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Placement of 12-lead ECG electrodes. RA indicates right arm; LA, left arm; RL, right leg; and LL, left leg.
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Context 1
... comparison with the standard resting 12-lead recording, arm and leg electrodes should be moved to the wrists and ankles, with the subject in the supine position. Differences can be minimized by placing the arm electrodes as close to the shoulders as possible, placing the leg electrodes below the umbilicus, and recording the resting ECG with the subject supine ( Figure 3). Any modification of lead placement should be recorded on the tracing. ...
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At least half of all stroke survivors experience fatigue; thus, it is a common cause of concern for patients, caregivers, and clinicians after stroke. This scientific statement provides an international perspective on the emerging evidence surrounding the incidence, prevalence, quality of life, and complex pathogenesis of poststroke fatigue. Eviden...
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... In the literature, there is no generally accepted definition of exercise capacity. However, peak oxygen consumption (peak VO 2 ) is commonly used as an indicator of physical fitness and exercise capacity ( Shuleva et al., 1990;Armstrong et al., 1991;Figueroa-Colon et al., 2000;Fletcher et al., 2001; LeMura et al., 2001;American Thoracic Societ, 2003;Johnston et al., 2005;Armstrong and Welsman, 2007). ...
Background/Hypothesis: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is used in the assessment of function and prognosis of cardiopulmonary health in children with cardiac and pulmonary diseases. Techniques, such as cardiac MRi, and PET-scan, can be performed simultaneously with exercise testing. Thus, it is desirable to have a broader knowledge about children’s normal cardiopulmonary function in different body postures and exercise modalities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different body positions on cardiopulmonary function in healthy subjects performing CPETs.
Materials and Methods: Thirty-one healthy children aged 9, 12, and 15 years did four CPETs: one treadmill test with a modified Bruce protocol and three different bicycle tests with different body postures, sitting, tilted 45°, and lying flat (0°). For the bicycle tests, a 20-watt ramp protocol with a pedal frequency of 60 ± 5 rotations per minute was used. Continous ECG and breath-by-breath V . O 2 measurements was done throughout the tests. Cardiac structure and function including aortic diameter were evaluated by transthoracic echocardiography prior to the tests. Doppler measurements of the blood velocity in the ascending aorta were measured prior to and during the test. Prior to every test, the participants performed pulmonary function tests with maximum voluntary ventilation test.
Results: There is a significantly (p < 0.05) lower peak V . O 2 in all bicycle tests compared with the treadmill test. There is lower corrected peak V . O 2 (ml kg−0.67 min⁻¹), but not relative peak V . O 2 (ml kg⁻¹ min⁻¹), in the supine compared with the upright bicycle test. There are no differences in peak stroke volume or cardiac output between the bicycle modalities when calculated from aortic blood flow. Peak heart rate decreases from both treadmill to upright bicycle and from upright bicycle to the supine test (0°).
Conclusion: There are no differences in peak cardiac output between the upright bicycle test and supine bicycle tests. Heart rate and corrected peak V . O 2 are lower in the supine test (0°) than the upright bicycle test. In the treadmill test, it is a higher absolute and relative peak V . O 2 . Despite the latter differences, we are convinced that both upright and supine bicycle tests are apt in the clinical setting when needed.
... A certified and experienced physiotherapist guided the exoskeleton in the back while patients walked on a 144-m circular track. When patients requested to stop or reported increasing chest pain, shortness of breath, wheezing, or claudication, the intervention was terminated before the end of the 20-min trial [14]. At least 3 h prior to the physiological measures, patients were instructed to not consume alcohol, food, nicotine, or caffeine [15]. ...
... At least 3 h prior to the physiological measures, patients were instructed to not consume alcohol, food, nicotine, or caffeine [15]. Usual medication intake was allowed with small amounts of water [14], [15]. ...
... We computed medians instead of means, because medians are less affected by irrelevant outliers (e.g., due to talking). The first 4 min were used to reach a steady-state condition and were not used in the analyses [14]. ...
