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Plectocarpon diedertzianum (lectotype, LWG). A-C. Ascomatal galls on the thallus of Myelochroa aurulenta. D. Section through an ascomatal gall (in water). E-M. Paraphyses, asci and ascospores (H-L in KI, the others in K). Scale bars: A-C = 200 µm, D = 50 µm, E-M = 10 µm.
Contexts in source publication
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... The ascospore breadth in the more detailed original description differs from that in the diagnosis, and is given as '(1.5 -)2.50 -3.33 -5.0(-5.15) µm (n=50)'. In the type material examined by us, ascospores of both species were much broader (see below), although some narrower, probably young ascospores (c. 4 µm broad) were observed in some asci (Fig. 1F). The macroscopical photos in Joshi et al. (2016) seem to refer to Myelochroa (Fig. 1B) and Parmotrema (Fig. 1C). The microscopical photos in Fig. 1 cannot be attributed in a convincing way to one of the two taxa present. The 'Opegrapha-type, clavate, (2-)4-spored, (65 -)70 -90(-100) × 15 -20 µm' asci from the original description may ...
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... the diagnosis, and is given as '(1.5 -)2.50 -3.33 -5.0(-5.15) µm (n=50)'. In the type material examined by us, ascospores of both species were much broader (see below), although some narrower, probably young ascospores (c. 4 µm broad) were observed in some asci (Fig. 1F). The macroscopical photos in Joshi et al. (2016) seem to refer to Myelochroa (Fig. 1B) and Parmotrema (Fig. 1C). The microscopical photos in Fig. 1 cannot be attributed in a convincing way to one of the two taxa present. The 'Opegrapha-type, clavate, (2-)4-spored, (65 -)70 -90(-100) × 15 -20 µm' asci from the original description may refer to those on Myelochroa, as asci of O. melanospila are up to 8-spored, but in both ...
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... as '(1.5 -)2.50 -3.33 -5.0(-5.15) µm (n=50)'. In the type material examined by us, ascospores of both species were much broader (see below), although some narrower, probably young ascospores (c. 4 µm broad) were observed in some asci (Fig. 1F). The macroscopical photos in Joshi et al. (2016) seem to refer to Myelochroa (Fig. 1B) and Parmotrema (Fig. 1C). The microscopical photos in Fig. 1 cannot be attributed in a convincing way to one of the two taxa present. The 'Opegrapha-type, clavate, (2-)4-spored, (65 -)70 -90(-100) × 15 -20 µm' asci from the original description may refer to those on Myelochroa, as asci of O. melanospila are up to 8-spored, but in both species the longest asci ...
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... (n=50)'. In the type material examined by us, ascospores of both species were much broader (see below), although some narrower, probably young ascospores (c. 4 µm broad) were observed in some asci (Fig. 1F). The macroscopical photos in Joshi et al. (2016) seem to refer to Myelochroa (Fig. 1B) and Parmotrema (Fig. 1C). The microscopical photos in Fig. 1 cannot be attributed in a convincing way to one of the two taxa present. The 'Opegrapha-type, clavate, (2-)4-spored, (65 -)70 -90(-100) × 15 -20 µm' asci from the original description may refer to those on Myelochroa, as asci of O. melanospila are up to 8-spored, but in both species the longest asci observed by us did not exceed 50 µm ...
Citations
... In 2013, Zhurbenko (2013) for the first time reported 42 species of lichenicolous fungi from Jammu & Kashmir (including Ladakh). Later, several publications pertaining to lichenicolous fungi came from Diederich & Ertz (2018); S. Joshi et al. (2013); Joseph & Sinha (2015); Y. Joshi (2018Joshi ( , 2020Joshi ( , 2021a, Y. Joshi et al. (2015aJoshi et al. ( , b, 2016aJoshi et al. ( , b, c, 2017aJoshi et al. ( , b, c, 2018Joshi et al. ( , 2020aJoshi et al. ( , b, 2021, Millanes et al. (2016), Singh et al. (2017), Singh & Singh (2018), thus raising the tally of these fungi to c. 200 in India. ...
Three species of lichenicolous fungi: Polycoccum lecanorum Y.Joshi sp. nov. (on Lecanora frustulosa), Toninia lobothalliae Y.Joshi sp. nov. (on Aspicilia almorensis and Lobothallia praeradiosa) and Zwackhiomyces protoparmeliopsidis Y.Joshi sp. nov. (on Protoparmeliopsis garovaglii) are described in detail with notes on their distribution, ecology and taxonomy, and compared with similar species.
