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Pith necrosis induced on tomato plants cv. Laetitia and pepper plant cv. Airone 15 days after stem inoculations with the bacterial spot Xanthomonas species at 10 5 CFU ml −1 : Xanthomonas perforans 4P1S2 on tomato (this study) (a); X. euvesicatoria NCPPB 2968 on tomato (b); X. perforans NCPPB 4321 on tomato (c); X. vesicatoria LMG 911 on tomato (d); X. gardneri NCPPB 881 on tomato (e); X. gardneri NCPPB 881 on pepper (f)
Source publication
Pith necrosis is a common disease of tomato in Europe, mainly caused by Pseudomonas corrugata and other soil-borne species of Pseudomonas. During 2011–2012 a survey was conducted in soil-grown tomato crops in southeastern Sicily (Italy). Plants showed pith necrosis, brown discolouration of the vascular tissues, leaf chlorosis and sometimes wilting...
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Soft rot and blackleg can cause severe economic losses in potato production in South Africa and Zimbabwe depending on climatic conditions. The aim of the study was to identify the predominant bacteria causing potato soft rot and blackleg in these countries. Samples, comprising of stems and tubers from potato plants with blackleg and soft rot sympto...
Citations
... Tomato pith necrosis (TPN) is a globally significant disease caused by the members of the Pseudomonas genus and other bacteria, resulting in severe reductions in tomato yield. Currently, seven species of the Pseudomonas genus have been reported to cause TPN in tomato: Pseudomonas corrugate [4], Pseudomonas cichori [5], Pseudomonas mediterranea [6,7], Pseudomonas fluorescens [8], Pseudomonas putida [9], Pseudomonas marginalis [9], and Pseudomonas viridiflava [10]. At present, chemical fungicides are primarily used for preventing 2 of 15 and controlling TPN [1]. ...
... Tomato pith necrosis (TPN) is a globally significant disease caused by the members of the Pseudomonas genus and other bacteria, resulting in severe reductions in tomato yield. Currently, seven species of the Pseudomonas genus have been reported to cause TPN in tomato: Pseudomonas corrugate [4], Pseudomonas cichori [5], Pseudomonas mediterranea [6,7], Pseudomonas fluorescens [8], Pseudomonas putida [9], Pseudomonas marginalis [9], and Pseudomonas viridiflava [10]. At present, chemical fungicides are primarily used for preventing 2 of 15 and controlling TPN [1]. ...
Tomato pith necrosis (TPN) is a highly destructive disease caused by species of the Pseudomonas genus and other bacteria, resulting in a significant reduction in tomato yield. Members of the genus Bacillus are beneficial microorganisms extensively studied in the rhizosphere. However, in most cases, the potential of Bacillus members in controlling TPN and their impact on the rhizosphere microbial composition remain rarely studied. In this study, Bacillus velezensis ZN-S10 significantly inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas viridiflava ZJUP0398-2, and ZN-S10 controlled TPN with control efficacies of 60.31%. P. viridiflava ZJUP0398-2 significantly altered the richness and diversity of the tomato rhizobacterial community, but pre-inoculation with ZN-S10 mitigated these changes. The correlation analysis revealed that ZN-S10 maybe inhibits the growth of nitrogen-fixing bacteria and recruits beneficial bacterial communities associated with disease resistance, thereby suppressing the occurrence of diseases. In summary, the comparative analysis of the rhizosphere microbiome was conducted to explore the impact of ZN-S10 on the composition of rhizosphere microorganisms in the presence of pathogenic bacteria, aiming to provide insights for further research and the development of scientific and eco-friendly control strategies for this disease.
... Of the total 139 samples 26 bacterial isolates were purified on the basis of their colony morphology, color and texture. After incubation of pure cultures at 25±2 ℃ on nutrient agar media the expected translucent growth of X. Perforans was found in 20 isolates screened initially as the description of bacteria was reported by Aiello et al. (2013). ...