Robot-assisted overground walking (RAOW) may facilitate walking aerobic exercise in nonambulatory stroke survivors. The aims of this study were to investigate the physiological responses and perceived exertion during RAOW in persons with stroke and to compare the exercise intensity to aerobic exercise guidelines for stroke survivors. Ten nonambulatory stroke survivors (50% male, median age of 72 years old, and median time poststroke of 40 days) walked 20 minutes overground wearing a lower limb exoskeleton (Ekso GT) with full bilateral assistance. Breath-by-breath gas exchange and heart rate were monitored continuously. The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) on a 6-20 scale was assessed at the end of rest and every 5 min during walking. Net values were obtained by subtracting gross values from resting values. The net heart rate and net RPE significantly increased between minute 5 [median: 8 beats/min; interquartile range (IQR): 10 beats/min; median: 2; IQR: 5] and minute 20 (median: 17 beats/min; IQR: 17 beats/min; median: 6; IQR: 5).
... In our study, the Bruce protocol was used and the speed and incline were kept at the same level for three minutes before increasing to another level. Because the HRs were taken at the end of each (Ahead of Print) minute, we assumed that the participants had achieved a steady state HR (Fletcher et al., 2001); therefore, the time lag may not have substantially affected the actual HR average during those 20 seconds. ...
Background : The purpose of this study was to examine the accuracy of heart rate (HR) and energy expenditure (EE) estimated by the Apple Watch Series 1 worn both on the wrist and the upper arm. Methods : Thirty healthy, young adults (15 females) wore the two monitors while participating in a maximal exercise test. Criterion measures were obtained from the Parvo Medics TrueOne 2400 Metabolic Cart and an electrocardiograph. Results : The HR estimations of the arm-worn (AW) Apple Watch had the highest agreement with the electrocardiogram, with mean absolute percent error (MAPE) of <2.5% for the entire sample, for males, and for females, at all exercise intensities. The HR estimations of the wrist-worn Apple Watch had MAPEs ranging from 3.61% (females at very light intensity) to 14.97% (males at very vigorous intensity). When estimating EE for total exercise bout in the entire sample, the arm-worn Apple Watch overestimated EE, with a MAPE of 39.63%, whereas the wrist-worn underestimated EE, with a MAPE of 32.28%. Both the arm- and wrist-worn overestimated EE for females and underestimated EE for males. Conclusion : Wearing the Apple Watch Series 1 on the upper arm versus the wrist improves the MAPE for HR estimations, but does not improve MAPE for the EE calculations when compared to a criterion measure.
... The YMCA cycle ergometry protocol (Golding, 1989), a submaximal cardiovascular test, was individually administered to directly determine the VO 2peak for each participant. The protocol was designed for adults in the Class A risk stratification (Fletcher et al., 2001), and by completing three consecutive 3-min cycling stages, each participant's fitness level was calculated. The initial cycling stage, which requires pedaling at a speed of 150 kpm·min −1 or 0.5 kg, was set up to maintain the workload continuously for 3 min, and the experimenters recorded each participant's heart rate during the final 15-30 s of the 2nd and 3rd min. ...
Objective: This study investigated whether acute exercise duration affects inhibition in late middle-aged adults. Methods: Over four separate days, 40 late middle-aged adults completed, in a counterbalanced order, three exercise sessions consisting of single bouts of moderate-to-vigorous intensity cycling, with the main acute exercise durations being 10, 20, and 45 min, and a control session consisting of 30 min of reading. Their inhibition performance was then evaluated by administration of the Stroop test following each session. Results: The participants had shorter mean response times for both the congruent and neutral conditions of the Stroop following the acute exercise lasting 20 min than they did after the control session. The acute exercise lasting 20 min also resulted in shorter response times for both conditions of the Stroop than the acute exercise lasting only 10 min. Meanwhile, the acute exercise lasting 45 min resulted in a shorter mean response time for the neutral Stroop condition than did the control session. Finally, the acute exercise lasting 20 min resulted in the shortest mean response time of all four sessions for the Stroop incongruent condition. Conclusion: The above findings suggest that the moderate-to-vigorous intensity acute exercise lasting 20 min facilitated multiple cognitive function domains in general, whereas the exercise sessions of shorter and longer duration had negligible effects on executive function in the late middle-aged adults. These results highlight the need to consider the duration of any moderate-to-vigorous intensity exercise when developing acute exercise programs to facilitate executive function in aged populations.
