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A survey was conducted to determine the types, frequency and population of plant parasitic nematodes associated with the soils and roots of Yam (Dioscorea spp.) in all Local Government Areas of Edo, Ekiti and Oyo States of Nigeria using random sampling for soil and root and using pie pan modification of Baerman funnel for plant parasitic nematode e...
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... spp and Xiphinema spp had the lowest frequency rating of 15% with populations of 1234/200 ml soil respectively (Table 5). In the root, similar trends were observed in which Meloidogyne spp was the most frequently encountered species (65%) and a population of 8765/10 g root, followed by Scutellonema spp and Pratylenchus spp with frequency ratings of 60% respectively (Table 6). ...
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Citations
... Kumar et al. (2017) and Zhou et al. (2022) reported over 80 Dioscorea species collected and conserved mainly for pharmaceuticals, traditional medicinal and nutritional uses. Despite the enormous numbers of species in the genus, about 12 species have been domesticated for food (Coursey 1967;Ayensu 1972;Mignouna et al. 2003;Adegbite et al. 2006;Quain et al. 2011), among them 8 species (D. alata L., D. bulbifera L., D. cayenensis Lam., D. esculenta (Lour.) Burkill, D. dumetorum (Kunth) Pax, D. opposita Thunb., D. rotundata Poir. ...
Matthew JO, Azeez SO, Akinloye AJ, Alebiowu G, Faluyi JO. 2024. Leaf anatomy of twenty Dioscorea cultivars from Nigeria. Cell Biol Dev 8: 1-12. Dioscorea spp. is an important food crop in Nigeria; Dioscorea alata L., D. cayenensis Lam., D. dumetorum (Kunth) Pax, and D. rotundata Poir. are the major species cultivated in this country. Previous studies on anatomical research of the genus Dioscorea have been concentrated mostly on quantitative morphometrics, while broad foliar anatomical studies, especially qualitative features of this crop receive little attention. Therefore, using qualitative and quantitative characteristic features in the anatomical study will be more detailed; ditto this study aimed at improving the anatomical and taxonomic knowledge to broaden evolutionary information of the cultivated Dioscorea spp. in Nigeria. Four major cultivated Dioscorea species' leaf and petiole anatomical features were evaluated, focusing on epidermis histology using transverse sections. Qualitative features were observed under a light microscope, while quantitative data were subject to mean separation using One-Way ANOVA and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The cultivars and species studied had hypostomatic leaves with similar stoma types. Only D. dumetorum had distinct unicellular trichomes and lacked raphides, while the wing character of D. alata is a distinguishing feature for the species. PCA showed that stomata area (mm 2) is an important characteristic feature in the anatomical study of yam; also, D. alata, D. cayenensis, and D. rotundata were closely related. The D. rotundata had the highest value for stomata quantitative characteristic features.
... About 600 species are distributed in the subtropical and tropical areas of Africa, America, Asia and Polynesia. About 90 of these species are edible; ten of them are cultivated for food in West and Central Africa (Coursey 1967;Ayensu 1972;Mignouna et al. 2003;Adegbite et al. 2006;Quain et al. 2011). Nigeria has been reported to be the largest producer of yam in the world while Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire are competing for the second and third positions (Nweke et al. 1991;FAO 2010FAO , 2013. ...