Bacterial spot of tomato is a major constraint to tomato production in tropical, subtropical, and temperate climates, leading to significant crop losses. The current study aimed to manage the highly devastating disease bacterial spot of tomato, caused by Xanthomonas perforans, using green silver nanoparticles based on Berberis vulgaris plant extract. Disease parameters, namely disease prevalence and disease incidence, were calculated from tomato growing areas of district Poonch, AJK, to document the current status of bacterial spot disease on local tomato cultivars. The associated pathogenic strains were purified, and virulence study was conducted on healthy tomato seedlings followed by characterization using morphological, biochemical, and molecular analysis. B. vulgaris plant extract was used for the preparation of green silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and three different concentrations were prepared (0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6%). For texture and molecular composition study, characterization of green AgNPs was done using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Green silver nanoparticles were then evaluated using the inhibition zone technique in the lab, and it was found that the maximum inhibition zone of 24.32 mm was observed at a 0.6% concentration. Similarly, in the greenhouse experiment, the minimum disease incidence was recorded in the treatment with a 0.6% concentration of green AgNPs. The results of the current study showed a significant reduction in disease incidence while using green silver nanoparticles against bacterial spot of tomato
... were reported on tomatoes grown in greenhouses, open fields, and soilless culture (Catara et al., 1997;Bella and Catara, 2010;Dimartino et al., 2011;Caruso et al., 2016;Castello et al., 2017). More recently (Aiello et al., 2013(Aiello et al., , 2017Torelli et al., 2015), pith necrosis, vascular discoloration and leaf chlorosis caused by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. perforans, were reported on soil-grown tomatoes in greenhouses in Sicily. ...
... Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. perforans 4P1S2, isolated from symptomatic tomato plants (Aiello et al., 2013) and antagonistic Pseudomonas fluorescens LIS1, isolated from tomato plants (Dimartino et al., 2011), were long-term stored in 15% glycerol solution at -80°C and subcultured on nutrient agar medium (NA, Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) + 1% dextrose (NDA) at 28°C. Wickerhamomyces anomalus BS91, selected for its good antagonistic ability related to β-glucanase production (Parafati et al., 2016), was maintained at 4°C and subcultured on yeast extract peptone dextrose agar (YPDA: yeast extract, 10 g L -1 ; peptone, 10 g L -1 ; dextrose, 20 g L -1 ; agar, 20 g L -1 ). ...
... Symptoms of the bacterial spot disease on tomato and pepper often occur as coalesced dark-brown necrotic lesions visible on all plant parts depending on the stage of infection (Doidge, 1920;Stall et al., 2009;Osdaghi et al., 2021; Figures 1A-C). Pith necrosis on tomatoes caused by X. perforans has also been described (Aiello et al., 2013; Figure 1C). On nutrient agar, the bacterium appears as yellow mucoid colonies within 24-48 h (Figures 1D,E). ...
Bacterial spot disease was first reported from South Africa by Ethel M. Doidge in 1920. In the ensuing century after the initial discovery, the pathogen has gained global attention in plant pathology research, providing insights into host–pathogen interactions, pathogen evolution, and effector discovery, such as the first discovery of transcription activation-like effectors, among many others. Four distinct genetic groups, including Xanthomonas euvesicatoria (proposed name: X. euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria ), Xanthomonas perforans (proposed name: X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans ), Xanthomonas gardneri (proposed name: Xanthomonas hortorum pv. gardneri ), and Xanthomonas vesicatoria , are known to cause bacterial spot disease. Recently, a new race of a bacterial spot pathogen, race T5, which is a product of recombination between at least two Xanthomonas species, was reported in Nigeria. In this review, our focus is on the progress made on the African continent, vis-à-vis progress made in the global bacterial spot research community to provide a body of information useful for researchers in understanding the diversity, evolutionary changes, and management of the disease in Africa.
... The interaction between co-infected pathogens is synergistic, mutualistic, or antagonistic. Synergistic interactions of plant pathogens usually result in increased disease severity, the most typical example of which is the tomato pith necrosis caused by pathogen complexes including Pseudomonas corrugata (Scarlett et al., 1978), Ps. mediterranea (Catara et al., 2002), Ps. marginalis (Bella and Catara, 2009), Ps. fluorescens, Ps. putida, Ps. citronellolis, Ps. straminea, Pantoea agglomerans, and X. perforans (Aiello et al., 2013). The disease is greatly aggravated when co-inoculation with Ps. corrugata and Ps. ...
