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Pictures of plates: (A) Fusarium solani , (B) F. oxysporum , (C) F. proliferatum , (D) Phytophthora citrophthora , (E) P. nicotiana , (F) Macro and microconidia of F. solani . November/December 2011 Citrograph 31
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The pathogen, disease, and symptoms Dry root rot (DRR), a disease caused by the soil fungus Fusarium solani, has a long history in citrus pro-duction in California. Fusarium solani is a weak pathogen on citrus and can infect only when a tree is under stress. This pathogen is present in almost all citrus orchards everywhere in the world including Ca...
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... The pathogen penetrates citrus roots and cause root rot; the roots become blackened with discoloured peels and necrosis, and when the pathogen reaches the xylem vessels it leads to the weakening of the tree. The disease worsens with biotic (Phytophthora spp., citrus tristeza virus (CTV), or attacks by pests such as nematodes (e.g., Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb), rodents, and insects) and/or abiotic (drought, root asphyxiation due to over-watering, high temperature, poor root aeration, and excessive fertilization) stressors [1,[8][9][10]. ...
... DRR disease is increasingly becoming an important threat to citrus plantations worldwide [1,3,4,8,11]. However, no curative control strategy is currently available to suppress this disease. ...
... However, no curative control strategy is currently available to suppress this disease. The common strategy used for the disease control is mainly based on an integrated management approach combining sanitation measures, cultural practices, the use of chemical control and tolerant cultivars [1,8]. Information on the use of alternative approaches against DRR is sparse [12,13]. ...
Citrus trees face threats from several diseases that affect its production, in particular dry root rot (DRR). DRR is a multifactorial disease mainly attributed to Neocosmospora (Fusarium) solani and other several species of Neocosmospora and Fusarium spp. Nowadays, biological control holds a promising control strategy that showed its great potential as a reliable eco-friendly method for managing DRR disease. In the present study, antagonist rhizobacteria isolates were screened based on in vitro dual culture bioassay with N. solani. Out of 210 bacterial isolates collected from citrus rhi-zosphere, twenty isolates were selected and identified to the species level based on the 16S rRNA gene. Molecular identification based on 16S rRNA gene revealed nine species belonging to Bacillus, Stenotrophomonas, and Sphingobacterium genus. In addition, their possible mechanisms involved in biocontrol and plant growth promoting traits were also investigated. Results showed that pectinase, cellulose, and chitinase were produced by eighteen, sixteen, and eight bacterial isolates, respectively. All twenty isolates were able to produce amylase and protease, only four isolates produced hydrogen cyanide, fourteen isolates have solubilized tricalcium phosphate, and ten had the ability to produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Surprisingly, antagonist bacteria differed substantially in their ability to produce antimicrobial substances such as bacillomycin (five isolates), iturin (ten isolates), fengycin (six isolates), surfactin (fourteen isolates), and bacteriocin (subtilosin A (six isolates)). Regarding the PGPR capabilities, an increase in the growth of the bacterial treated canola plants, used as a model plant, was observed. Interestingly, both bacterial isolates Bacillus subtilis K4-4 and GH3-8 appear to be more promising as biocontrol agents, since they completely suppressed the disease in greenhouse trials. Moreover, these antagonist bacteria could be used as bio-fertilizer for sustainable agriculture.
... As stress factors have a fundamental role in triggering the infection by Colletotrichum species, twig and shoot dieback may be regarded as a complex disease, a definition also encompassing other emerging citrus diseases, such as dry root rot incited by species of Fusarium s.l. [49][50][51]. A common feature of this type of diseases is the difficulty in reproducing the syndrome in experimental conditions as even wounding may only partially substitute environmental stresses and cannot reproduce alone the effects of different stressors acting simultaneously on host-plant. ...
