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Picture showing (a) healthy and (b) CT affected sapota fruits. The white arrow indicates the presence of a hard lump of corky tissue deep inside the mesocarp close to the skin.
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Corky tissue (CT) is a major disorder affecting the fruit of sapota (Manilkara achras) 'Cricket Ball' in India. Affected fruit have a hard lump in the pulp and dry acidic flesh, but have no external symptoms. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the role of seed in the disorder. Treating fruit with 1.0 g l-1 gibberellic acid (...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... (Mill) Fosberg] cv. Cricket ball is highly sus- ceptible to corky tissue (CT) disorder which diminishes its edible quality and market value greatly and is a major constraint in the production of high qual- ity fruits. This disorder appears in mature ripe fruits, which show no external symptoms and are detected only after the fruits are cut open (Fig. 1). Corky tissue is a physiological disorder characterized by the presence of a hard lump in the pulp, partially desiccated in nature occurring close to the skin of the ripe fruit that is slightly acidic in taste (Sulladmath, 2005). Although the incidence of corky tissue adversely affects the quality of the fruit, especially in the ...
Citations
... According to research conducted by Shivashankar et al. (2015), sapodilla seeds experience a process of losing seed moisture content very rapidly during the first ten days of storage. Loss of moisture content decreases the ability of seeds to germinate. ...
... That is because the storage treatment creates environmental conditions with low humidity or a tendency to dry out, which causes a decrease in seed moisture content and decreases the seeds' viability. Recalcitrant seeds are very sensitive to dry environmental conditions (Shivashankar et al., 2015). The reduced viability of sapodilla seeds can be proven by the tetrazolium test of sapodilla seeds that has been carried out, and the results showed a decrease in seed viability by 45% after 10 days of storage (Table 9). ...
Putri KF, Solichatun, Pitoyo A. 2021. Gallic acid content in sapodilla fruit and seed (Manilkara zapota) and the correlation with germination control in recalcitrant seed. Cell Biol Dev 5: 7-16. Sawo or sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen) is a tropical fruit with many benefits. Sapodilla seed is classified as a recalcitrant but has a low storage capacity. The storability of seeds is influenced by moisture content and accumulation of germination inhibitor compounds present in the seeds. One of the inhibitor compounds is gallic acid. This study aims to determine the content of gallic acid in sapodilla fruit and seeds and its relation to the control of seed germination. There were two parts to the research; the first was to assess the level of gallic acid at different stages of sapodilla fruit development. The second part examined the effect of sapodilla seeds' ripening and storing period on gallic acid content and seed viability. The data were taken from the morphological characteristics of sapodilla fruit and seeds during the development period. The preparation of seed anatomy, measurement of seed moisture content, tetrazolium test, germination test, and analysis of gallic acid content in sapodilla fruit and seeds were also carried out. The content of gallic acid was measured using UV-vis spectrophotometry. Data were analyzed with the One Way ANOVA test, and if there was a significant difference, the DMRT test (Duncan Multiple Range Test) was continued with a test level of 5%. The Independent Sample T-Test analyzed data from seed germination and viability tests. This research revealed that the fruit parts, seed coats, cotyledons, and sapodilla seed embryos all contain gallic acid inhibitor compounds. The highest gallic acid content in sapodilla seeds was in the fruit, while the lowest was in the cotyledons and embryos. The gallic acid content in sapodilla fruit and seeds decreased during the development process and storage treatment. The seed storage treatment decreased the germination percentage of sapodilla seeds. That indicates that gallic acid plays a role in controlling sapodilla seed germination.
... A major constraint for the commercial production of superior quality of fruits of cv. Cricket Ball under rain-fed conditions is the incidence of the physiological disorder known as Corky Tissue (CT) with the rate of occurrence as high as 80% during summer [1]. Corky tissue of sapota is characterized by partially desiccated pulp with a hard lump occurring close to the skin of the ripe fruit and is rather sour to taste [2]. ...
... The treated fruits recorded significantly higher contents of mineral nutrients such as, N, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu compared to the control fruits (Table 3). Past studies had shown that under rain-fed system of cultivation, the phenomenon of "reverse flow" of water and nutrients from fruit to shoot occurred in sapota [1] associated with a higher rate of incidence of corky tissue. It was clearly evident that during water stress, the emerging shoots got higher priority for the available water compared to developing fruits resulting in a continuous drain of moisture from fruit to shoot [15]. ...
... It was clearly evident that during water stress, the emerging shoots got higher priority for the available water compared to developing fruits resulting in a continuous drain of moisture from fruit to shoot [15]. Consequently, the reduction in moisture content of the pulp triggered a host of biochemical changes leading to the development of corky tissue in sapota characterized by partially dehydrated mesocarp tissue with plasmolyzed cells [1]. In the light of the above, it was clearly apparent that the reduction in the rate of incidence of corky tissue from 50.0% in control to 5.1% in fruits treated with spray formulation was the result of the cessation of reverse flow from fruit to shoot. ...