Ipomoea aquatica is a leafy vegetable widely cultivated in tropical Asia, Africa, and Oceania. Bacterial leaf canker disease has been attacking the planting fields and seriously affecting the quality of I. aquatica in epidemic areas in China. This study examined the icrobial composition of I. aquatica leaves with classical symptoms of spot disease. The results showed that Xanthomonas was overwhelmingly dominant in all four diseased leaf samples but rarely present in rhizospheric soil or irrigation water samples. In addition, Pantoea was also detected in two of the diseased leaf samples. Pathogen isolation, identification, and inoculation revealed that both Xanthomonas sp.
TC2-1 and P. ananatis were pathogenic to the leaves of I. aquatic, causing cratershaped ulcerative spots and yellowing with big brown rot lesions on leaves, respectively. We further sequenced the whole genome of strain TC2-1 and showed that it is a member of X. perforans. Overall, this study identified X. perforans as the causal
pathogen of I. aquatica bacterial leaf canker, and P. ananatis as a companion pathogen causing yellowing and brown rot on leaves. The correct identification of the pathogens will provide important basis for future efforts to formulate targeted application strategy for bacterial disease control.
... However, X. perforans quickly took over since it was first identified in 1991 (Jones et al. 1995) and has been the only species isolated from Florida tomatoes for over a decade (Horvath et al. 2012;Klein-Gordon et al. 2021;Schwartz et al. 2015;Vallad et al. 2013). So far, X. perforans has been reported as causing disease within different areas worldwide, such as Canada (Ontario), Australia, Brazil, Ethiopia, Iran, Italy, Korea, Mexico, Nigeria, Southwest Indian Ocean (Mauritius, Mayotte, Seychelles), Taiwan, Tanzania, Thailand, and the USA (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Ohio, South Carolina) (Abbasi et al. 2015;Abrahamian et al. 2019aAbrahamian et al. , 2019bAdhikari et al. 2019;Aiello et al. 2013;Araújo et al. 2017;Burlakoti et al. 2018;Egel et al. 2018;Hamza et al. 2010;Kebede et al. 2014;Khanal et al. 2021;Lewis Ivey et al. 2016;Ma et al. 2011;Mbega et al. 2012;Myung et al. 2009;Osdaghi et al. 2017;Roach et al. 2018;Schwartz et al. 2015;Timilsina et al. 2015Timilsina et al. , 2016. The geographical expansion of X. perforans is likely attributed to long-distance movement, which is commonly associated with movement of infested seeds and transplants (Gitaitis et al. 1992;Kebede et al. 2014;Potnis et al. 2015). ...
... When the center tissue of leaf lesions collapses, a shot-hole appearance can result (Jones and Miller 2014). Although less common, pith necrosis, characterized by vascular browning, has been associated with some X. perforans strains in tomatoes (Aiello et al. 2013). Furthermore, co-infections of Pseudomonas spp. with X. perforans can enhance bacterial population and result in more severe pith necrosis symptoms in tomato stems (Aiello et al. 2017). ...
Tomato is an important crop grown worldwide. Various plant diseases cause massive losses in tomato plants due to diverse biotic agents. Bacterial spot of tomato (BST) is a worldwide disease that results in high losses in processed and fresh tomato. Xanthomonas perforans, an aerobic, single-flagellated, rod-shaped, Gram-negative plant pathogenic bacterium, is one of the leading causes of BST. Over the past three decades, X. perforans has increasingly been reported from tomato-growing regions and became a major bacterial disease. X. perforans thrives under high humidity and high temperature, which is commonplace in tropical and subtropical climates. Distinguishing symptoms of BST are necrotic lesions that can coalesce and cause a shot-hole appearance. X. perforans can occasionally cause fruit symptoms depending on disease pressure during fruit development. Short-distance movement in the field is mainly dependent on wind-driven rain, whereas long distance movement occurs through contaminated seed or plant material. X. perforans harbors a suite of effectors that increase pathogen virulence, fitness, and dissemination. BST management mainly relies on copper-based compounds; however, resistance is widespread. Alternative compounds, such as nanomaterials, are currently being evaluated and show high potential for BST management. Resistance breeding remains difficult to attain due to limited resistant germplasm. While the increased genetic diversity and gain and loss of effectors in X. perforans limits the success of single-gene resistance, the adoption of effector-specific transgenes and quantitative resistance may lead to durable host resistance. However, further research that aims to more effectively implement novel management tools is required to curb disease spread.