(1) Background: This study was aimed at identifying the Colletotrichum species associated with twig and shoot dieback of citrus, a new syndrome occurring in the Mediterranean region and also reported as emerging in California. (2) Methods: Overall, 119 Colletotrichum isolates were characterized. They were recovered from symptomatic trees of sweet orange, mandarin and mandarin-like fruits during a survey of citrus groves in Albania and Sicily (southern Italy). (3) Results: The isolates were grouped into two distinct morphotypes. The grouping of isolates was supported by phylogenetic sequence analysis of two genetic markers, the internal transcribed spacer regions of rDNA (ITS) and β-tubulin (TUB2). The groups were identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and C. karstii, respectively. The former accounted for more than 91% of isolates, while the latter was retrieved only occasionally in Sicily. Both species induced symptoms on artificially wound inoculated twigs. C. gloeosporioides was more aggressive than of C. karstii. Winds and prolonged drought were the factor predisposing to Colletotrichum twig and shoot dieback. (4) Conclusions: This is the first report of C. gloeosporioides and C. karstii as causal agents of twig and shoot dieback disease in the Mediterranean region and the first report of C. gloeosporioides as a citrus pathogen in Albania.
... Fusarium solani was also detected, but at lower proportions (Table 3). It is often found on dead organic matter, but under certain conditions it can cause disease in various hosts [99]. Dactylonectria macrodidyma (previously Neonectria macrodidyma) was also commonly recorded both in the root and soil samples of different tree seedlings (Table 3). ...
The production of tree seedlings in forest nurseries and their use in the replanting of clear-cut forest sites is a common practice in the temperate and boreal forests of Europe. Although conifers dominate on replanted sites, in recent years, deciduous tree species have received more attention due to their often-higher resilience to abiotic and biotic stress factors. The aim of the present study was to assess the belowground fungal communities of bare-root cultivated seedlings of Alnus glutinosa, Betula pendula, Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies and Quercus robur in order to gain a better understanding of the associated fungi and oomycetes, and their potential effects on the seedling performance in forest nurseries and after outplanting. The study sites were at the seven largest bare-root forest nurseries in Lithuania. The sampling included the roots and adjacent soil of 2–3 year old healthy-looking seedlings. Following the isolation of the DNA from the individual root and soil samples, these were amplified using ITS rRNA as a marker, and subjected to high-throughput PacBio sequencing. The results showed the presence of 161,302 high-quality sequences, representing 2003 fungal and oomycete taxa. The most common fungi were Malassezia restricta (6.7% of all of the high-quality sequences), Wilcoxina mikolae (5.0%), Pustularia sp. 3993_4 (4.6%), and Fusarium oxysporum (3.5%). The most common oomycetes were Pythium ultimum var. ultimum (0.6%), Pythium heterothallicum (0.3%), Pythium spiculum (0.3%), and Pythium sylvaticum (0.2%). The coniferous tree species (P. abies and P. sylvestris) generally showed a higher richness of fungal taxa and a rather distinct fungal community composition compared to the deciduous tree species (A. glutinosa, B. pendula, and Q. robur). The results demonstrated that the seedling roots and the rhizosphere soil in forest nurseries support a high richness of fungal taxa. The seedling roots were primarily inhabited by saprotrophic and mycorrhizal fungi, while fungal pathogens and oomycetes were less abundant, showing that the cultivation practices used in forest nurseries secured both the production of high-quality planting stock and disease control.
... quasi-absent(Krueger and Bender, 2015). It is therefore necessary to seek sources of 540 resistance by avoiding stressful conditions described above(Adesemoye et al., 2013). Other541 possible stresses include invasion by other pathogens, such as Phytophthora, which 542 predisposes citrus trees to F. solani infections (Dandurand and Menge,1994), Tristeza virus 543 (CTV), injuries caused by rodents, insects or weed control operations strongly influence the 544 spread of the disease (Adesemoye et al., 2013).545 ...
Citrus fruits are among the most consumed fruits in the world. However, the world production of citrus fruits is faced with several constraints which hinder its development. Furthermore, the spread of pests such as mealybugs, mites and Mediterranean fruit fly has impacted negatively on citrus quality and yield. Therefore, the main objectives of this review were to identify the key harmful organisms to the citrus crops and to highlight the appropriate methods to manage them. In this paper, more attention was given to root rot and dry root rot diseases caused by Phytophthora spp. and Fusarium spp., respectively. It was concluded that the control of citrus pests was relied on the use of chemicals. The use of integrated orchard management methods remains the best practice to minimize the adverse effects of pesticides on the environment. Two fungicides, Fosetyl-Al and Metalaxyl, were widely curatively used to control Phytophthora root rot. Moreover, the control of dry root rot disease due to Fusarium spp. requires the optimization of irrigation and fertilization inputs. In addition to the use of sanitation practices, scouting and monitoring the appearance and development of key pests and diseases help to strengthen the control methods and reduce the use of pesticides.