... Earlier work showed that the incidence of corky tissue in 'Cricket ball' sapota occurred due to a reduction in seed viability and the disorder could be regulated by application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) during the pre harvest phase (Shivashankar et al., 2013). ...
... It was also established in previous studies that the changes in pulp are [ ( F i g . _ 2 ) T D $ F I G ] a consequence of the changes in seed and not vice versa (Shivashankar et al., 2007;2013). Data presented in Table 3 revealed that changes in seed TDH activity triggered further changes at the biochemical level leading to changes in composition of pulp. ...
... This was clearly attributable to a reduction in the rate of conversion of starch by hydrolysis to component sugars. A similar case of a fall in amylase activity and reduced level of sugars in the pulp following reduction in pulp moisture in spongy tissue development in mango and corky tissue of sapota were reported earlier (Shivashankar et al., 2007;2013). The rising levels of phenols under drought stress in AH and CT affected tissue compared to H pulp (Fig. 2D) is known to be stimulated by a lowered pH (Fig. 2B) and is reported to be an indicator of barrier to the movement of water (McCue et al., 2000). ...
Corky tissue (CT) of sapota fruit cv. Cricket ball is a physiological disorder caused by reduced seed viability during the early phase of fruit growth on the tree. The reduction of seed viability was found associated with a loss of moisture from fruit leading to CT formation. However, the exact process by which moisture is lost from fruit has not been determined yet. The principal aim of this study, therefore, was to determine the mode of water loss from fruit and to delineate the mechanism by which moisture loss influences corky tissue formation in sapota fruits. Experiments with developing sapota fruits treated with radioactive tritiated water (1H3) established the movement of water away from fruit to the subtending shoot buds by the process of “reverse flow”. The reverse movement of water from fruit to developing shoots contributed to a fall in seed total dehydrogenase (TDH) activity and a consequent reduction in the hydrolysis of starch in the mesocarp. The concurrent loss of calcium from pulp along with the efflux of water gave rise to structural and compositional changes in the pulp resulting in the development of CT in sapota. The study has provided confirmatory evidence for the movement of water away from fruit and established the occurrence of enhanced reverse flow in sapota during CT development. The present study is the first report demonstrating the occurrence of the phenomenon of reverse flow in sapota and describing how it influences the process of CT development in sapota.
The study was aimed at assessing the fruit quality of sapota (Manilkara achras L.,) grown under foliar nutrition, irrigation and water deficit stress. Metabolomics approach was employed to distinguish fruit quality characteristics and the data was subjected to Principal Component Analysis. Results showed that the metabolomics approach is a valuable tool in distinguishing fruit quality characteristics of sapota grown under different water and nutrient regimes and Principal Component Analysis was effective in identification of key factors determining fruit quality. Foliar application of mineral nutrients in the preharvest phase of fruit development was more effective, efficient and economical compared to conventional soil application of nutrients and irrigation for producing sapota fruits of superior quality. Fruits provided with foliar nutrition also showed increased levels of essential mineral nutrients and health promoting phytochemicals compared to fruits from control and irrigated trees. The study confirmed that foliar nutrition requiring minimum amount of nutrients, water and labor is an effective strategy which could be applied routinely by orchardists to improve fruit quality of sapota grown under water-limiting conditions.
Strawberry is one of the important fruit crop of temperate region, hence its cultivation is gaining popularity in Kashmir valley. Yield and fruit quality of strawberry is influenced by a number of factors like growing environment, soil condition and cultivars. Growth and productivity of eight strawberry cultivars were studied during 2009-10 and 2010-11 growing seasons under open and polyhouse conditions at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Pulwama of South Kashmir. The study was conducted to identify the suitable environment for earliness and high production of good quality fruits. Under polyhouse conditions, first flower was produced by Tioga after 107 days of planting, whereas Catskill produced after 142 days in open conditions. Chandler produced flower for long duration (46.56 days) along with maximum number of flowers, i.e. 24.15 and 28.64 under both growing conditions, while in open conditions Confutura flowered for maximum number of days, i.e. 62.53 days. Maximum yield was obtained in open conditions from Chandler (2.41 kg/ plot) closely followed by Tioga (2.38 kg/ plot), while under polyhouse conditions Tioga (1.63 kg/ plot) yielded maximum followed by Chandler (1.62 kg/ plot). Strawberry fruits were of similar quality regardless of the growing condition, however, earliness in fruiting was evident under protected condition, which also provided protection from low temperatures and in turn, making its cultivation more remunerative. Yield was more under open conditions compared to protected conditions.
