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Plasma (P) and serum (S) protein electrophoresis agarose gels of the five avian species (peafowls (Pavo cristatus), bar-headed geese (Anser indicus), rock doves (Columba livia), black kites (Milvus migrans) and orange-winged parrots (Amazona amazonica)). The location of the fibrinogen peaks is indicated by the two arrows. The albumin location is indicated by the letter "A".
Source publication
Although plasma protein electrophoresis is an invaluable diagnostic tool in
avian medicine, high inter-taxonomic variations sometimes make their
interpretation difficult for practitioners. The purpose of this study was to
improve global understanding of avian plasma electrophoresis patterns by
locating the fibrinogen and albumin, and by comparing m...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... was located in each species by comparing the results from plasma and serum protein electrophoresis (Figure 2). No inter-specific difference was found in the fibrinogen migration distances between peafowls and bar-headed geese on the one hand, and between black kites, orange-winged parrots and rock doves on the other hand. ...
Citations
... The large differences observed between studies were mainly attributed to levels of hemolysis and use of different analyzers, laboratories, or methodologies. 9,20,24,29,39,46,[50][51][52]64,73,74 Sex and age effects ...
Accurate, timely, and cost-effective blood chemistry analysis is an essential tool for directing emergency treatment, monitoring the health status of captive and free-ranging individuals and flocks, and improving the efficacy of conservation actions. Blood samples were obtained from 52 canvasbacks (Aythya valisineria) that were captured on San Francisco Bay, California, during December 2017 as part of a long-term study. Reference values and clinical agreement were determined for blood chemistry and plasma protein parameters among four commonly used point-of-care devices (VetScan VS2, i-STAT, AlphaTRAK2 glucometer, refractometer) and two gold standard laboratory analyzers (Roche cobas c501, Helena SPIFE 3000 system). Canvasback reference values were generally within expected ranges for Anatidae species with the exception of higher upper limits for sodium and chloride. Creatine kinase and aspartate transaminase values exceeded a published threshold for diagnosis of capture myopathy even though study birds were captured using low-stress techniques and successfully released. With the exception of higher alkaline phosphatase in hatch-year canvasbacks, no age or sex differences were observed for any analyte in this population that was captured during a nonbreeding period. Analysis of analyzer agreement found raw VetScan aspartate transaminase, calcium, glucose, and uric acid values; corrected VetScan albumin, potassium, sodium, and total protein values; raw i-STAT glucose and potassium values; and corrected i-STAT sodium and chloride values were clinically interchangeable with Roche cobas values. Raw VetScan and i-STAT glucose values were also interchangeable. However, none of the Roche or point-of-care analyzer plasma protein values were in clinical agreement with gold standard electrophoresis values. The findings of this study highlight the need for analyzer- or technique-specific reference values and provide biologists and veterinarians quantitative reference values using currently available analyzers to better assess and respond to the health of individuals and populations.
... 32,33 The different fibrinogen migration patterns have been pointed out in various bird species, and it may be due to differences in the protein's structure and surface charge distributions. 34 Measurement of albumin by reference methods (eg, electroimmunoassay electrophoresis, rocket immunoelectrophoresis) suggested that the results obtained by the CAE method were more reliable than those measured by the BCG method. 35 The more reliable CAE testing method could be due to BCG reaction with a, b, and c globulins, which results in an overestimation of the albumin level. ...
Although serum protein electrophoresis is a diagnostic tool available through many veterinary laboratories, there currently are no reference intervals for protein fractions in healthy common mynahs (Acridotheres tristis). Therefore, electrophoretic patterns of proteins in serum and heparinized plasma of the common mynah were evaluated. Blood specimens were collected from 55 healthy adult common mynahs of unknown age (26 males and 29 females). The serum total protein and protein fractions were measured using the biuret method followed by cellulose acetate electrophoresis (CAE). The serum level of albumin was compared with bromocresol green (BCG) dye-binding and CAE methods. Four protein fractions, including albumin and α, β, and γ globulins, were recorded in the electrophoretogram of serum specimens. Sex appeared to have no significant effect on the measured parameters. The serum BCG albumin fraction was significantly higher than the CAE albumin fraction (P = .01). Also, the comparison of total protein and protein fractions in serum and plasma specimens of 25 of the 55 birds sampled showed that total protein (Cohen index d = 0.66, P = .03), gamma globulin (d = 1.13, P = .00), and total globulin (d = 0.67, P = .00) in plasma samples were significantly higher than those in serum samples. The results of this study provide the specific reference intervals for total protein and protein fractions in common mynahs, which are essential for proper interpretation of laboratory results and also revealed that the albumin measurement by the BCG method yields unreliable results in common mynahs.
