabica cv. caturra plantlets. Endophytic colonization was verified, followed by in planta growth promotion and antagonism assays.
Conclusions:
Results show that Trichoderma isolates CT5 and G1C have potential for plant growth promotion and antagonism against Mycena citricolor, reducing incidence and severity, and preventing plant mortality.
... The family is composed of versatile and cosmopolitan species belonging to endophytes (Shan et al. 2021;Werner et al. 1997;Zhou et al. 2021) or broad-host pathogens that cause stem cankers, branch and tip dieback, fruit rots, or the death of the host plant (Berlanas et al. 2020;Coleman 2016;Malapi-Wight et al. 2015;Michielse and Rep 2009;Nouri et al. 2019;Skaltsas and Salgado-Salazar 2020). Previous studies have segregated well-known and important plant pathogenic genera into several new genera and renewed various older generic names Hirooka et al. 2011Hirooka et al. , 2012Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2014;Lombard et al. 2015;Rossman et al. 2013;Schroers et al. 2011). ...
Chinese white pine, Pinus armandii, is a source of high-quality timber and an afforestation tree in China, which plays an important ecological and social role in water and soil conservation. Recently, a new canker disease has been reported in Longnan City, Gansu Province, where P. armandii is mainly distributed. In this study, the causal agent was isolated from diseased samples and identified as a fungal pathogen, Neocosmospora silvicola, based on morphological characteristics and molecular analyses (ITS, LSU, rpb2, and tef1-α). Pathogenicity tests on P. armandii revealed that N. silvicola isolates caused a 60% average mortality rate in artificially inoculated 2-year-old seedlings. The pathogenicity of these isolates was also observed on the branches of 10-year-old P. armandii trees with a 100% mortality rate. These results agree with the isolation of N. silvicola from diseased plants, suggesting the possible role of this fungus in the decline of P. armandii plants. Mycelial growth of N. silvicola was fastest on PDA medium, and growth occurred at pH values ranging from 4.0 to 11.0 with temperatures between 5℃ and 40℃. The fungus also grew rapidly in complete darkness compared with other light conditions. Of the 8 carbon and 7 nitrogen sources tested, starch and sodium nitrate were highly efficient in supporting the mycelial growth of N. silvicola, respectively. The ability of N. silvicola to grow at low temperatures (5℃) may explain its occurrence in the Longnan area of Gansu Province. This paper is the first report of N. silvicola as an important fungal pathogen causing branch and stem cankers on Pinus tree species, which remains a threat to the forests.
... Index Fungorum number: IF206961, Facesoffungi number: FoF01990, Fig. 64 Associated with woody substrates. Sexual morph: see Hirooka et al. (2012). Asexual morph: Synnemata 780-2600 μm high × 70-170 μm wide, erumpent through host epidermis, crowded to caespitose, cylindrical-capitate, subulate-capitate, or claviform, erect or nodding, unbranched or up to 3 branches at base, medium to slender, distinctly hispid at base to mid-level, stipe red-brown at base, KOH + blood-red. ...
... × 7.5-11.4 μm) (Hirooka et al. 2012). Hirooka et al. (2010) observed six subclades within Nectria pseudotrichia that are strongly interconnected with geography, but it was difficult to distinguish them morphologically (Hirooka et al. ( , 2012. ...
... μm) (Hirooka et al. 2012). Hirooka et al. (2010) observed six subclades within Nectria pseudotrichia that are strongly interconnected with geography, but it was difficult to distinguish them morphologically (Hirooka et al. ( , 2012. We also observed the cryptic nature of Nectria pseudotrichia in our study. ...
This paper provides outlines for Bionectriaceae, Calcarisporiaceae, Hypocreaceae, Nectriaceae, Tilachlidiaceae, Ijuhyaceae, Stromatonectriaceae and Xanthonectriaceae with taxonomic treatments. We provide up-to-date DNA sequence-based phylogenies including combined gene analysis of ITS, LSU, rpb2, tef1 and tub2 for Hypocreales and accept 17 families. Three new families and 12 new species are introduced with descriptions and illustrations, while 13 new records and one new species combination are provided. Here we mainly detail the taxonomy of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae, Nectriaceae and Tilachlidiaceae, Ijuhyaceae fam. nov., Stromatonectriaceae fam. nov. and Xanthonectriaceae fam. nov. are introduced in this study based on phenotypic and molecular analyses. For each family we provide a list of accepted genera, the taxonomic history, morphological descriptions, taxonomic placement based on DNA sequence data and illustrate the type genus. Representatives of each family are illustrated based on the type herbarium material or fresh specimens where available, or provide relevant references. Notes on ecological and economic importance of the families are also given.
... In general, this genus is super cial, solitary to gregarious, globose to pyriform, multiseptate, subcylindrical macroconidia slightly curved with the tips cell slightly hooked, thick-walled, and ornamented ascospores lacking germ pores (Pfenning 1995;Rossman et al. 1999;Lombard et al. 2015). Members of Neocosmospora are saprobes, endophytes, and pathogens in plant debris, and living plant material (Hirooka et al. 2012;Lombard et al. 2015; Sandoval-Denis et al. 2019). Although Neocosmospora is considered to be one of the major groups of plant pathogenic fungi, it is also recognized as a rich species diversity which to a great extent remained unstudied, especially as fungal endophytes. ...