morphological characteristics of the vine, leaf and tuber and their appendages was constructed. Multiple vines was found to be about 50% in occurrence among the cultivars. It is a valuable agrobotanical character which conditions multiple tubers and can ensure the survival of at least one vine per hill in the event of drought. Multiple tubers from single vines were also observed in Ajimokun, Gbongi, and Gaun-gaun cultivars. Yam cultivars with high granules had low swelling capacities. The Brittle Fraction Indices of the starch from all the cultivars was lower than 1.0 explaining why the iyan they produced had no crust on the surface and kept for long hours after preparation. From this study, it was concluded that the local yam cultivars collected represent the core of yam genetic resources for utilization in the region. These cultivars are therefore recommended for prioritiza-tion in further studies on propagation, conservation and improvement so that a narrow genetic base of cultivars is not encouraged, for example, by promoting cultivars whose vines perform well in tuberiza-tion. The network of local yam farmers, yam sellers, researchers and enthusiasts used for this project is still working together for the recovery of more cul-tivars, particularly those that are probably close to being lost. Abstract This study was initiated to assess the damage done to the genetic resources of yam in a core yam-producing community in Ekiti State, Southwestern Nigeria and embark on restoration through exploration, collection, identification and conservation of lost cultivars. Twenty cultivars, consisting of Dioscorea rotundata Poir, D. cayenensis Lam., D. alata L., and D. dumetorum (Kunth) Pax were identified , collected, characterized and multiplied using an On-farm Participatory Method. The yam cultivars were characterized for quality and yield of pounded yam (iyan) as well as starch properties. They were later conserved in the Teaching and Research Farm of the Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife. Morphological characterization separated Dioscorea alata (Ewura cultivar) by its winged vines while Dioscorea dumetorum (Esuru cultivar) was separated by its pubescent spines, trifoliate leaf with acute apex and base and the clustered, irregularly-shaped tuber. All the cultivars were rated good in their quality of pounded yam but Ikumo Ajimokun, and Odo cultivars were rated best and this was attributed to the swelling properties and amylose contents of their starch. A key for the identification of the cultivars based on
... 8 About 90 of these species are edible; 10 of them are cultivated for food in West and Central Africa (Coursey 9 1967;Ayensu 1972;Mignouna et al. 2003;Adegbite et al. 2006;Quain et al. 2011). Nigeria has been reported 10 to be the largest producer of yam in the world while Ghana and Cote d'Ivoire are competing for the second and 11 third positions (Nweke et al. 1991;FAO 2010FAO , 2013. ...
This study was initiated to restore the genetic resources of yam which had been decimated in a core yam-producing community in Ekiti State, Southwestern Nigeria. Twenty cultivars, consisting of Dioscorea rotundata, D. cayenensis, D. alata, and D. dumetorum were identified, collected, characterized and multiplied using an On-farm Participatory Method. The yam cultivars were characterized for quality and yield of pounded yam (iyan) as well as starch properties. They were later conserved in the Teaching and Research Farm of the Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife.
Morphological characterization separated Dioscorea alata (Ewura) by its winged vines while Dioscorea dumetorum (Esuru) was separated by its pubescent spines, trifoliate leaf with acute apex and base and the clustered, irregularly-shaped tuber. All the tubers of the yam cultivars had high storability. Pounded yam quality rated the Ikumo and Ajimokun cultivars as best while Odo was rated average and this was attributed to the swelling properties and amylose content of these cultivars. Yam cultivars with high granules had low swelling capacities. The Brittle Fraction Index of the starch from all the cultivars was lower than 1.0 explaining why the iyan they produced had no crust on the surface and kept for long hours after preparation.
From this study, it was concluded that the local yam cultivars collected represent the core of yam genetic resources for utilization in the region. These cultivars are therefore recommended for prioritization in further studies on propagation, conservation and improvement so that a narrow genetic base of cultivars is not encouraged, for example, by promoting cultivars whose vines perform well in tuberization.
... Although Pratylenchus, Meloidogyne and Scutellonema were recovered from all the study locations, findings from this study showed that Meloidogyne had the highest incidence in yam fields surveyed in Nasarawa State. This finding agrees corroborates the report of Adegbite et al. [21] who found that Meloidogyne, Scutellonema and Pratylenchus in rank of descending order, were the most widely distributed plantparasitic nematodes in yam fields in Edo, Ekiti and Oyo states of Nigeria. Over time, several workers had reported that Meloidogyne, Scutellonema and Pratylenchus are highly prevalent on yam fields. ...
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are a major risk to yam (Dioscorea spp.) production in Nigeria. With the aim of establishing plant-parasitic nematode genera associated with yam tubers in Nasarawa State in order to engender sustainable management options and mitigation policies for their control, surveys were conducted in the main yam-producing local government areas (LGAs) of Nasarawa. A total of 54 yam farms were surveyed for PPNs and their associated damage on yam using multi-stage sampling technique. Three communities each, in Lafia, Keana, Kokona, Awe, Obi and Doma LGAs were assessed for the incidence of PPNs and their associated damages on yam. A total of 54 farmers’ fields and 60 yam tubers were assessed in the study. The survey revealed that the eleven PPNs genera were recovered from the soil and tubers of infected yam included Pratylenchus, Hoplolaimus, Helicotylenchus, Criconema, Meloidogyne, Rotylenchus, Scutellonema, Xiphenema, Tylenchulus, Trichodorus and Rotylenchus. Meloidogyne (75.29%, Scutellonema (57.20) and Pratylenchus (44.55%), in order of descending ranking, had the highest incidences across the six LGAs. The destructive activities of these nematodes lead to in unattractive, verrucose or knobby appearances on infected yam tubers, thereby resulting in low to extremely low tuber quality of marketable yams in Nasarawa State.
