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Picture showing measurements of mandibular foramen from various mandibular landmarks (a) anterior border (AB-MF), (b) posterior border (PB-MF), (c) lowest point of mandibular notch (MN-MF), (d) angle of the mandible (MF-AG). AB-anterior border, PB-posterior border, MN-mandibular notch, AG-angle of mandible
Source publication
El foramen mandibular es un importante hito anatómico. Para procedimientos como el bloqueo alveolar inferior del nervio, el tratamiento con implantes y osteotomías mandibulares, un profundo conocimiento de la ubicación del foramen mandibular (MF) y el foramen mandibular accesorio (AMF) es un requisito previo. Hay pocas referencias en la literatura...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... mandibles which had sockets for third molars were selected for the study. To precisely locate the mandibular foramen, the following parameters were studied for both the sides of mandibles [ Figure 1] a. distance from midpoint of the anterior margin of MF (AB-MF) to the nearest point on the anterior border of mandibular ramus b. distance from the midpoint of the posterior margin of MF (PB-MF) to the nearest point on the posterior border of mandibular ramus c. distance from the lowest point of mandibular notch to the inferior limit of MF (MN-MF) and d. distance from inferior limit of MF to the furthest point on the angle of the mandible (MF-AG) i.e., where inferior border of mandibular ramus meets its posterior border. All the measurements were made using a divider with two fine tip ends and then transferred to a sliding caliper. ...
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Citations
... 9 The presence of accessory foramina and additional branches of inferior alveolar nerve may lead to increased rates of failure as all the branches may not be anaesthetized. 10 The aim of the present study is to locate the mandibular foramen with respect to different anatomic landmarks for accurate inferior alveolar nerve block and to find the presence of accessory foramina. ...
... The mean distance of mandibular foramen from the anterior border of ramus of mandible was 16.4 mm on right side and 16.8 mm on left side which was similar to the studies done by Padmavathi G et al, 16 Sandhya K et al., 22 Shenoy V et al. 15 Rajkumari K et al. 20 and Nicholson ML. 3 The mean distance of mandibular foramen from the posterior border of ramus of mandible was 10.2 mm on the right side and 10.1 mm on left side which was comparable to the studies done by Sandhya K et al. 22 and Shalini R et al. 19 The mean distance of mandibular foramen from the mandibular incisure was 22.5 mm on right side and 21.9 mm on left side which was similar to the studies done by Sultana Q et al., 17 Padmavathi G et al. 16 and Samanta PP et al. 10 The mean distance of mandibular foramen from the Mandibular base was 23.7 mm on right side and 24.5 mm on left side, which was comparable to the studies done by Shenoy V et al., 15 Shalini R et al. 19 and Nicholson ML. 3 The average distance of mandibular foramen from the third molar was 22.9 mm on right side and 23.5 mm on left side which was analogous to the study done by Gopalakrishna K et al. 18 but less when compared to the studies done by Shalini R et al., 19 Nicholson ML 3 and Sultana Q et al. 17 The mean distance of mandibular foramen from the apex of retromolar trigone was 18.2 mm on right side and 19.7 mm on left side which was more when compared with the study done by Shalini R et al. 19 The anterior posterior distance of ramus of mandible was found 29.9 mm on right side and 29.7 mm on left side which was matching with the studies done by Ennes JP & Medeiros RM 12 and, Nicholson ML. 3 The foramen width was observed to be 4.5 mm and 4.4 mm on right and left side respectively which was corresponding to the study done by Shalini R et al. 19 Accessory foramen are found bilaterally in 14 mandibles (27.4%) which is more when compared to studies done by Sultana Q et al., 17 Shalini R et al., 19 and Rajkumari K et al.. 20 Unilaterally it was found in 13.7% and 17.6% on the right and left side respectively, which was lower when compared to study done by Sultana Q et al. 17 and higher when compared to studies done by Shalini R et al. 19 and Rajkumari K et al. 20 Gonial angles were 122.6 • and 124.1 • on the right and left sides respectively which corresponds to the study done by Singh S et al. 23 It was comparatively higher than study done by NicholsonML 3 and lower when compared to studies done by Shenoy V et al. 15 and Ennes JP & Medeiros RM. 12 In the present study mandibular foramen was predominantly below the occlusal plane of molar teeth was in accordance to the study done by Nicholson ML. 3 Present study mainly concentrated on precise location of mandibular foramen by measuring the mean distances from various bony landmarks on the mandible. It was found that the location was almost similar on both sides of ramus indicating bilateral symmetry. ...