Neocosmospora is a fungus genus that contains saprobes, endophytes, and pathogens in the family Nectriaceae . Prior to this study, 113 morphological species belonging to this genus have been described and published. In this study, we reported two new species of fungus, Neocosmospora mangrovei (MFLUCC 17–0253; MFLUCC 17–0257) and N. ceriopis (MFLUCC 17–0259) that were isolated from the mangrove habitats in the Southern part of Thailand. Phylogenetic analyses of the combined ITS, EF-1α, RPB2, and LSU regions showed that the new species clustered within the Neocosmospora clade with strong statistical support. Detailed descriptions and illustrations, pairwise homoplasy index (PHI) test, and a phylogenetic tree showing the position of both new species are provided. In addition, both new species showed the potential to be used as biocontrol agents against Colletotrichum spp. The N. mangrovei , MFLUCC 17–0253 exhibited strong antifungal activity against C. truncatum , MFLUCC CG-0064 e.g., 100% of mycelium growth inhibition, 90.83% inhibition of spore germination, and 100% reduction hyphae expansion. The N. ceriopis MFLUCC 17–0259 exhibited antifungal activity against C. acutatum , MFLUCC CC-0036 e.g., 69.39% of mycelium growth inhibition, 79.39% inhibition of spore germination, and 96.42% reduction hyphae expansion. Overall, these findings suggested novel species of Neocosmospora that had the capacity to produce various classes of biometabolites including 2,3-hydro-5-hydroxy-8-methoxy-2,4-dimethylnapthol-[1,2- b ]-furan-6,9-dione, 2-methoxy-6-methyl-7-acetonyl-8-hydroxy-1,4-maphthalenedione, 5,8-dihydroxy-7-acetonyl-1,4-naphthalenedione, anhydrojavanicin, and fusarnaphthoquinones that can provide an antimicrobial activity that could have the potential in playing a big role in treating anthracnose disease.
... Synnematous and stilbella-like asexual structures are also produced in the Nectriaceae, e.g., in Nectria pseudotrichia Berk. & M.A. Curtis [45], and acremonium-like structures (a structure in Acremonium species in Bionectriaceae) may be found in other unrelated families of the Sordariomycetes [46]. On the other hand, apart from Geosmithia and Clonostachys species that have been widely studied, for most Bionectriaceae taxa, no sequence data are available even for the ITS rDNA regions. ...
Stem cankers and twig dieback were the most serious disease of fig (Ficus carica) and loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) noticed in a survey of fruit tree orchards in the Fars Province, Iran. Isolates of Bionectriaceae were consistently recovered from symptomatic fig and loquat trees. Phylogenetic analyses of multiple nuclear loci, internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) of rDNA, RNA polymerase II subunit 2 (rpb2), and translation elongation factor 1-α (tef1), combined with morphological observations, revealed that isolates could be referred to a still unknown taxon, which was formally described as Stilbocrea banihashemiana sp. nov. Phylogenetically, isolates from fig and loquat trees clustered in a well-supported monophyletic group within the Stilbocrea clade of Bionectriaceae, closely related to S. walteri. Stilbocrea banihashemiana sp. nov. was characterized by the lack of stilbella-like asexual structure in both natural substrates and pure cultures and produced two morphologically distinct types of conidia, globose and cylindrical, formed on short and long simple phialides. In pathogenicity tests, S. banihashemiana sp. nov. induced stem cankers in both fig and loquat, wood discoloration in fig and twig dieback in loquat. Pathogenicity tests also showed that the potential host range of this novel pathogen includes other economically relevant horticultural trees.
... As the previous studies focused mainly on the distribution and host diversity of N. cinnabarina worldwide [1,11,22,23], little is known about the mechanisms of the infection and the spread of this pathogen inside the host phloem and xylem tissues. The aim of this anatomical study was to assess the differences in the extent of bark disintegration between the advanced teleomorph and anamorph developmental stages of N. cinnabarina following the attack of juvenile sycamore maple branches. ...
Previous phytopathological studies of the fungal pathogen Nectria cinnabarina have been focused on its distribution and host diversity but little is known about the spread of this pathogen and the defence responses of forest trees to an infection inside host tissues. Histopathological alterations of bark, periderm, phloem and woody tissues were investigated in sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus) branches following their natural attack by the advanced anamorph and teleomorph developmental stages of the fungus. Light, fluorescence, confocal laser scanning and scanning electron microscopy techniques supplemented by X-ray micro-computed tomography imaging were used to distinguish between healthy and disintegrated plant tissues. The intercellular spread of fungal hyphae was found primarily in the phelloderm. Expanding hyphae aggregations produced ruptures in the phellem and the disintegration of both phellogen and phellodermal parenchyma cells in close proximity to the expanding fruiting bodies of the fungus. Thicker hyphae of the teleomorph fungal stage heavily disintegrated the phelloderm tissues and also induced enhanced sclerification of the nearby phloem tissues that limited the spread of the infection into the sieve tubes. Both the intercellular and intracellular spread of hyphae inside the peripheral parts of sclereid clusters led to the disintegration of the compound middle lamellae but the hyphae were only rarely able to pass through these structural phloem barriers. The massive fungal colonization of both lumens and disintegrated tangential cell walls of ray parenchyma cells resulted in severe cambial necroses. Although the hyphae penetrated into the outermost annual growth rings of the xylem, no cell wall disintegration of the parenchyma cells, vessels and fibres was revealed. Despite the local cambial necroses and severe phloem ray disintegration, the bark remained attached to the examined branches and no bark cankers were formed.