... نة مقار متدرج ائي هو جهد احل مر ال طو جدا طفيفة ات تغير تظهر ( احة الر أثناء في بقيمهاFletcher et al , 2001, 1694-1740( مع أيضا وتتفق ) Foss & Keteyian إحداث شأنه من الجهد من النوع هذا بان ) المركب في بسيط انخفاض QRS (Foss & Keteyian , 1998 , 222 .) املئوية للنسبة للقلب الكهربائي املخطط متغريات وبعض الرئوية التهوية استجابات ........35يخص فيما أماS-T Interval .. ف ه ذكر ما مع أيضا النتيجة هذه تتفق ( Fletcher et al ) االنبساط زمن بان ي البطيني القصوي الجهد عند الزمن هذا يزداد ولكن به التدرج وعند الجهد بداية في متدرجا انخفاضا ظهر (Fletcher et al , 2001Fletcher et al , , 1694-1740 يمكن ما وهذا ) ة األخير الدقيقة في مالحظته الجدول في الجهد من ( 17 ) ( الجدول في معنوي غير بشكل ولكن 19 .) ...
... نة مقار متدرج ائي هو جهد احل مر ال طو جدا طفيفة ات تغير تظهر ( احة الر أثناء في بقيمهاFletcher et al , 2001, 1694-1740( مع أيضا وتتفق ) Foss & Keteyian إحداث شأنه من الجهد من النوع هذا بان ) المركب في بسيط انخفاض QRS (Foss & Keteyian , 1998 , 222 .) املئوية للنسبة للقلب الكهربائي املخطط متغريات وبعض الرئوية التهوية استجابات ........35يخص فيما أماS-T Interval .. ف ه ذكر ما مع أيضا النتيجة هذه تتفق ( Fletcher et al ) االنبساط زمن بان ي البطيني القصوي الجهد عند الزمن هذا يزداد ولكن به التدرج وعند الجهد بداية في متدرجا انخفاضا ظهر (Fletcher et al , 2001Fletcher et al , , 1694-1740 يمكن ما وهذا ) ة األخير الدقيقة في مالحظته الجدول في الجهد من ( 17 ) ( الجدول في معنوي غير بشكل ولكن 19 .) ائية اإلجر الناحية ومن ، تفسي يمكن ات متغير في المعنوي غير المتدرج االنخفاض ر ECG ة الفتر وهي P-R Interval ومركب QRS ة الفتر و S-T Interval التي و المتدرج الجهد أثناء في القياس احل مر طبيعة بسبب يادة ز بداللة أساسا موجود االنخفاض أن حيث ، احدة و دقيقة بفاصل بينها فيما بة متقار كانت HR زمن انخفاض و ال القلبية ة دور ثم ومن ات متغير انخفاض ECG ال مدة ال طو جهد دقائق بين معنوية غير بداللة ولكن ه . ...