Key points
• Xanthomonas perforans causes bacterial spot on tomato epidemics through infected seedlings and movement of plant material.
• Genetic diversity plays a major role in shaping populations which is evident in loss and gain of effectors.
• Management relies on copper sprays, but nanoparticles are a promising alternative to reduce copper toxicity.
... michiganensis, which causes tomato bacterial canker; and (ii) one of the Xanthomonas species that causes bacterial spot of tomato, X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans (Bella et al., 2012;Aiello et al., 2013;Catara and Bella, 2020). ...
Tomato is subject to several diseases that affect both field- and greenhouse-grown crops. To select cost-effective potential biocontrol agents, we used laboratory throughput screening to identify bacterial strains with versatile characteristics suitable for multipurpose uses. The natural diversity of tomato root–associated bacterial communities was bioprospected under a real-world environment represented by an intensive tomato cultivation area characterized by extraseasonal productions in the greenhouse. Approximately 400 tomato root–associated bacterial isolates, in majority Gram-negative bacteria, were isolated from three compartments: the soil close to the root surface (rhizosphere, R), the root surface (rhizoplane, RP), and the root interior (endorhizosphere, E). A total of 33% of the isolates produced siderophores and were able to solubilize phosphates and grow on NA with 8% NaCl. A total of 30% of the root-associated bacteria showed antagonistic activity against all the tomato pathogens tested, i.e., Clavibacter michiganesis pv. michiganensis, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, Pseudomonas corrugata and Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. perforans, and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. We found that the sampling site rather than the root compartment of isolation influenced bacterial composition in terms of analyzed phenotype. This was demonstrated through a diversity analysis including general characteristics and PGPR traits, as well as biocontrol activity in vitro. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene (rDNA) sequencing of 77 culturable endophytic bacteria that shared multiple beneficial activity revealed a predominance of bacteria in Bacillales, Enterobacteriales, and Pseudomonadales. Their in vitro antagonistic activity showed that Bacillus species were significantly more active than the isolates in the other taxonomic group. In planta activity against phytopathogenic bacteria of a subset of Bacillus and Pseudomonas isolates was also assessed.
... Lately, the genus has been responsible for countless losses in agricultural production worldwide (Quezado-Duval & Lopes, 2010), due to diseases such as leaf spots (Marcolin et al., 2015), necrotic stem lesions , leaves and fruits (Aiello et al., 2013), withered (Almeida et al., 2014), cancers (Moraes et al., 2011), among other symptoms, infecting a range of approximately 400 plant species, such as rice (Oryza sativa), bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), grape (Vitis vinifera), mango (Mangifera indica), passionfruit (Passiflora edulis), cassava (Manihot esculenta), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), potato (Solanum tuberosum), wheat (Triticum aestivum), neem (Azadirachta indica), citrus and crucifers (Leyns et al., 1984). ...
Among the most economically significant agricultural crops, the species of the Brassicaceae family stand out as one of the most popular in human food. Cabbage leaf (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) is an essential ingredient in many regional dishes and is an excellent nutritional source for children, young and old. However, Brazilian production has been suffering from the incidence of pests and diseases that affect the crop, being the black rot of the cruciferous (BRC), the main cause of economic losses of its producers. Given this context, the objective is to build a theoretical framework by reviewing the literature on the agroecological management of BRC in cabbage leaf, based on the contribution of scientific knowledge to the preservation of agrobiodiversity in rural and traditional family communities.