To localize the mandibular foramen in dry mandibles of adult and old age groups of South Indian origin by estimating its average distance from different anatomical landmarks and to provide a specific and precise site for inferior alveolar nerve block.
: A total of 51 mandibles were taken for the study and the distance between the mandibular foramen and the various anatomical landmarks were measured using a digital vernier caliper. Presence of accessory mandibular foramen was observed and recorded. Difference between the sides and the correlation between the gonial angle and various distances were carried out.
:Distance of mandibular foramen from anterior border was 16.41±2.44 mm and 16.85±2.55 mm, from posterior border was 10.28±2.08 mm and 10.13±2.02 mm, from mandibular incisure 22.5±3.13mm and 21.9±3.08mm, from mandibular base 23.72±3.37 mm and 24.5±3.27 mm, from third molar 15.27±11.99 mm and 16.85±11.60 mm, from apex of retro molar trigone 18.28±3.02 mm and 19.79±3.18 mm on right and left side respectively. There was no significant difference between the measurements of right and left sides. The measurements had a negative association with gonial angle. Accessory foramina were found to be present in 21and 23 mandibles on right and left side respectively.
:Precise localization of mandibular foramen is clinically very important to achieve effective inferior alveolar nerve block prior to dental surgeries in the lower jaw. The present study establishes the presence of bilateral symmetry in the position of mandibular foramen with respect to various anatomical landmarks and the utility of gonial angle in localizing the mandibular foramen.
... The results of this study were also in agreement with those of other studies. [16][17][18][19][20] The distance between symphysis menti and mandibular foramen of both right side (79.08 ± 4.35 mm versus 74.67 ± 5.45 mm; p<0.001) and left side (78.98 ± 5.13 mm versus 73.71 ± 5.33 mm; p<0.001) were longer in male compared to female. But, the distance between symphysis menti and mandibular foramen of the right(77.23 ...
Introduction: An important aspect of medico legal and anthropological work is the identification of human skeletal remains. After death, bones often survive decay and provide evidence of a person's sex. As the strongest bone in the facial skeleton, the mandible often resists post-mortem damage and provides important information about sexual dimorphism. Objective: Assessing the morphometric changes in the dry human mandible to ascertain sex is the study's goal. Methods: From January to December 2017, a descriptive study took place at the Department of Anatomy, Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College, Sylhet. By using a convenient sampling method 50 adults, dry, complete, undamaged human mandibles were selected. Results: A variety of measurements were made, recorded as Mean ± SD, and examined using SPSS Statistics 21's unpaired t-test. The results showed statistically significant differences between both genders in mandibular angle, mandibular ramus's length, and mandibular foramen. Conclusion: This research has shown that it is possible to determine the gender of the mandible by using different metrical parameters as an additional tool to establish a person's identity.
... After the teeth fall out, body of mandible gets smaller, angle of the mandible extends and becomes approximately 140°. Knowing about such morphometric changes is important for clinical and forensic sciences (6)(7)(8). Visual analysis of the human skeleton is difficult, for this reason, metric analysis, which provides objectivity, should be used for the evaluation of bones (9). Evaluation of the mandible before and after orthodontic treatment and mandibuloplasty is important in terms of both aesthetic and chewing and speech functions. ...
Background: The mandible is a very important bone for forensic medicine, anthropology, anatomy and odontology sciences. This bone has many functions such as speaking, chewing and swallowing. This study was carried out to examine the relationship between morphometric parameters ob-tained from the head of the mandible and other parameters of the mandible.Materials and Methods: In our study, 45 dry mandible bones were used. These bones were photo-graphed and measured in the Image J program. These measurements were the distance of the head of the mandible to mental foramen (right, left), the distance of the head of the mandible to angle of the mandible (right, left), the distance of the head of the mandible to gnathion (right, left), the distance of the head of the mandible to coronoid process (right, left), the distance of the head of the mandible to the mandibular notch (right, left), the distance of the head of the mandible to alveolar juga (right, left) and the distance between right and left head of the mandible.Results: While no difference was found in terms of direction in dry mandibles with correlation anal-ysis (p>0.05), a high significant correlation was found in 18 parameters (p≤0.05).Conclusions: In our study, correlations were found between parameters obtained from the head of the mandible and other parameters of the mandible.