A new parasitic lichenicolous fungus Knudsenia , with the type species, K. flavoparmeliarum , growing on the thallus of the corticolous lichen Flavoparmelia caperata in subalpine and alpine regions of Central Himalaya (Uttarakhand, India) is described, illustrated, and compared with other morphologically similar lichenicolous fungi. It is characterised by having inconspicuous galls; stromatic ascomata with sterile brownish black to black tissue which is K+ majenta, N–, I–; hymenial gel K/I–; exciple evident; paraphyses simple to sparsely branched, apically not pigmented; asci bitunicate, elongate, clavate to subcylindrical with an indistinct ocular chamber with a very short stalk, 8-spored, K/I+ reddish brown; ascospores hyaline, spherical to ellipsoid at maturity, simple to rarely 1-pseudoseptate [(9.0–)9.5– 10.5 –11.5(–12.0) × (1.0–)1.2– 1.5 –2.0(–2.5) µm], I–, perispore absent. Since the species lacks molecular data, hence, it was tentatively placed in the family Planistromellaceae pending further studies.
Two new species of lichenicolous Opegrapha are described from New Brunswick, Canada. Opegrapha inconspicua was found once on a rock bluff above a river on the thallus of Verrucaria aethiobola. It is characterized by punctiform, rounded, black ascomata 75–170 µm diam., an excipulum dark brown to black only in the upper part and (1–)2(–3)-septate ascospores of (12.5–)15.5–25 × 4–5 (–5.5) µm. Opegrapha parmeliiperda was found in four localities on epiphytic Parmelia squarrosa and P. sulcata. It is characterized by short lirelliform ascomata 70–220(–250) × 70–120 µm, in ± loose groups of 5–15(–20) lirellae forming on black necrotic areas on the host thallus, 4-spored asci of 32–40 × 11–15 µm, and persistently hyaline and 3-septate ascospores of (11–)13–15.5(–17) × (3.5–)4–5(–5.5) µm. Opegrapha lamyi is reported for the first time in Canada, and O. anomea and O. sphaerophoricola for the first time in New Brunswick. One of only two previous reports of O. lamyi for the U.S.A. is based on a specimen from Colorado, revised here to Sclerococcum suburceolatum, the latter record representing a significant range extension for that species. Three of the five lichenicolous Opegrapha species reported here for New Brunswick are so far known in the province only in old mixedwood swamp-forests, highlighting the conservation significance of this forest community type. An identification key to the lichenicolous Opegrapha s.l. species known from Canada is provided. The worldwide diversity and host specificity of lichenicolous Opegrapha s.l. are discussed.
Zhurbenko, M. P., Diederich, P. & Gagarina, L. V. 2020. Lichenicolous fungi from Vietnam, with the description of four new species.-Herzogia 33: 525-543. Twenty six species of lichenicolous fungi are reported from Vietnam. Arthophacopsis heterodermiae (on Heterodermia; also known from Australia), Diplolaeviopsis vietnamensis (on Bathelium), Minutoexcipula kovalenkoi (on Lecanora) and Sclerococcum pseudosipmanii (on Parmotrema) are described as new to science. Cladophialophora cf. megalo-sporae and Microsphaeropsis cf. olivacea possibly represent undescribed species and are informally described and discussed. Lawreya glyphidiphila, Milospium lacoizquetae, Spirographa arsenii (also new to Papua New Guinea and the U.S.A.), S. intermedia s. lat. and S. pyramidalis are newly reported for Asia; Stigmidium microspilum is newly reported for South America (Brazil) and Hong Kong. Another 15 species are newly documented from Vietnam, including Opegrapha physciae, which is also new to Cape Verde, Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico. Zusammenfassung: Zhurbenko, M. P., Diederich, P. & Gagarina, L. V. 2020. Lichenicole Pilze aus Vietnam, mit Beschreibung von vier neuen Arten.-Herzogia 33: 525-543. Sechsundzwanzig Arten von lichenicolen Pilzen werden aus Vietnam dokumentiert. Arthophacopsis heterodermiae (auf Heterodermia; auch bekannt aus Australien), Diplolaeviopsis vietnamensis (auf Bathelium), Minutoexcipula ko-valenkoi (auf Lecanora) und Sclerococcum pseudosipmanii (auf Parmotrema) werden als neu für die Wissenschaft beschrieben. Cladophialophora cf. megalosporae und Microsphaeropsis cf. olivacea repräsentieren möglicherweise unbeschriebene Arten und werden informell beschrieben und diskutiert. Lawreya glyphidiphila, Milospium lacoiz-quetae, Spirographa arsenii (auch neu für Papua-Neuguinea und die USA), S. intermedia s. lat. und S. pyramida-lis werden erstmals für Asien dokumentiert; Stigmidium microspilum als neu für Südamerika (Brasilien) und für Hongkong. Weitere 15 Arten werden erstmals aus Vietnam angegeben, darunter Opegrapha physciae, die auch neu ist für die Kapverden, die Dominikanische Republik und Puerto Rico.
