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The IEEE 802.15.6 standard emerged as the most suitable standard that fits the special requirements of wireless body area networks. It provides flexibility to designers by recommending the use of several medium access control layer techniques, but does not specify how to combine some or all these recommended techniques to form the most efficient wi...
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... WBAN to be considered in our simulation model consists of five sensors and one coordinator as described in Table 2 and shown in Figure 4. Two sensors are located on the arms, two on the legs, one on the left chest, and the coordinator on the right lower abdomen. ...
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... The most important parameters chosen in our model are as follows: data rate = 1024 Kbps; receiver sensitivity = 287 dBm; transmission power = 210 dBm; transition time between receiving RX and transmitting TX = 20 ms; slot allocation length = 10 ms; number of allocation slots in a beacon period = 32; five sensors and one coordinator, with their corresponding specifications, as shown in Table 3. Simulation results A simulation model was built for the proposed system using the Castalia simulation tool, which is based on the OMNeT++ platform. 29 The simulation model is for a WBAN system with sensors attached to a patient with BP, as shown in Figure 4. Three sets of experiments were conducted to analyze the performance of the system under various protocol combinations, as well as the effects of changing the basic sensor setup. ...
Citations
... In existing work numerous research attempts have been performed to decrease computational complexity of ABEB's mechanisms [9][10][11][12]14,[31][32][33][34]37,35,38,36,39]. We provided a straightforward method that, after extensive simulation of the algorithms. ...
... , N. E., et al.[33] suggested a optimum IEEE 802.15.6 protocol WBANs model. Using the Castalia simulator inside a network of heterogeneous sensors, the performance of the proposed model is evaluated. ...
Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are a cost-effective, low-power technology that has been advancing due to the need to improve their performance. The predominant challenges encompass packet delivery ratio (PDR), packet loss ratio (PLR), and end-to-end (E2D) delay. Advances in wireless technology emphasize the urgency to surmount these issues. Channel congestion and collisions, increased latency, unfairness in access, high energy consumption, performance heterogeneity, QoS degradation, interference and reliability are some of the particular concerns largely caused by CW that influence WBAN performance. Researchers and developers strive to create adaptive CW techniques and protocols that dynamically modify in response to traffic loads, network conditions, and the particular needs of WBAN applications in order to maximise WBAN performance. In response, we propose GFuCWO-a genetic fuzzy logic technique-for optimizing contention windows in IEEE-802.15.6 WBANs. This study introduces three distinct algorithms to accomplish this. We evaluate the efficiency of the GFuCWO technique against the ABEB and Improved-CSMA/CA algorithms. The approach is implemented in Castalia OMNeT++. The study calculates PDR, PLR, and E2D delay using experimental data from four sensor nodes under different traffic conditions. The GFuCWO technique demonstrated superior performance in PDR, PLR, and E2D, with average enhancements of 4%-11% and 3%-13%, respectively, with a 95% confidence interval, indicating its potential for community benefit and medical performance improvements.
... Simulations as well as analytical approximations of the proposed model revealed that it significantly improved performance of the IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA/CA. Rikli, N. E. and A. Al Mazroa [22] proposed an optimal IEEE 802.15.6 protocol WBAN model. The performance of proposed model is evaluated by using Castalia simulator in a network which consisted of heterogeneous sensors. ...
... We have very thorough and extensively explored the literature particularly for the approaches/ techniques that have been proposed with an emphasis on adjusting/ optimizing CW for IEEE 802.15.6 WBANs [4,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. The selected base paper [4] for the comparison is among the latest published work in IF journal and the most relevant to our topic. ...