The pulmonary and electrocardiograph (ECG) variables are from the most interpretative indicators of the cardio-pulmonary system to bump blood and deliver oxygen for active tissues during various stages of a physical stress. So, the importance of this research lies in being acquainted with the magnitude of increasing in minute ventilation (VE) variables, tidal volume (TV) and respiratory rate (RR) in addition to the incremental graduation of heart rate (HR) as indicator of the maximal Oxygen consumption (VO2max), P-R interval, QRS, and S-T interval during various stages of two aerobic stresses gradual incrementally to exhaustion without time limit but one of them depending upon resistance and other upon speed increments in specific stages. Thus, the findings may answer the problem of this study: Does the graduation in these two aerobic stresses differ? And where such as this difference could be utilized in fields such as endurance improving, weight loss, health? Or any field may rise in the range of this research. The research aimed at being acquainted with the Responses of the (VE) in function of (TV) and (RR) and certain ECG of (HR), P-R interval, QRS, and S-T interval to the VO2 Percentage within (subjects) and Between (groups) of two Aerobic Stresses depending upon Speed and Resistance. The sample included 10 healthy active male students of the physical education college. The sample was chosen intentionally. Variables in question were measured at rest. Then, sample was subjected to two gradual aerobic stress tests requiring the subjects to reach their maximal Vo2. The same variables were measured throughout stages of the stresses stresses. Data were processed statistically by using mixed ANOVA of within subjects repeated measurements and between groups for revealing the responses imposed by stresses and weather the stress type have an effect upon these responses or it is independent of them. The research concluded that § During the last anaerobic high-intensity phases of both aerobic gradual stresses, the VE with its two variables TV and RR could raise remarkably. But there were no effects of the type of stress upon the VE with its two variables TV and RR in these stages § During the last anaerobic high-intensity phases of both aerobic gradual stresses, the HR had a little change in addition to a little change throughout both stresses in times of P-R interval, QRS, and S-T interval. But there were no effects of the type of stress upon the HR, times of P-R interval, QRS, and S-T interval. The research recommended that a.The aerobic gradual stress depending upon resistance could be adopted to improve the VO2 max within less possible time and utilizing from raise of both TV and RR. The aerobic gradual stress depending upon speed could be adopted to improve the VO2 max within higher RR.
... The rate pressure product (RPP) was measured using the formula: systolic blood pressure (mmHg) × heart rate (beats/min) [27], to determine the rate of myocardial oxygen consumption. ...