Lichenicolous fungi represent a highly specialized and successful group of organisms that live exclusively on lichens, most commonly as host-specific parasites, but also as broad-spectrum pathogens, saprotrophs or commensals. We present here the most recent update to the classification of lichenicolous fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota to genus level, arranged phylogenetically according to published classifications. For each genus, all known lichenicolous taxa (obligately lichenicolous taxa, lichenicolous lichens, and facultatively lichenicolous taxa) are listed, along with information about types, synonyms, pertinent literature and whether or not molecular data are available for any of the listed species. The number of accepted lichenicolous fungi is now 2319, with 2000 obligately lichenicolous species, subspecies or varieties, 257 lichenicolous lichens and 62 facultatively lichenicolous taxa. These species are found in 10 different classes of Fungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota), 55 orders, 115 families and 397 genera. The 2319 total taxa is an increase from the 1559 total species reported in the last published catalogue in 2003, and a larger number than the approximately 1800 reported in the most recent online checklist (www.lichenicolous.net) posted in January 2018. Of the total number of taxa, 2219 (96%) are ascomycetes and 100 (4%) are basidiomycetes. Of the 397 genera containing lichenicolous species, c. 50% (198) are entirely lichenicolous. In addition, six families (Abrothallaceae, Adelococcaceae, Cyphobasidiaceae, Obryzaceae, Polycoccaceae, Sarcopyreniaceae) and two orders (Abrothallales, Cyphobasidiales) are entirely lichenicolous. Sequence information is available for lichenicolous species in 128 (32%) of the 397 genera containing lichenicolous species, and in 56 (28%) of the 198 entirely lichenicolous genera. Many species are known from only one host lichen, but it is likely that broader host ecologies will be discovered as new sequence information is obtained from ongoing microbiome studies. Phaeopyxis Rambold & Triebel is considered as a new synonym of Bachmanniomyces D.Hawksw., resulting in five new combinations B. australis (Rambold & Triebel) Diederich & Pino-Bodas (≡ P. australis), B. carniolicus (Arnold) Diederich & Pino-Bodas (≡ Biatora carniolica), B. muscigenae (Alstrup & E.S.Hansen) Diederich & Pino-Bodas (≡ P. muscigenae), B. punctum (A.Massal.) Diederich & Pino-Bodas (≡ Nesolechia punctum) and B. varius (Coppins, Rambold & Triebel) Diederich & Pino-Bodas (≡ P. varia). As a consequence of a phylogenetic analysis including new sequences, Dactylospora Körb. is regarded as a new synonym of Sclerococcum Fr.: Fr., resulting in one new name (S. acarosporicola Ertz & Diederich) and 46 new combinations. Sclerococcaceae Réblová, Unter. & W.Gams is considered as a new synonym of Dactylosporaceae Bellem. & Hafellner. The new Sclerococcum ophthalmizae Coppins is described. Sclerophyton occidentale Herre is lectotypified on the lichenicolous fungus present in the type specimen and becomes a younger synonym of Sclerococcum parasiticum. A replacement name is Arthonia polydactylonis Diederich & Ertz (≡ A. ceracea). Further new combinations are Abrothallus lobariae (Diederich & Etayo) Diederich & Ertz (≡ Phoma lobariae), A. psoromatis (Zhurb. & U. Braun) Diederich & Zhurb. (≡ P. psoromatis), Asteroglobulus pyramidalis (Etayo) Diederich (≡ Cornutispora pyramidalis), Didymocyrtis grumantiana (Zhurb. & Diederich) Zhurb. & Diederich (≡ Phoma grumantiana), Epithamnolia atrolazulina (Etayo) Diederich (≡ Hainesia atrolazulina), Gyalolechia epiplacynthium (Etayo) Diederich (≡ Fulgensia epiplacynthium), Nesolechia doerfeltii (Alstrup & P.Scholz) Diederich (≡ Phacopsis doerfeltii), N. falcispora (Triebel & Rambold) Diederich (≡ P. falcispora), N. oxyspora var. fusca (Triebel & Rambold) Diederich (≡ P. oxyspora var. fusca), Preussia peltigerae (Brackel) Diederich (≡ Sporormiella peltigerae), Scutula curvispora (D.Hawksw. & Miadl.) Diederich (≡ Libertiella curvispora), S. didymospora (D.Hawksw. & Miadl.) Diederich (≡ L. didymospora), Stigmidium haesitans (Nyl.) Diederich (≡ Verrucaria haesitans), and S. parvum (Henssen) Diederich (≡ Pharcidia parvum). © 2018 by The American Bryological and Lichenological Society, Inc.