... It also and cause different diseases such as onychomycosis or keratitis for human [1], or meningoencephalitis in the dog [2]. Fusarium also can result in many other diseases on plants such as Fusarium wilt on watermelon or bean [3,4], Fusarium head blight on wheat [5], Fusarium dry on citrus [6] or Fusarium root rot [7]. According to Fusarium management guide [8], Fusarium head blight disease, which is the key factor to cause Fusarium damage kernel on wheat, has annually resulted in losses of hundreds of million dollars. ...
Using the adaptive-cognitive Kalman and neural-network to process three main types of noises, thermal noise, burst noise, and background noise. The adaptive feature means the process noise error can vary by the type of noise and the magnitude of noise. The cognitive feature means the adaptation coefficients (beta) were chosen by observation and experiments. In addition to that, a combination of three different thermopiles to analyze samples. This combination is an upgraded method from our previous device of the use of two thermopiles to analyze Fusarium spore. In that device, the group-distinction coefficient was used to distinguish samples. However, there would be samples having similar group-distinction coefficients. The three-thermopile combination lead to that a validation area can be used to distinguish the samples with similar group-distinction coefficients.
... usarium can cause infection on human and animals by impairing the host immunization system and resulting in different undesired outcome [1][2][3]. The fungus impacts most on plants by leading to fungal diseases such as Fusarium head blight [4][5][6], Fusarium wilt [7][8][9], Fusarium dry rot [9], crown rot, and root rot [6], [10]. Therefore, an early detection of the spore appearance to have the treatment is the key to prevent Fusarium diseases from causing damages. ...
... usarium can cause infection on human and animals by impairing the host immunization system and resulting in different undesired outcome [1][2][3]. The fungus impacts most on plants by leading to fungal diseases such as Fusarium head blight [4][5][6], Fusarium wilt [7][8][9], Fusarium dry rot [9], crown rot, and root rot [6], [10]. Therefore, an early detection of the spore appearance to have the treatment is the key to prevent Fusarium diseases from causing damages. ...
... Therefore, an early detection of the spore appearance to have the treatment is the key to prevent Fusarium diseases from causing damages. The destruction caused by fungus disease has been seen around the world on many types of plants [8][9][10][11][12]. ...
Early detecting of fusarium spore in the air is highly desired, as it helps to protect crops from the potential of dangerous fungal disease. This paper focuses on developing a method and building a portable, reliable, and affordable device, which can promptly and continuously detect the presence of fusarium spores in the air. Based on the Beer-Lambert law and the distinct infrared absorbance spectrum of substances, a specification logarithm ratio formula for two different wavelengths is developed. This is the main principle of the detection technique and design of the device. In the system, there are two sensitive infrared thermopiles that work on two specific infrared wavelengths, including λ
<sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub>
= 6.09 ± 0.06 μm and λ
<sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub>
= 9.49 ± 0.44 μm. The thermopiles are used to measure the infrared light intensity emitted by an infrared light source (2-22 μm) for thefusarium spore detection analysis. The detection is based on the group distinction coefficient. The Beer-Lambert law also assists in the approximate estimation of the quantity of the spores. For testing the detection ability of the system and the method, besides fusarium spore, other substances, such as sunflower pollen, polyphenol, and starch, were also used in the experiments. The experimental results indicate that the fusarium group-distinction coefficient (1.14 ± 0.15) is distinct from the other investigated substances (pollen: 0.13 ± 0.11, turmeric: 0.79 ± 0.07, and starch 0.94 ± 0.07). The results prove that the system and the proposed method can be used to detect and quantify not only for fusarium but also for other spores, molds, and specific pathogens.
... "Valencia" in the Yaqui Valley. Similar findings have been reported in California (United States), identifying to Fusarium solani and Phytopstora spp. as the causal agent of dark decay in the bark of large scaffold roots and the lower crown of the trunk, and chlorosis in leaves, and wilting on lemon and orange trees (Adesemoye et al., 2011). In addition, Fogliata et al. (2013) reported the presence of Fusarium rot on lemon trees, identifying Fusarium oxysporum as the causal agent. ...