... Position IV of the MF is shown as the most prevalent in South African subpopulations. [18] Positions III and IV were commonly observed in males and females respectively. However, in terms of ancestry and sex, position II was commonly observed in the males of ED while position III was observed in AD and MD males and ED female subpopulations; signifying differences in MF position between the South African males AD and MD and their ED counterparts as well as among the females of the various subpopulation groups. ...
Mandible also known as the largest and inferior, primary facial bone of the face giving a curved shape to it. It changes its shape and gives variations to the bony structure of the face from birth till older age. Mental foramen is known as the vintage of the mandible and is an important mark of the face for carrying out many diagnostics and surgical processes along with aesthetic procedures of the face. Thus, the present study is designed with an aim to get insight knowledge of position and shape of mental foramen in dry adult human mandible. The present study was designed as a comparative and descriptive study conducted in the Department of Anatomy at Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital. Total 70 bones were included in the study for consideration. Unknown mandibles with intact alveolar sockets removed from cadavers and unknown mandibles from storage room of dry adult mandibles were obtained in 2 years. The position of mental foramen was studied using an instrument known as digital Vernier Calliper (in mm) while shape was analysed visually. Position of mental foramen was calculated using Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) software.
... After the teeth fall out, body of mandible gets smaller, angle of the mandible extends and becomes approximately 140°. Knowing about such morphometric changes is important for clinical and forensic sciences (6)(7)(8). Visual analysis of the human skeleton is difficult, for this reason, metric analysis, which provides objectivity, should be used for the evaluation of bones (9). Evaluation of the mandible before and after orthodontic treatment and mandibuloplasty is important in terms of both aesthetic and chewing and speech functions. ...
http://www.utsakcongress.com/kitaplar/9._utsak_%C3%B6zet_kitab%C4%B1.pdf
... Studies also indicate that precise determination of MF topography is influenced by the accuracy of the technique used [12] and by the study methodology [28]. ...
Background:
The mandibular foramen (MF) is the anatomic landmark where the interior alveolar nerve enters the mandibular ramus, and the area of choice where anesthesia of this nerve is performed. The position of the MF can vary, and accurately establishing its location and topographic variations is of great importance for the successful anesthesia of the inferior alveolar nerve.
Materials and methods:
We carried out two morphometric ex vivo studies concerning the topography of the MF, on dry human mandibles coming from dentate and completely edentulous human subjects of known age and gender and an in vivo morphometric study, through cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans, concerning the topography of the MF in human subjects having Kennedy Class I mandibular edentulism. The morphological characteristics we investigated were: the distance between the MF and the anterior margin of the mandibular ramus (MF-AM distance), the distance between the MF and the posterior margin of the mandibular ramus (MF-PM distance), the distance between the MF and the inferior margin of the mandibular ramus (MF-IM distance), the distance between the MF and the temporal crest of the mandibular ramus (MF-TC distance), the distance between the MF and the superior margin of the mandibular ramus (MF-SM distance), and the vertical and transverse diameters of the MF. The results were statistically processed in Stata/MP13 software package using Student's t-test and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Results:
Through direct morphometry on dentate dry human mandibles, the MF-AM and the MF-SM distances showed statistically significant differences for age, gender and for interactions, while the MF-PM and MF-IM distances showed statistically significant differences for age and for interactions. In the case of the MF-TC distance, the only significant difference observed was for the gender. No statistical significance was found for side, age, gender, and interactions in the cases of MF vertical and transverse diameters. Through direct morphometry on completely edentulous dry human mandibles, the MF-PM and MF-SM distances showed statistically significant differences for age, gender and for interactions, while the MF-AM, MF-IM, and MF-TC distances, as well as the MF vertical and transverse diameters showed statistically significant differences for age and for model (interactions). The results showed that MF is 2 mm closer to the anterior margin of the mandibular ramus after having lost teeth. Through imaging morphometry, the MF-PM distance and the vertical diameter of MF showed statistically significant differences for age, gender and for interactions, while the MF-AM, MF-IM, MF-SM and MF-TC distances, as well as the transverse diameter of MF showed statistically significant differences for age and for interactions. Comparing the results obtained by the three studies, we found no statistically significant differences in relation to the gender of the subjects. The MF-IM and MF-TC distances and the transverse diameter of MF showed statistically significant differences for age, study and for interactions, while the MF-AM, MF-PM and MF-SM distances, as well as MF vertical diameter showed statistically significant differences only for age and for interactions. Morphological symmetry was demonstrated through our three studies, no statistically significant differences being determined in relation to side.