... ، اﻟدﺑﺎغ و )اﻟﺣﺟﺎر 2007 ، 113 ) ، ( Cauyton , 1981 , 166 ) ، ( Fox & Mathews , 1981 , 233 .( ) اﻟﺟدوﻟﯾن ﻣن أﯾﺿﺎ وﯾﺗﺿﺢ 15 ، 20 اﻟﺧﺎﺻﯾن ( ـ ﺑ HR ﻓﻲ ﺟﻬد اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ و اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ي إن اﻟﻲ اﻟﺗو ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﯾﺎدة اﻟز ﺗدرج HR اﻟدﻗﯾﻘﺔ ﻟﻐﺎﯾﺔ اﺳﺗﻣر 8 ﺳرﻋﺔ ﻋﻧد 9,6 اﻧﺣدار و ﺳﺎﻋﺔ / ﻛم 11 ٪ ﻟ ﺟﻬد ، اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ وﺳرﻋﺔ 11,2 اﻧﺣدار و ﺳﺎﻋﺔ / ﻛم 10 ٪ ﻟ ﺟﻬد ﺗﻐ ﻫﻧﺎك ﯾﻛن وﻟم. اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ ذﻟك ﺑﻌد ﻣﻠﺣوظﺎ أو ﻣﻌﻧوﯾﺎ ا ﯾر أي ﺗﻘﺎﺑل اﻟﺗﻲ و اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻋﺗﻣﺎدا ﻟﻠﺟﻬد ة اﻷﺧﯾر دﻗﺎﺋق اﻟﺛﻼث ﺣدود ﻓﻲ 85,04 و 87,5 و 88,54 ٪ ﻣن VO 2max و ، اﻟﺟﻬد ﻣن ﺗﯾن اﻷﺧﯾر اﻟدﻗﯾﻘﺗﯾن ﺣدود ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺎﺑل اﻟﺗﻲ و اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ ﻋل اﻋﺗﻣﺎدا 89,06 و اﻟﺟد ﻣن ﻛذﻟك وﯾﺗﺿﺢ اول ) 15 ، 17 ، 18 ، 19 ) اﻷﺷﻛﺎل و ( 11 ، 12 ، 13 ﻓﻲ اﻧﻪ ( اﺣل اﻟﻣر ز اﻧﺧﻔﺎض ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻧوي ﻏﯾر وﻟﻛن طﻔﯾف ﺗدرج ﯾوﺟد اﻟﺟﻬد ﻣن اﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﻣن P-R Interval وﻛذﻟك اﻟﻣرﻛب QRS و S-T Interval ﻣﻊ اﻟﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ ﻫذﻩ وﺗﺗﻔق ، ) Fletcher et al ات ﺗﻐﯾر ﺗوﺟد ﻻ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ( ﻣوﺟﺔ زﻣن ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻧوﯾﺔ P ﯾط اﻟﺷر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺗدرج ﺟﻬد أﺛﻧﺎء ﻓﻲ ) ار اﻟدو Fletcher et al , 2001 , 16941740 ( ، ﺑﺎن (وﻫول ﻏﺎﯾﺗون ) ﻣﻊ ﻛذﻟك وﺗﺗﻔق اﻟﻘﻠب ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗوﺻﯾل ﺟﻬﺎز ﻣرور ﯾﺟﻌل ﻻ ﺑﺷﻛل ﻣﻧظم ﻓﻲ )أي اﻟﺑطﯾﻧﯾن إﻟﻰ اﻷذﯾﻧﯾن ﻣن اﻟﻘﻠﺑﯾﺔ اﻟدﻓﻘﺔ P-R segment اﻟوﻗت ﺑﻌض ذﻟك ﻓﯾﺗﯾﺢ ، ﺟدا ﯾﻌﺎ ﺳر ( ، وﻫول ﻏﺎﯾﺗون ) اﻟﺑطﯾﻧﯾن إﻟﻰ ﻣﺣﺗوﯾﺎﺗﻬﻣﺎ ﻟﯾﻔرﻏﺎ ﻟﻸذﯾﻧﯾن 1997 ، 143 وﻟﻛن اﻧﺧﻔﺎﺿﺎ ﯾﻔﺳر ﻣﺎ وﻫذا ( زﻣن ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻧوي ﻏﯾر P-R Interval ﻣﺟﻣوع ﺗﻣﺛل ﻛوﻧﻬﺎ ﻣوﺟﺔ P اﻟﻘطﻌﺔ و P-R segment ة اﻟﻣذﻛور ً آﻧﻔﺎ ) وﯾؤﻛد . et al , 2001 , 1694-1740 ) ﻣﻊ أﯾﺿﺎ وﺗﺗﻔق ( ) .اﻟدم ﻋﺑر اﻟﻘﻠب إﻟﻰ اﻧﺗﻘﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺛم McAardle et al , 2006 , 342 ) ، ( Foss & Keteyian , 1998 , 223 ( . ...
... 194 16,87 0,093 0,013 0,120 0,027 0,098 0,050 87,81 ) رﻗم اﻟﺟدول ﻣن ﯾﺗﺿﺢ 20 ﻣﺎ ( ﯾﺄﺗﻲ : ) ة ـر ـ ـ ـ اﻟﻌﺎﺷ ة ـر ـ ـ ـ ـ اﻷﺧﯾ اﻟﻲ ـو ـ ـ ـ ـ اﻟﺗ ـﻰ ـ ـ ـ وﻋﻠ ( ) 181,7 ، ± 8,73 ) ، ( 186,5 ، ± 8,03 ) ، ( 190,5 ، ± 9,55 ، ( و ﯾﺧص ﻓﯾﻣﺎ P-R Interval ) اﻟﺟدوﻟﯾن ﻣن ﯾﺗﺿﺢ .. 20 ، 22 ) اﻟﺷﻛل و ( 15 ﻓﻲ اﻧﺧﻔﺎض وﺟود ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺗدرج اﺋﻲ ﻫو ﺟﻬد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻬد ﻣن اﻷوﻟﻰ اﻟدﻗﯾﻘﺔ إﻟﻰ اﺣﺔ اﻟر ظرف ﻣن اﻻﻧﺗﻘﺎل ﻋﻧد اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾر ﻫذا زﻣن ) ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﻣﻊ ﯾﺗﻔق وﻫذا ، اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻋﺗﻣﺎدا ار اﻟدو ﯾط اﻟﺷر Fletcher et al ﺑﺣدوث (وﻫول )ﻏﺎﯾﺗون و ( ﻣوﺟﺔ زﻣن ﻓﻲ اﻧﺧﻔﺎض P اﻟﻘطﻌﺔ و P-R segment ة اﻟﻔﺗر ﺗﺷﻛﻼن اﻟﻠﺗﺎن P-R Interval )ﻏﺎﯾﺗون. ، وﻫول 1996 ، 143 ) ( Fletcher et al , 2001 , 1694-1740 ﻓﻲ اﻻﻧﺧﻔﺎض ﺗﺟﻠﻰ ﺑﻣﺎ ور ،( زﻣن اﻟ ﻫذا ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻠﺑﯾﺔ ة اﻟدور ﻣ ة ﻣﺑﺎﺷر ﺗﻐﯾر وﺿوﺣﺎ أﻛﺛر وﻛﺎن اﻟﺟﻬد ﻧوع ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ اﻟ ﺗﻔﺎع اﻻر وﺑﺳﺑب ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻧوي ...
The pulmonary and electrocardiograph (ECG) variables are from the most
