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Populations of Pilosella species in ruderal habitats in the city of Prague: consequences of the spread of P. aurantiaca and P. rothiana Populace druhů rodu Pilosella na ruderálních stanovištích v Praze: následky expanze P. aurantiaca a P. rothiana Populations of Pilosella species in ruderal habitats in the city of Prague: consequences of the spread...
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... in the population at Řepy (Fig. 3) Pilosella aurantiaca × Pilosella visianii (Fig. 9). This hybrid between two tetraploid apomictic parents was detected only once at this locality. The plant was tetraploid and sterile, producing only empty achenes. The tetraploid and apomictic parent P. visianii occurs there in a lawn together with the second parent, P. aurantiaca. It is highly likely it belongs to a tetraploid ...
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... In Pilosella, the hybridisation includes both evolutionary scenarios, i.e., the formation of hybridogenous lineages [9] and introgression via repeated backcrossing [8]. Despite extensive experimental research on hybrid species complexes in Pilosella (e.g., [12][13][14][15]), morphological characters are considered more important than molecular markers in practical identification [16]. ...
The taxonomic history, nomenclature and application of the oldest species names available for the common hybrids between Pilosella caespitosa and P. lactucella are reviewed. Elias Fries created a nomenclatural and bibliographical collision when he replaced a printed label of his exsiccata Herbarium normale with its second version, distributed at a later date, in which the protologue of Hieracium suecicum had appeared. In this protologue, the new species name was validly published with a mere reference to the original description of H. auricula var. majus, thus being based on the type of the latter. In a later fascicle of the same exsiccata, Fries excluded this synonym and distributed a different morphotype of H. suecicum, which caused taxonomic confusion and re-description of the same taxon under the name H. fennicum. The surviving original material of H. auricula var. majus is rejected, and its neotype is designated, making H. suecicum the correct name for the hybrids strictly intermediate between P. lactucella and P. caespitosa. Such hybrids constitute the most common hybridogenous taxon of Pilosella in Scandinavia, Finland and neighbouring Russia, with many synonyms described from this area and partly typified here. Another hybridogenous taxon of the same origin, more similar to P. lactucella and previously known as P. cochlearis, is correctly named P. stipitiflora comb. nov. The nomenclatural value and bibliographic complexity of exsiccata, a commonly underestimated kind of grey literature in taxonomic botany, are further highlighted.
... It has a high penetrance of apomixis and behaves independently of its parents in the field. Morphologically and genomically identical plants were found as recent hybrids in many areas commonly with their parents (for a list see Krahulec et al. 2020); we use the name P. ×rubra. Such plants have low penetrance of apomixis and grow only with their parents. ...
... There are commonly hybrids between two polyploid and apomictic parents, P. officinarum and P. bauhini, in Bulgaria (Krahulcová et al. 2009b(Krahulcová et al. , 2018. Several hybrids of two apomictic taxa, both of n+n and 2n+n origin, were recently described from the area of Prague (Krahulec et al. 2020). Hybridization between the two apomicts, H. pilosella (= P. officinarum) and H. praealtum (= P. bauhini) was also described from New Zealand (Morgan- Richards et al. 2004). ...
... This switch from the parental apomixis to sexuality in the progeny has already been described by Chapman et al. (2003), who found the tetraploid sexual P. officinarum had arisen from hybridization between two different pentaploid clones of this species. Krahulec et al. (2020) documented two similar cases, namely, the hybrids between P. aurantiaca and P. piloselloides (P. ×derubella), and P. aurantiaca and P. caespitosa (P. ...
Residual sexuality of the apomict Pilosella rubra under natural conditions in the Krkonoše Mts.-Preslia 92: 403-428. Because of residual sexuality, a maternal facultatively apomictic plant is able to produce more than just apomictic progeny. The production of such non-apomictic progeny has been studied in open-pollinated Pilosella rubra, a hexaploid species of hybridogenous origin. The mixed-species population was studied in montane grasslands in the Krkonoše Mts (the Sudetes). Progeny from achenes that were collected in the field were grown (2800 plants) and their DNA ploidy level was determined. Based on maternal/progeny comparisons regarding ploidy level and morphology, most of the progeny was formed apomictically (91.0%), while the remainder (9.0%) consisted of trihaploids and various hybrids. In previous garden crossing experiments, the residual sexuality of P. rubra was 11.9%, not significantly different from the value found in the present study. Most of the hybrid progeny grown from seeds originated from a conjugation of parental reduced gametes (n+n hybrids) except for the octoploid hybrid of P. rubra with any of the tetraploid taxa (2n+n hybrid). The range of variation in DNA content within particular progeny categories/cytotypes reflected the origins of the progeny. Examination of the species/cytotype composition of the population from which the achenes of P. rubra were collected, revealed hybrids of P. rubra established in the field and identified the co-occurring Pilosella species, some of which were the putative paternal parents of these hybrids. Based on a combination of morphology and ploidy level, hybrids of hexaploid P. rubra with the following Pilosella species were identified there: the tetraploid P. officinarum (hybrid P. ×stoloniflora, pentaploid, hexaploid and octoploid plants, one of the hybrid plants was a somatic mosaic (4x+8x)), the diploid P. lactucella (tetraploid hybrid), the tetraploid P. floribunda (pentaploid hybrid) and the tetraploid P. iserana (pentaploid hybrid). The facultatively apomictic P. rubra readily hybridizes as a maternal parent under field conditions, especially in species-rich populations. The progeny arising from these interspecific crosses increases the population diversity and may affect the evolution of such populations.