... Hallazgos similares han sido reportados en California (Estados Unidos), identificando a Fusarium solani y Phytopstora spp. como los agentes causales de la descomposición oscura en la corteza de las raíces y la corona inferior del tronco, así como clorosis en hojas y marchitamiento en naranjos y limoneros (Adesemoye et al., 2011). Además, Fogliata et al. (2013) reportaron la presencia de pudrición por Fusarium en limoneros, e identificaron a Fusarium oxysporum como el agente causal. ...
Muerte de naranjos (Citrus sinensis L. Osberck) var. “Valencia” fue observada en el Valle del Yaqui, México, en agosto de 2017. Para identificar el agente causal, se recolectaron hojas, ramas y raíces de árboles sintomáticos. Siete aislados fúngicos fueron obtenidos de raíces presentando oscurecimiento del sistema vascular, llamados FS1 a FS7. Las características macro y microscópicas típicas del género Fusarium fueron observadas en todos los aislados mono-espóricos obtenidos, tales como: abundante micelio algodonoso de color blanco y un anverso de color púrpura o amarillo en PDA, macroconidias curvas más ancha en la parte central de su longitud, y ovaladas, reniformes, alargadas, de ovaladas a obovoides con una base truncada, y microconidias septadas. La secuenciación de la región de Espaciadores Internos Transcritos (ITS) mostró una alta cobertura y similitud (> 99%) con secuencias del Complejo de Especies de Fusarium solani (CEFS). La inoculación de naranjos de 1 año de edad con cada uno de los aislados de Fusarium obtenidos provocó el oscurecimiento del sistema vascular de la raíz y la muerte de estos árboles, lo que confirma que estos aislado fueron los agentes causales del marchitamiento por Fusarium observados en árboles de naranja en campos comerciales del Valle del Yaqui. Este es el primer reporte de marchitamiento por Fusarium en cítricos en dicha región.
... "Valencia" in the Yaqui Valley. Similar findings have been reported in California (United States), identifying to Fusarium solani and Phytopstora spp. as the causal agent of dark decay in the bark of large scaffold roots and the lower crown of the trunk, and chlorosis in leaves, and wilting on lemon and orange trees (Adesemoye et al., 2011). In addition, Fogliata et al. (2013) reported the presence of Fusarium rot on lemon trees, identifying Fusarium oxysporum as the causal agent. ...
... Hallazgos similares han sido reportados en California (Estados Unidos), identificando a Fusarium solani y Phytopstora spp. como los agentes causales de la descomposición oscura en la corteza de las raíces y la corona inferior del tronco, así como clorosis en hojas y marchitamiento en naranjos y limoneros (Adesemoye et al., 2011). Además, Fogliata et al. (2013) reportaron la presencia de pudrición por Fusarium en limoneros, e identificaron a Fusarium oxysporum como el agente causal. ...
La enfermedad Brusone en trigo es causada por el hongo Pyricularia oryzae patotipo Triticum. Desde hace 30 años, esta enfermedad ha sido endémica de Sudamérica hasta su aparición en Bangladés en el año 2016, abriendo la posibilidad de su expansión a otras regiones. Considerando poca disponibilidad de las fuentes de resistencia conocida en trigo y conociendo la resistencia de los trigos sintéticos hexaploides (TSHs) a distintos tipos de estrés, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar una colección por su resistencia a la Piricularia. Los ensayos fueron realizados en el Centro de Investigación Hernando Bertoni, Instituto Paraguayo de Tecnología Agraria, Paraguay. Las infecciones fueron realizadas en espigas, concentración 5.104 conidios.mL-1. La reacción se evaluó a los 15 días después de la inoculación y observada durante los próximos 15 días para calcular el avance de la enfermedad. Sesenta y cuatro TSHs proporcionados por el Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo, México, fueron sometidos a infecciones por un aislado (P14ATae039) de P. oryzae., donde 18 materiales fueron seleccionados por su valor máximo de reacción, para una reevaluación con dos aislados P14ATae039 y P14YTae031. Los trigos TS29, TS49 fueron identificados como nuevas fuentes de resistencia a Brusone, al igual que TS73 que es moderadamente susceptible, pero de distinto origen genético. Para nuestro conocimiento este es el primer reporte de selección de los trigos sintéticos hexaploides como nuevas fuentes de resistencia genética para Brusone de trigo.