Conclusions:
The results of this research should increase the level of awareness among dentists with respect to MF topography changes with loss of teeth and help dental practitioners in refining the inferior alveolar nerve block techniques.
... Alves and Deana (2014) provided illustrations of a huge AMF. Samanta et al. (2013) found it in 16.66% of mandibles and Shalini et al. (2016) in 32.36%. Such a foramen can be named the juxta-mandibular (juxta-inferior alveolar) foramen. ...
Background: Forensic Odontology is a rapidly evolving branch of dentistry which deals with theidentification of an individual. In instances of deceased individual, establishing identity may still posedifficulties depending upon the time that has elapsed since death. The oral structures can reliably be usedfor establishing identity of the deceased as they are preserved for long after death. The mandibular foramenis amongst the core structures & has been used for age estimation with reliable degree of accuracy usingradiographs which is a non-invasive and easily reproducible technique. Hence we decided to assess itsimportance in establishing gender. Methods: Digital Orthopantomograph (OPG) were used for the study asthey are taken for all dental procedures and can be preserved as records and may facilitate comparison ofante-mortem and post-mortem records. Various dimensions from the mandibular foramen were recorded.Conclusion: We found statistically significant correlation of Anteroposterior and Posteroanterior dimensionsin position of mandibular foramen to gender.
Aim: In face anatomy and surgery, variation in the presence, number, location, and size of the mental foramen is discussed. Knowledge of the location of the mental foramen canal, which may led due to the possibility of accidental injury of the neurovascular bundle passing through this canal may lead to anesthesia. This study aimed to present selected anatomical features of human mandibles, focusing on the morphology of the mandibular canal and its neurovascular bundle exit in populations with different socio-economic status. Material and methods: Selected well preserved and unharmed human skulls (N= 169) (50.3% males, 49.7% females) from two populations (rural and outskirts) from Poland were used. Populations differed in socioeconomic statuses. Results: Obvious dimorphic differences in each analyzed population were stated and inter-population differences were observed as well. In an outskirt population sexual dimorphism was more evident. Those differences should be considered when approaching the mandibular canal during anesthetic, surgical and forensic procedures. Discussion: The occurrence of the mental foramen is relatively constant, but location is variable, and thus, each individual may exhibit a different arrangement of bundle exits. Both the position and the direction of the exit of the neurovascular bundle were similar to other European population. However, differences in localization between those two investigated populations were observed. This may suggest that not only genetic but also environmental factors, such as living conditions and diet (which affects developmental stability), may influence the morphology of the mandibular features.
The inferior alveolar nerve block(IANB) technique is a common technique performed on patients in dental surgery, placement of mandibular implants and other procedures involving the mandible. Precise identification of the mandibular foramen (MF) is essential for dental surgeons to accurately administer local anesthetics. Inaccurate localization of the mandibular foramen may result in IANB failure and injury to neurovascular tissues. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the precise location of the MF from various anatomical land marks in dry adult human mandibles of Malawian population. The study was conducted on 29 dry adult human mandibles of unknown sex of Malawian origin from the Anatomy Division collection of human skeletons housed in the Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Malawi. To determine the position of the mandibular foramen, distances from mandibular foramen to anterior margin, posterior margin, mandibular notch, gonial angle and mandibular base using a Vernier caliper were measured. The mean distance of the MF from posterior margin of mandibular ramus was 11.26± 1.22 mm (right side) and 11.47± 1.35 mm (left side), from the anterior margin 20.85± 3.12 mm (right side) and 20.85± 3.22 mm (left side) mandibles. The mean distance between mandibular notch (MN) and MF was 23.87± 2.61 mm (right side) and 23.53 ± 2.65 mm (left side). The mean distance between mandibular base(MB) and MF for the right and left were 28.47 ± 2.90 mm and 27.85 ± 2.99 mm respectively. The inferior limit of the mandibular foramen was located at 24.69 ± 3.65 mm (right side) and 24.25 ± 2.77 mm (left side) to the angle (AG) of the mandible. The findings of this study show that the anterior margin mean distance from the MF for both right and left mandibles seem to be bilateral symmetrical suggesting the interpretation that the needle for IANB could be inserted at about 21 mm from the anterior margin to the MF in an adult of Malawian origin during surgery.