The third part of the planned series follows two previous articles published in the past three years, being intended as a small incentive for the future preparation of the new Flora of Prague. This contribution summarizes the most important floristic findings made in the territory of the capital city of Prague, Czech Republic, mostly during the last years. The focus is given especially on plant species hitherto unknown (Arum cylindraceum, Liriodendron tulipifera, Oenothera macrocarpa) or long missing from Prague (Blysmus compressus, Carex demissa, Geranium divaricatum), as well as the species that are locally rare (e.g. Arabis pauciflora, Carex disticha, Festuca altissima, Isolepis setacea, Lythrum hyssopifolia, Monotropa hypophegea), rapidly declining (e.g. Anemone sylvestris, Anthemis arvensis, Kickxia elatine, Trifolium retusum, T. striatum) or under-recorded (Arabis sagittata, Gagea transversalis, Lathraea squamaria, Pilosella visianii). We also provide new localities of species that have recently spread (Polycarpon tetraphyllum, Solanum physalifolium) or were only accidentally introduced (e.g. Achillea filipendulina, Azolla cf. filiculoides, Geranium rotundifolium, Lepidium virginicum, Pistia stratiotes).
This paper summarises the principal factors underlying the variation of Pilosella populations in the fi eld:
1. Variation of taxa (basic, and hybridogenous species, recent hybrids); 2. Variation in chromosome number;
3. Variation in breeding systems; 4. Hybridization; 5. Population structure. Suggestions on how to
study Pilosella populations are given.
The third part of this series of articles on the distribution of Pilosella in Eastern Bohemia summarises records from the phytogeographical district of Sudetské mezihoří. A total of 13 taxa were found, of which five were basic species (P. aurantiaca, P. bauhini, P. caespitosa, P. officinarum and P. piloselloides) and eight were taxa of hybrid origin (P. bauhini × P. glomerata, P. brachiata, P. densiflora, P. floribunda, P. glomerata, P. iserana, P. polymastix and P. ziziana). Records on P. bauhini × P. glomerata and hybridogenous taxa P. brachiata, P. densiflora and P. polymastix are new to this phytogeographical district.
Urfus T., Vít P., Urfusová R. & Krahulec F. (2020) Morphology mirrors ploidy and reproductive modes in Pilosella officinarum.-Preslia 92: 391-402. Pilosella officinarum is represented predominantly by tetraploid (2n = 36), pentaploid (2n = 45) and hexaploid (2n = 54) cytotypes reproducing, to various degrees, both sexually and apomictically. Its current intraspecific taxonomical treatment is based mainly on selected apomictic lineages, the large number of which makes the treatment confusing and not generally applicable. We therefore tested the breeding modes of a representative set of plants from central Europe, cultivated under experimental conditions. Each ploidy level was associated with a different reproductive pattern (4x-sexual, 5x-prevalently apomictic and 6x-sexual and apomictic). Whereas sexual tetraploids occurred in the western part of the study area (the Czech Massif), apomictic pentaploids and hexaploids were scattered in its eastern part (Western Carpathians and Pannonia). Moreover, the hexaploid cytotype formed a distinct exclusively sexual group restricted to steep river canyons of the Czech Massif. Morphometric analyses were performed to determine the set of characters which distinguish major lineages characterized by different ploidy and reproductive modes. Their results confirm the existence of morphological differences between plants of different ploidy levels and, in the case of the hexaploid cytotype, different modes of breeding. Knowledge of ploidy and reproductive modes is therefore essential for elucidating the reticulate infraspecific structure of Pilosella officinarum.