... Although, ostrich and emu eggs are equivalent to native chicken eggs in chemical composition, so its eggs were acceptable for consumers as table eggs. Electrophoresis is being used with increasing frequency by vertebrate taxonomists (Roman et al., 2009). This technique takes advantage of the different migration rates of protein molecules in an electric field, electrophoresis is one of the most effective methods for the separation of ionic components of a mixture, the resolving power of different electrophoretic methods is quite variable. ...
The objective of this study was to classification and identification of some native chickens (Local strains: brown, barred and white) using egg white protein electrophoretic pattern. Chickens were outdoor reared at farms in Abu-Graib west of Baghdad city, Iraq. A total of 90 eggs (30 eggs from each strain) were freshly collected during the period from January 20 th to September 13 th of 2016. Results showed that egg white proteins separated into seven different bands, these bands were ovotransferrin, ovalbumin, globulins, ovomucoid, ovoflavoprotein, ovoglycoprotein and lysozyme respectively. Results also showed that significant differences (P<0.05) were appeared in egg white electrophoresis pattern due to strain. In conclusion, egg white protein electrophoresis pattern is a versatile and simple test providing important information that can help to classification native chicken strains.
... Transferrin, ovotransferrin, fibronectin and hemopexin were identified in the β-globulin fraction (Xie et al., 2002). The β-fraction of plasma protein electrophoretogram contains also fibrinogen, which is one of the most abundant acute phase proteins in birds (Roman et al., 2009). In the case of an inflammatory condition, its increase is fast and massive (Hawkey and Hart, 1988). ...
... Fibrinogen secretion triggered by glucocorticoids in avian hepatocyte cultures 27 suggests that stress could significantly influence PPE, as fibrinogen migrates in the b fraction in birds. 50 Maybe the two stress markers we used were too acute, and the use of fecal corticosterone as a more-chronic stress marker would be an interesting option for further studies. It is likely that chronic stress would result in more-profound physiologic changes that could alter PPE patterns whereas acute stress stimuli, assessed by acute markers, might not be sufficient to trigger important physiologic changes. ...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of stress (as measured by total heterophil + eosinophil counts (THECs) and plasma corticosterone (PC) levels on plasma protein electrophoresis (PPE) in two Anseriform species. Ten red-breasted geese (Branta ruficollis) and eight Hawaiian geese (Branta sandvicensis) were received into quarantine at Beauval Zoo and housed together with other Anseriformes. Two days later, all were examined as part of routine quarantine procedures, and blood was collected. THECs were performed using a Malassez hemocytometer after a 1 : 200 dilution with an eosinophil dilution liquid containing phloxine B. PPE, as well as total protein and PC assays, was performed on lithium heparin plasma. Twenty days after arrival, all birds were similarly restrained, examined, and sampled. Pododermatitis lesions were identified on four geese that were excluded from statistical analysis. For each goose, THECs and PC values were sorted by value (lower or higher) independently from the day of sampling. A Wilcoxon signed rank test showed no significant differences between lower and higher values of THECs for any of the PPE fractions. Higher values of corticosterone were associated with higher values of prealbumin, but none of the other fractions were significantly different. A Spearman rank correlation coefficient showed that THECs and PC were not correlated; this suggested differences in kinetics between these stress markers. Results did not show significant alterations of electrophoresis patterns associated with stress as measured with THECs and PC. The results also highlight the complexity of precisely assessing acute and chronic stress in avian species.
... Variation of these fractions is related to inflammatory processes, age and nutritional status. Moreover, by assessing the relative abundance and the protein fraction pattern, it is possible to evaluate inter-taxonomic relationships (Roman et al. 2009), as was described for Antarctic avian species (Murrish and Mc-Mahon 1975). The electrophoretic patterns described here represent useful and relevant data for future comparisons within species or between other species, and to infer ecological or nutritional constrains (Grasman et al. 2000;Najle et al. 2006). ...