... as the type species. This species was later synonymized under Pleonectria (Hirooka et al. 2012). Therefore, Seeler (1940) introduced Thyronectria rhodochlora as the type species of Thyronectria. ...
This article is the 13th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series, wherein 125 taxa from four phyla, ten classes, 31 orders, 69 families, 92 genera and three genera incertae sedis are treated, demonstrating worldwide and geographic distribution. Fungal taxa described and illustrated in the present study include three new genera, 69 new species, one new combination, one reference specimen and 51 new records on new hosts and new geographical distributions. Three new genera, Cylindrotorula (Torulaceae), Scolecoleotia (Leotiales genus incertae sedis) and Xenovaginatispora (Lindomycetaceae) are introduced based on distinct phylogenetic lineages and unique morphologies. Newly described species are Aspergillus lannaensis, Cercophora dulciaquae, Cladophialophora aquatica, Coprinellus punjabensis, Cortinarius alutarius, C. mammillatus, C. quercofocculosus, Coryneum fagi, Cruentomycena uttarakhandina, Cryptocoryneum rosae, Cyathus uniperidiolus, Cylindrotorula indica, Diaporthe chamaeropicola, Didymella azollae, Diplodia alanphillipsii, Dothiora coronicola, Efbula rodriguezarmasiae, Erysiphe salicicola, Fusarium queenslandicum, Geastrum gorgonicum, G. hansagiense, Helicosporium sexualis, Helminthosporium chiangraiensis, Hongkongmyces kokensis, Hydrophilomyces hydraenae, Hygrocybe boertmannii, Hyphoderma australosetigerum, Hyphodontia yunnanensis, Khaleijomyces umikazeana, Laboulbenia divisa, Laboulbenia triarthronis, Laccaria populina, Lactarius pallidozonarius, Lepidosphaeria strobelii, Longipedicellata megafusiformis, Lophiotrema lincangensis, Marasmius benghalensis, M. jinfoshanensis, M. subtropicus, Mariannaea camelliae, Melanographium smilaxii, Microbotryum polycnemoides, Mimeomyces digitatus, Minutisphaera thailandensis, Mortierella solitaria, Mucor harpali, Nigrograna jinghongensis, Odontia huanrenensis, O. parvispina, Paraconiothyrium ajrekarii, Parafuscosporella niloticus, Phaeocytostroma yomensis, Phaeoisaria synnematicus, Phanerochaete hainanensis, Pleopunctum thailandicum, Pleurotheciella dimorphospora, Pseudochaetosphaeronema chiangraiense, Pseudodactylaria albicolonia, Rhexoacrodictys nigrospora, Russula paravioleipes, Scolecoleotia eriocamporesi, Seriascoma honghense, Synandromyces makranczyi, Thyridaria aureobrunnea, Torula lancangjiangensis, Tubeufa longihelicospora, Wicklowia fusiformispora, Xenovaginatispora phichaiensis and Xylaria apiospora. One new combination, Pseudobactrodesmium stilboideus is proposed. A reference specimen of Comoclathris permunda is designated. New host or distribution records are provided for Acrocalymma fci, Aliquandostipite khaoyaiensis, Camarosporidiella laburni, Canalisporium caribense, Chaetoscutula juniperi, Chlorophyllum demangei, C. globosum, C. hortense, Cladophialophora abundans, Dendryphion hydei, Diaporthe foeniculina, D. pseudophoenicicola, D. pyracanthae, Dictyosporium pandanicola, Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus, Ernakulamia tanakae, Eutypa favovirens, E. lata, Favolus septatus, Fusarium atrovinosum, F. clavum, Helicosporium luteosporum, Hermatomyces nabanheensis, Hermatomyces sphaericoides, Longipedicellata aquatica, Lophiostoma caudata, L. clematidisvitalbae, Lophiotrema hydei, L. neoarundinaria, Marasmiellus palmivorus, Megacapitula villosa, Micropsalliota globocystis, M. gracilis, Montagnula thailandica, Neohelicosporium irregulare, N. parisporum, Paradictyoarthrinium difractum, Phaeoisaria aquatica, Poaceascoma taiwanense, Saproamanita manicata, Spegazzinia camelliae, Submersispora variabilis, Thyronectria caudata, T. mackenziei, Tubeufa chiangmaiensis, T. roseohelicospora, Vaginatispora nypae, Wicklowia submersa, Xanthagaricus necopinatus and Xylaria haemorrhoidalis. The data presented herein are based on morphological examination of fresh specimens, coupled with analysis of phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolutionary relationships.