Due to its low-powered, low-cost implementation, 802.15.6 standard dedicated for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) have become important, and the urge to increase their performance has become a necessity. With low / heavy traffic, the most notable persisting problems are packet delivery ratio (PDR), packet loss ratio (PLR), and end-to-end (E2D) delay; improvements in wireless technology emphasise surmounting these challenges. To accomplish the stated goals, FuCWO: an approach of contention window optimization through fuzzy logic is proposed, which makes use of FLC the Fuzzy Logic Controller. Two algorithms are proposed for this purpose: Algo-1: FuCWO Procedure for WBANs and Algo-2: Fuzzy Logic Procedure for FuCWO. The proposed FuCWO approach is evaluated for ABEB i.e. Alternate Binary-Exponential Back-off, which was chosen as a de facto standard, and an improvement of the Contention Window (Improved-CSMA/CA) algorithm, chosen as a foundation-based paper and implemented in Castalia OMNeT++. For ABEB, Improved-CSMA/CA, and FuCWO, the simulated values of four participating nodes/sensors were recorded. These values were later used to calculate the PDR, PLR, E2D delay for low and heavy traffic, and also produced a graphical illustration of the results. Furthermore, the obtained results from the proposed FuCWO approach for PDR, PLR are minimum 3% to maximum 9%, and for E2D minimum 2% to maximum 11% on average are better, which confirmed that the FuCWO significantly improved performance.
... The MAC sub layer in IEEE 802.15.6 [1] defines three access modes: the contention based access mode, the scheduled based access mode and the polling access mode. ...
... In addition, we assume that WBAN nodes operate in beacon mode with super frame boundaries, at the beginning of every super frame, a beacon is transmitted over the medium to provide time referenced allocations. a BC over the new [1,CW], Once the BC reaches zero, the data is transmitted. ...
... Several experiments are studied in this part. The first one aims to evaluate the delay of different simulations in In this protocol, the node sets its Backoff Counter (BC) to a random integer uniformly distribute over the interval [1,CW] where CW in [CWmin, CWmax] is called the contention window, and it depends on the number of failed data transmissions. The values of CWmin and CWmax are selected according to the priority classes presented in Table I. ...
The IEEE 802.15.6 standard is become an essential wireless access technology for the WBAN networks, with an objective to adapt wireless communications to the recent applications. This paper proposes an improvement of the well known CSMA/CA procedure with an idea to give a new size of its contention window length. Simulation results show that, compared with standard IEEE 802.15.6, the delay time, packet loss rate of the improved CSMA/CA are be significantly reduced.
... Body sensor networks (BSN) are a promising solution to the challenges of personalized healthcare [1][2][3][4][5][6]. These body-centric communications are mainly developed in the 2.4 GHz frequency band using low-power technologies such as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) [7,8] or IEEE 802.15.4 [9][10][11][12][13] and IEEE 802.15.6 [14][15][16][17][18] standards. A critical element in BSN are the antennas [8,[19][20][21][22] and their design specifications are especially crucial in the case of biomedical applications, in which small ultra-light devices, which suppose no hindrance on a subject's daily life, are required. ...
This work addresses the design and experimental characterization of on-body antennas, which play an essential role within Body Sensor Networks. Four antenna designs were selected from a set of eighteen antenna choices and finally implemented for both passive and active measurements. The issues raised during the process of this work (requirements study, technology selection, development and optimization of antennas, impedance matching, unbalanced to balanced transformation, passive and active characterization, off-body and on-body configurations, etc.) were studied and solved, driving a methodology for the characterization of on-body antennas, including transceiver effects. Despite the influence of the body, the antennas showed appropriate results for an in-door environment. Another novelty is the proposal and validation of a phantom to emulate human experimentation. The differences between experimental and simulated results highlight a set of circumstances to be taken into account during the design process of an on-body antenna: more comprehensive simulation schemes to take into account the hardware effects and a custom design process that considers the application for which the device will be used, as well as the effects that can be caused by the human body.
Body Area Networks have undergone a great evolution due to their efficiency in ensuring real-time monitoring of patients. The health crisis we experienced during this period highlighted the importance of telemedicine and the need for a monitoring and control system guaranteeing distancing in order to put an end to the spread of COVID 19 virus. Our objective in this paper is to design a wireless Body Area Networks model based on medium access control according to the type of sensors. A study of the impact of slot distribution on protocol performances such as received packets, packets breakdown, latency and energy consumption is proposed.