Determination of hematological and biochemical parameters provides important data to assess the physiological condition in wild birds. Therefore, to carry out ecophysiology or conservation studies it is essential to establish baseline physiological parameters and how these change with age and life history events. Hematological (hematocrit, hemoglobin and erythrocyte sedimentation) and biochemical (glucose, total lipids and proteins, aspartate and alanine aminotransferase activities and electrolyte concentration) reference values were determined in two Antarctic migratory bird species, the Brown Skua (Stercorarius antarcticus) and South Polar Skua (S. maccormicki), from South Shetland Island during breeding season. Also, hematological data (hematocrit) were determined for non-Antarctic skuas, with Chilean (S. chilensis) and Falkland (S. antarcticus antarcticus) skuas sampled in the Beagle Channel islands (Tierra del Fuego Province) and Viana Island (Chubut Province), Argentina, respectively. Differences between adult Antarctic skua species were observed in hemoglobin, erythrocyte sedimentation, total lipids and aspartate aminotransferase activity. In addition, age-related differences in Antarctic skuas in hematocrit, hemoglobin, glucose and total protein values were observed. Serum reference protein fractions (Albumin, α1, α2, β and γ globulins) were assessed by electrophoresis for Antarctic and non-Antarctic skuas. Similar protein patterns were observed between South Polar and Chilean skuas as well between Falkland Skua and Brown Skua. The differences between adult sympatric Antarctic skuas may be related to their nutritional status and species-specific migrations, feeding habits and the differential use of the breeding niches, while the age variation may be related to physiological development processes in chicks or to the energy expenditure in adults during breeding.
... 21 Fibrinogen migrated in the area of b globulins (fibrinogen is considered to be the main acute-phase protein in birds). 22 For reptiles in general, A/G ratio is described to be > 1. 3 However, healthy Green Iguanas investigated in the present study had an A/G ratio < 1. ...
Background
Serum or plasma protein electrophoresis is used as a routine test for health assessment in veterinary medicine, but there are only a limited number of studies regarding clinical use of electrophoresis in reptile species.Objective
The goals of this study were to establish reference intervals for plasma protein electrophoresis in the Green Iguana (Iguana iguana), compare values between males and females, and to identify season-related changes.Methods
Plasma samples were obtained from 21 healthy captive male and female Green Iguanas. Agarose gel electrophoresis was performed using an automated Hydrasys system.ResultsFour main protein fractions were observed: albumin, α globulins, β globulins, and γ globulins. Bisalbuminemia was observed in 4 of 21 healthy iguanas. Minimum and maximum values were reported for healthy Green Iguanas in March, June, September, and December. Seasonal changes in albumin were determined between March and December, and in γ globulins between June and September. Differences between males and females were seen in albumin concentration in September.Conclusions
Reference intervals of the plasma protein fractions according to electrophoresis in the Green Iguana can be affected by seasonal changes and sex of animals. It should be taken into account when clinical evaluation is performed.
... The only known function of this fraction is the transportation of thyroid hormones. Prealbumin has also been identified in the sera of female birds and positively correlated with high egg production laying hen strains (19,20). ...
... Post-albumin is also a separate and distinct fraction that retards albumin in electrophoresis, and it acts as a transport carrier for small molecules such as vitamins, minerals, hormones and fatty acids just like albumen fraction (21). Increases or decreases in post-albumin concentration are associated with birds genotype and sex, female have high concentration than male in general (20), also post-albumin concentration increases are associated with heat stress (19). ...
... Unlike those found in mammals, in birds, the gamma fraction contains most of the immunoproteins, including IgM, IgA, IgE and IgG. Gamma globulins usually elevate with ongoing antigenic stimulation, usually from infectious agents (24), but some species of birds have high gamma fraction concentration due to genotype, these possess and inherited genes for high immunity (19 ...