... Of these, only F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum and N. solani s.str. were considered pathogens associated with this disease prior to the present study (Menge 1988, Adesemoye et al. 2011. Our results reveal a large diversity of Fusarium species spanning several species complexes, associated with dry root rot in a restricted area of Southern Italy, and major and minor Italian islands. ...
... Reports from Citrus spp. are scarce with only F. proliferatum reported from fruit rot in Asia and associated with dry root rot (Hyun et al. 2000, Adesemoye et al. 2011, Farr & Rossman 2017. Further testing is needed to confirm the ecological relevance of the new species. ...
The diversity of fusaria in symptomatic Citrus trees in Greece, Italy and Spain was evaluated using
morphological and molecular multi-locus analyses based on fragments of the calmodulin (CAM), intergenic spacer region of the rDNA (IGS), internal transcribed spacer region of the rDNA (ITS), large subunit of the rDNA (LSU), RNA polymerase largest subunit (RPB1), RNA polymerase second largest subunit (RPB2), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α) and beta-tubulin (TUB) genes. A total of 11 species (six Fusarium spp., and five Neocosmospora spp.) were isolated from dry root rot, crown, trunk or twig canker or twig dieback of citrus trees. The most commonly isolated species were Fusarium sarcochroum, F. oxysporum and Neocosmospora solani. Three new Fusarium species are described, i.e., F. citricola and F. salinense belonging to the newly described F. citricola species complex; and F. siculi belonging to the F. fujikuroi species complex. Results of pathogenicity tests showed this new complex to include prominent canker causing agents affecting several Citrus spp. In addition, two new species are described in Neocosmospora, named N. croci and N. macrospora, the latter species being clearly differentiated from most members of this genus by producing large, up to nine-septate sporodochial conidia.
... It was generally agreed that F. solani was the primary cause of dry rot. The fungus, Fusarium solani, is known to be a facultative pathogen that feeds on dead organic matter, but, under certain conditions, becomes pathogenic and causes disease on various hosts [1]. It is unclear how dry rot develops, but stress factors such as, but not limited to, root damage, gophers, Phytophthora root rot, wet soils and excess fertilizers and rootstock incompatibilities are critical in initiating the disease [1]. ...
... The fungus, Fusarium solani, is known to be a facultative pathogen that feeds on dead organic matter, but, under certain conditions, becomes pathogenic and causes disease on various hosts [1]. It is unclear how dry rot develops, but stress factors such as, but not limited to, root damage, gophers, Phytophthora root rot, wet soils and excess fertilizers and rootstock incompatibilities are critical in initiating the disease [1]. Whether horticultural practices such as frequent microjet irrigation or close plant spacing can exacerbate the problem is unknown. ...
During yearly surveys that started in 2010 to identify pathogens associated with dry root rot disease of citrus in California, samples with root rot symptoms were collected in Tulare County. Small pieces of tissue from root samples were plated onto potato dextrose agar amended with 0.01% tetracycline and incubated at 25°C. Pure cultures of fungal isolates were identified by morphology and sequence analysis of the Internal Transcribed Spacer and Beta Tubulin regions. Neonectria macrodidyma (Cylindrocarpon macrodidymum) was first recovered in 2011 and has subsequently been recovered multiple times from citrus samples. The pathogen appeared to be widely distributed in association with citrus dry root rot and possibly interacts with Fusarium solani, Phytophthora nicotianae and P. citrophthora, the major soil borne pathogens that were frequently identified from plant samples with root and/or crown rot of citrus in California. The fungal genus Cylindrocarpon (Teleomorph: Neonectria wolenw=Dactylonect ria=Ilyonectria) contains ubiquitous soil borne pathogens that cause black foot disease on a wide range of hosts, including grapevine, strawberry, apple, and conifers. Hosts typically become infected through natural wounds on roots and other below ground parts. In this report, we present strain UCR3312, which is the most recently isolated pathogenic strain in 2015. Considering the potential damage that this organism may cause to the citrus industry, detailed studies are recommended to better understand its distribution, epidemiology, and the general pathogen biology to improve the disease management practices.