... Four genera of nematodes, Globodera, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus and Xiphinema were found related to these symptoms with 3 to 153 individuals in 5g of yam peels [11]. These symptoms reduce the commercial value and the edible portion of yam tubers [12]. Yam producers, apart from the use of resistant or tolerant varieties, plant material free from nematodes and hydrothermal treatment, often resort to synthetic nematicides such as aldicarb, oxamyl, carbofuran, cadusafos and ethoprophos [9]. ...
The telluric factors favorable to nematode pathogenic diversity make yam nematode control ineffective. This work aims at studying the fluctuation in yam nematodes depending on yam phenological stages. Trials were implemented in four yam production areas in Côte d'Ivoire. After inventory of symptoms on yam tubers, the nematodes associated with the symptoms were extracted and identified. The correlation coefficients between the severity of symptoms on tubers and the size of the associated nematode populations were determined. The size of nematode populations associated with the symptoms were determined in 100 g of soil and 100 g of yam peel were determined depending on the phenological stages of yam plants. Galls, cracks, dry and wet rot were observed on harvested yam tubers. Globodera, Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus coffeae and Xiphinema were the nematodes associated with the symptoms. Pratylenchus coffeae was strongly involved in the development of cracks (r = 0.75) and dry rot (r = 0.86) then Meloidogyne spp. in that of galls (r = 0.78). Pratylenchus coffeae and Meloidogyne spp. fluctuation in cultivation soils and yam tubers is influenced by yam phenological stages. Their numbers increase in soils and tubers before tuberization initiation. Producers could draw on the results of this study to establish a schedule of nematicide treatments that could start as soon as yam seeds are planted.
... Nematode identification and enumeration was done microscopically from 2 ml of root extract. The density of Meloidogyne individuals in tomato roots was determined by the formula used by Adegbite et al. (2006). ...
... Cette étude sur l'inventaire des nématodes parasites des ignames dans les champs des paysans vient compléter celle menée sur les tubercules vendus sur les marchés (Coyne et al., 2006) et pourrait être la première réalisée au Togo auprès des paysans en milieu champ.. Les résultats concernant la diversité des nématodes ont permis d'identifier quatre (4) genres de nématodes parasites des ignames sur les 11 sites ayant fait l'objet de l'étude. Au regard de ces résultats, il ressort que la diversité biologique a été relativement faible sur les différents sites étudiés, ceci par comparaison aux travaux de Adegbite et al. (2006) (Luc & Coomans, 1992). Or la culture d'ignames est souvent en rotation avec la patate douce et le riz. ...
L'igname, Dioscorea spp. est une culture très importante au Togo avec plusieurs espèces cultivées. Toutefois, le complexe D. cayennensis-rotundata est le plus répandu dans les exploitations. Malheureusement, les nématodes sont des parasites majeurs qui entravent sa production. A cet effet, cette étude a été conduite dans trois préfectures de la région centrale du Togo dans le but d'identifier les nématodes parasites qui font intrusion dans les champs d'igname et d'évaluer la mycorhization naturelle de la plante. Des prélèvements de sol et de racines ainsi que l'inspection des tubercules d'igname pour les dégâts de fissuration et de galles dues aux nématodes ont été effectués à différents endroits de différents champs d'igname dans chaque préfecture. Des échantillons de sol et de racines ramenés au laboratoire, ont été extraits des nématodes et identifiés sur la base de critères morphologiques en utilisant les clés d'identification. Le taux de mycorhization a été évalué par la coloration des racines. Les résultats ont révélé la présence des genres Scutellonema, Meloïdogyne, Aphelenchoides et Xiphinema dans les champs avec Scutellonema spp. et Meloidogyne spp. comme nématodes majeurs sur les ignames. L'évaluation des dégâts visuels des nématodes sur les tubercules
... The 11 plant-parasitic species identified during this study have previously been reported from various other crops in Nigeria (Adegbite et al., 2006;Orisajo, 2012;Daramola et al., 2015;Coyne et al., 2018). Several of them have also been reported from watermelon elsewhere in the world (Khair, 1982;Sikora & Fernandez, 2005;Abd-Elgawad et al., 2007;Tan & Ökten, 2011;Marais, 2019), while to our knowledge S. bradys and X. nigeriense are herein recorded for the first time from the rhizosphere of watermelon. ...