2 1 و اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻲ اﻟﺘﺎرﯾﺦ وﻣﺘﺤﻒ ﺑﺤﻮث ﻣﺮﻛﺰ 2 اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻲ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ اﻟﺘﺮاث إﺣﯿﺎء ﻣﺮﻛﺰ / ﺑﻐﺪاد ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﺳﺘﮭﺪف ﺑ اﻟﺪم ﻣﺼﻞ ﺑﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺘﺮﺣﯿﻞ ﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻟ اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮ ﻠﺒﻠﺸﻮن Egretta garzetta ﺗﺼﻨﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﻛﻮﺳﯿﻠﺔ. ﻃﯿﻮر ﺧﻤﺴﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ) 3 و ذﻛﻮر 2 ﻣﻦ اﻹﻧﺎث (اﻟﻄﺎرﻣﯿﺔ ﺑﺤﯿﺮات ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺔ ﺻﯿﺪھﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺣﯿﺚ ، ﺑﻐﺪاد ﻣﺪﯾﻨﺔ ﺷﻤﺎل 0.1 ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺠﻨﺎح ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮرﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪم ﻣﻦ ﻣﻞ أﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ وﺗﻢ اﻟﺪم ﺟﻤﻊ إﺟﺮاء اﻟﺘﺮﺣﯿﻞ ﻧﻤﻮذج ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻜﺮرات وﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ. اﻟﺪم ﻣﺼﻞ ﺑﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت اﻧﻔﺼﺎل اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺑﯿﻨﺖ وﻗﺪ إﻟﻰ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ﺑﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت اﻧﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺨﺼﺖ رﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ﺣﺰم pre-albumen و albumen و post-albumen ﺑﻠﻐﺖ وﻗﺪ ﻣﻌﺪﻻت ﻧﺴﺐ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﯿﻨﺎت ھﺬه 2.61 و 16.80 و 21.77 % اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺰم ﺑﯿﻨﺖ ﻛﻤﺎ وﺟﻮد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻮﻟﺔ ھﻲ ﻛﻠﻮﺑﯿﻮﻟﯿﻨﺎت ﺛﻼث و α, β, γ ﻧﺴﺒﮭﺎ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ وﻗﺪ 8.71 و 4.83 و 11.08 % اﻟﻔﺮوق ﺗﻜﻦ وﻟﻢ ، اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﻨﺲ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﯾﺔ. Abstract The objective of this study was to separate blood serum proteins by using electrophoresis of Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) as a species classification. five (3 males and 2 females) individuals of Little Egret were collected from Al-Tarmiya lakes north of Baghdad city, samples of 1.0 ml of whole blood were taken from the wing vein from individuals to determined electrophoretic pattern of serum proteins in three replicates. Results revealed that Little Egret blood serum proteins were separated into seven different regions, these bands were pre-albumen, albumen, post-albumen, α-globulin, β-globulin and γ-globulin respectively, the average values of Little Egret serum pre-albumin was 2.61%, post-albumin 16.80 % albumin 21.77 %, globulin fractions were 8.71, 4.83 and 11.08 % for α, β and γ-globulins respectively. No significant sex differences were found in serum protein fractions (P<0.05).. Introduction The Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) is a small white heron, there are three subspecies of Little Egret: first, Egretta garzetta garzetta-Europe, Africa, and most of Asia except the southeast. Second, Egretta garzetta nigripes-Indonesia east to New Guinea. Third,
... Beckman and Helena results were obtained from densitometry tracings with fraction delimitation to create a fraction pattern as previously described for the Beckman system. 7 Sebia results were obtained with fraction delimitation to create a fraction pattern as performed by Roman et al. 10,11 Delimits are automatically placed by the densitometry or scanning software. Any necessary changes were completed by experienced staff members to create the fraction patterns. ...
... Differences in fraction migration by avian species has been previously reported. 7,11,14 Notably, Roman et al 10 recently reported the presence of apolipoprotein A-1 in the large a 1 globulin fraction of Amazon parrots (Amazona species) using the Sebia system. In those same specimens, there was no evidence of a prealbumin fraction, which has been described using the Beckman system. ...
... An examination of avian fraction migration using the Sebia system has been partially completed. 10,11 Studies are currently planned to further define the protein fractions in the Helena system, as we previously described with the Beckman system and, in particular, to identify the composition of the prealbumin fraction. ...
Previous studies have defined the presence of 6 protein fractions in plasma from many psittaciform species. Additionally, extensive reference intervals have been published for many of these species with the Beckman Paragon electrophoresis system, which had been commonly used in clinical laboratories to analyze the protein fractions of avian plasma. In mid-2009, Beckman discontinued the Paragon product line, leaving 2 primary alternative systems: Helena and Sebia. To compare electrophoresis results from the 3 commercial protein electrophoresis systems, specimens from 40 African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) were analyzed with the electrophoresis systems from Beckman, Helena, and Sebia. Marked differences in fraction migration were found between the Beckman/Helena and Sebia systems, which manifested as a large decrease in prealbumin and an increase in alpha1 globulins in the latter system. Both proportional and constant errors were observed among the fraction quantitation data of both the Helena and Sebia systems compared with the Beckman system. Based on Bland-Altman plot data and imprecision studies, the Helena system appears more similar with the Beckman system, although neither the Helena nor the Sebia systems are identical to the Beckman system. Because of the differences in electrophoresis methods, clinicians should be careful to consistently use particular clinical laboratories. For best application, reference intervals should be established based on both species and electrophoresis system.