... Visible browning of the pith tissues similar to that observed on cannabis plants in this study has been reported in several other diseases e.g. black shank of tobacco (Phytophthora nicotianae) (Gallup et al. 2006), brown stem rot of soybeans (Phialophora gregata) (Hadi 2016), fusarium stalk rot of corn (Fusarium moniliforme) (Faske and Kirkpatrick 2015), and pith necrosis of tomato (Pseudomonas corrugata) (Scarlett et al. 2015) and Xanthomonas perforans (Aiello et al. 2013). The pith tissues consist of loosely organized parenchyma cells that store and transport nutrients (Fujimoto et al. 2018). ...
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L., marijuana) plants grown under greenhouse or controlled environments with symptoms of leaf yellowing, leaf necrosis and defoliation were observed during 2018–2019. Additional symptoms included crown rot and internal browning or blackening of the pith tissues. Stock (mother) plants as well as plants in the vegetative and flowering stages of 15 cannabis strains (genotypes) were affected. In addition, damping-off symptoms were observed on rooted cuttings in propagation rooms. Isolations from diseased tissues yielded predominantly Fusarium proliferatum, with some F. oxysporum also recovered. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences from the translation elongation factor 1α (TEF-1 α) region of 29 isolates of F. proliferatum from eight licenced production facilities in three provinces in Canada (British Columbia, Ontario and New Brunswick), and one cannabis production site in northern California, grouped isolates from cannabis with a large clade of isolates from a wide range of other hosts in different geographic regions. Pathogenicity studies confirmed the ability of F. proliferatum to cause symptoms of wilting, leaf and pith necrosis, and plant death on cuttings, rooted plants and stock plants. Inoculated tomato and cucumber plants developed similar symptoms. Stem colonization was more extensive by F. proliferatum compared to F. oxysporum on cannabis cuttings. Both grew optimally at 25°C on agar media although F. oxysporum grew faster than F. proliferatum at all temperatures tested. The occurrence of F. proliferatum on cannabis plants has not been previously reported, adding to recent reports of F. oxysporum and F. solani that cause similar symptoms on cannabis plants.
... Like other leaf-spotting Xanthomonads, it was shown that X. fragariae enters leaf tissue through openings, such as stomata and wounds, colonizes the intercellular space of leaf mesophyll with a biofilm, causing plant cell plasmolysis and deformation, and oozes out the leaf surface though stomata (Allan-Wojtas et al. 2010;Hildebrand et al. 2005;Kastelein et al. 2014). Generally speaking, leaf-spotting bacteria are typically nonvascular-invading pathogens (Aiello et al. 2013;Jacques et al. 2016;Pfeilmeier et al. 2016;Ryan et al. 2011). However, some previous studies have reported X. fragariae in strawberry vascular tissue (Hildebrand et al. 1967;Milholland et al. 1996) and/or its presence in tissues away from the site of inoculation (Bestfleisch et al. 2015;Milholland et al. 1996;Stefani et al. 1989). ...
Xanthomonas fragariae causes angular leaf spot of strawberry, an important disease in strawberry growing regions worldwide. To better understand how X. fragariae multiplies and moves in strawberry plants, a GFP-labelled strain was constructed and used to monitor the pathogen's presence in leaf, petiole, and crown tissue with fluorescence microscopy following natural and wound inoculation in three strawberry cultivars. Taqman PCR was used to quantify bacterial densities in these same tissues regardless of the presence of GFP signal. Results showed X. fragariae colonized leaf mesophyll, the top 1 cm portion of the petiole adjacent to the leaf blade, and was occasionally found colonizing xylem vessels down to the middle of the petioles. The colonization of vascular bundles and the limited systemic movement that was observed appeared to be a passive process, of which the frequency increased with wounding and direct infiltration of bacteria into leaf veins. X. fragariae was able to directly enter petioles and colonize the space under the epidermis. Systemic movement of the bacteria into crown and other un-inoculated tissues was not detected visually by GFP. However, X. fragariae was occasionally detected in these tissues by qPCR, but at quantities very near the qPCR detection limit. Petioles tissue harboring bacteria introduced either by direct entry through natural openings or wounds, or by systemic movement from infected foliar tissue, likely serves as a main source of initial inoculum in field plantings.