Little information is available for nematode pests associated with watermelon in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This study
recorded the abundance and prevalence of plant-parasitic nematodes from 25 localities across south-west Nigeria during 2016/2017. Of
the 11 nematode species identified, those belonging to Meloidogyne spp. were predominant according to Prominence Values, followed
by Helicotylenchus dihystera, Pratylenchus zeae and Scutellonema bradys. Morphological and molecular analyses revealed the identity
of four species of root-knot nematodes: Meloidogyne enterolobii, M. incognita, M. javanica and M. arenaria (in descending order
of abundance and occurrence). Meloidogyne arenaria is reported for the first time from south-west Nigeria, while S. bradys and
Meloidogyne enterolobii, M. incognita, M. javanica and M. arenaria are first reports for watermelon. Significant associations were
observed between the frequency of occurrence of the predominant nematode species and soil properties as well as rainfall. Results
provide baseline information on the nematode pest occurrence on watermelon in Nigeria and in a wider context for SSA.
... Yam (Dioscorea spp.) is one of the most important dietary sources of energy and a basic foodstuff in the tropical and humid regions of Africa, South America, India and South-East Asia (Achi, 2000;Adegbite et al., 2006;Babajide et al., 2007;Oluwole et al., 2013). There are many varieties of yam species but white yam (Dioscorea rotundata) and water yam (Dioscorea alata) are the widely grown species in Ghana (Aboagye et al., 2015) and thus are economically important species. ...
Rots in yam tubers are the dominant cause of postharvest losses. Therefore, studies were conducted to identify the rot-causing organisms in yam and to evaluate the efficacy of false yam (Icacina oliviformis) plant extracts as surface protectants in the storage of yam. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) design with five treatments (fruit, root and leaf extract of false yam, Mancozeb and tap water) replicated three times. Two concentrations (50% and 100%) of each extract were also tested. Species were identified based on the structural features, the characteristics and properties of the spore and mycelium. A spore suspension of yam rot fungi was sprayed on healthy yam tubers that had been pretreated with the extracts. Results showed that fungi isolated from rotted yams were Aspergillus niger, A. flavus and Penicillium sclerotigenum. Leaf extracts (both 50% and 100%) had the highest growth inhibitions on all the three fungi isolated in vitro. Tubers treated with root and leaf extracts of false yam had a decreased tuber rot lengths of 1.80 mm2 and 2.17 mm2, respectively. The leaves and roots of false yam can be used as a surface protectant of yam in place of Mancozeb. Keywords: Icacina oliviformis; Dioscora rotundata; Mancozeb; Pathogenicity; Aspergillus spp.
... Percentage nematode population was determined using In/TN x 100%. Where In = the individual nematode population in all the samples while TN is the total population of all the nematodes extracted in all the samples Adegbite et al [18]. ...
... Dioscorea rotundata is one of the four most commonly cultivated yam species in the yam production zones and the most important species in Africa [18]. Results of this study show the different parasitic nematode associated to white Guinea Yam (Dioscorea rotundata) in four-community-based farming scheme locations in Ogun State. ...
... The nematodes were sub-grouped into seven Orders via Triplonchida, Rhabditida, Plectida, Monhysterida, Dorylaimida and Enoplida, Mononchida and the plant-parasitic has the highest population compared with the other trophic groups. Three genera, Scutellonema, Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus occurred more frequently than others in all the locations surveyed which are in compliance with Adegbite et al [18,22] who reported that the three nematodes had the highest frequencies than the other nematodes encountered in soil and roots sampled in Edo, Ekiti, Oyo, Osun and Ogun States. Meloidogyne spp. ...