interpretative indicators of the cardio-pulmonary system to bump blood and deliver oxygen
for active tissues during various stages of a physical stress. So, the importance of this
research lies in being acquainted with the magnitude of increasing in minute ventilation (VE)
variables, tidal volume (TV) and respiratory rate (RR) in addition to the incremental
graduation of heart rate (HR) as indicator of the maximal Oxygen consumption (VO2max), P-R
interval, QRS, and S-T interval during various stages of two aerobic stresses gradual
incrementally to exhaustion without time limit but one of them depending upon resistance
and other upon speed increments in specific stages. Thus, the findings may answer the
problem of this study: Does the graduation in these two aerobic stresses differ? And where
such as this difference could be utilized in fields such as endurance improving, weight loss,
health? Or any field may rise in the range of this research. The research aimed at being
acquainted with the Responses of the (VE) in function of (TV) and (RR) and certain ECG of
(HR), P-R interval, QRS, and S-T interval to the VO2 Percentage within (subjects) and
Between (groups) of two Aerobic Stresses depending upon Speed and Resistance.
The sample included 10 healthy active male students of the physical education
college. The sample was chosen intentionally. Variables in question were measured at rest.
Then, sample was subjected to two gradual aerobic stress tests requiring the subjects to reach
their maximal Vo2. The same variables were measured throughout stages of the stresses
stresses. Data were processed statistically by using mixed ANOVA of within subjects
repeated measurements and between groups for revealing the responses imposed by stresses
and weather the stress type have an effect upon these responses or it is independent of them.
The research concluded that
During the last anaerobic high-intensity phases of both aerobic gradual stresses, the VE
with its two variables TV and RR could raise remarkably. But there were no effects of the
type of stress upon the VE with its two variables TV and RR in these stages
During the last anaerobic high-intensity phases of both aerobic gradual stresses, the HR had
a little change in addition to a little change throughout both stresses in times of P-R interval,
QRS, and S-T interval. But there were no effects of the type of stress upon the HR, times of
P-R interval, QRS, and S-T interval.
The research recommended that
a. The aerobic gradual stress depending upon resistance could be adopted to improve the VO2
max within less possible time and utilizing from raise of both TV and RR.
b.The aerobic gradual stress depending upon speed could be adopted to improve the VO2
max within higher RR.
... All contraindications to physical activity should be identified and screened, and exercise should be prescribed on a continual basis in patients with HF given the changing nature of the disease process (that is, compensated versus decompensated HF). A thorough review of contraindications is beyond the scope of this Review, and has been discussed previously 44 . When contraindications have been resolved, all patients should be prescribed an individually tailored physical activity and exercise plan. ...
Heart failure (HF) is a common end point for numerous cardiovascular conditions, including coronary artery disease, valvular disease, and hypertension. HF predominantly affects older individuals (aged ≥70 years), particularly those living in developed countries. The pathophysiological sequelae of HF progression have a substantial negative effect on physical function. Diminished physical function in older patients with HF, which is the result of combined disease-related and age-related effects, has important implications on health. A large body of research spanning several decades has demonstrated the safety and efficacy of regular physical activity in improving outcomes among the HF population, regardless of age, sex, or ethnicity. However, patients with HF, especially those who are older, are less likely to engage in regular exercise training compared with the general population. To improve initiation of regular exercise training and subsequent long-term compliance, there is a need to rethink the dialogue between clinicians and patients. This Review discusses the need to improve physical function and exercise habits in patients with HF, focusing on the older population.
... Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is an important and integral part of the contemporary cardiac care in patients after myocardial infarction (MI). Research data show that participating in CR improves physi-cal capacity, endothelial and autonomic function, quality of life, return to work, and reduces total and cardiovascular mortality [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Despite the proven benefits, many patients after MI, especially women and older patients, are not referred to center-based CR programs. ...
A relatively new alternative for post-MI patients' care is the hybrid cardiac rehabilitation consisting of ambulatory and home-based parts. The aim of the study was to compare the influence of cardiac rehabilitation on physical capacity, safety, adherence and return to work in post-MI male and female patients with preserved left ventricular systolic function and to assess who benefited more from this model of trainings.
The study comprised 57 men aged 54.5±7.5 years and 30 women aged 52.2±6.7 years after MI. All subjects underwent an 8-week training program consisting of 24 interval trainings. The first 10 trainings were done in an out-patient clinic, then both groups did their training at home with teleECG monitoring. At the beginning and after trainings all patients underwent a symptom-limited : exercise stress test. Assessment included results of exercise tests. Moreover, a comparative analysis of adherence and returning to work in post MI female and male patients was performed.
We found that trainings led to a significant improvement in physical capacity in all patients based on exercise test. When the training effects were compared between men and women, no significant differences were observed. The percentage of patients returning to work was higher in men than in women (78.9% vs 50%, p<0.01).
1. : Hybrid rehabilitation resulted in a comparable improvement in physical capacity in post-MI low-risk male and female patients. 2. Although hybrid rehabilitation facilitated patients' adherence to training program, their return to work was significantly greater only in post-MI men.
... Normal or mildly impaired subjects may exhibit a ceiling effect because jogging is not permitted in the testing procedure. Walking rate cannot exceed a certain level and walking distance tends to accumulate around a certain value (17). Mildly impaired individuals with COPD, therefore, may retain normal or near normal 6MWT distance. ...
Introduction:
This study aimed to determine the relationship of 6 minute walking test (6MWT) and cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) with each other and with the measures of lung functions in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Materials and methods:
Pulmonary function tests, 6MWT, and CPET were performed in 36 (35 males, 1 female) patients with moderate and severe COPD.
Results:
Maximum oxygen uptake was significantly correlated with 6 minute walking distance. Both exercise tests were correlated with pulmonary function tests. However, maximum exercise capacity was more closely correlated with measures of lung function than 6MWT. Both tests were significantly correlated with static lung volumes. Inspiratory capacity (IC) was significantly correlated with 6MWT and CPET parameters. CPET was significantly correlated with diffusion capacity and maximal inspiratory pressure. Airway conductance and resistance tests showed no correlation with the exercise tests.
Conclusion:
6MWT is a simple and valuable test to determine the exercise capacity of COPD patients. Both 6MWT and CPET are correlated with ventilatory impairment determined by the lung function tests, particularly FEV1, maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), and IC. However, CPET is an exercise test that more accurately evaluates and provides more detailed information about hyperinflation and respiratory musce strength than 6MWT does.
